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Background: Midlife women play a major role as the family caregivers of persons living with Alzheimer's disease (PLAD). Cultural differences are frequently the major reason for the high risk faced by racial and ethnic minority family caregivers. However, little is known about the characteristics of midlife women family caregivers that are linked to their negative attitudes toward Alzheimer's disease and dementia care., Objective: This study aimed to determine the characteristics of midlife women who were family caregivers of PLAD that were linked to their negative attitudes toward Alzheimer's disease and dementia caregiving., Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 172 midlife women who were family caregivers of PLAD and participated in a large cross-sectional online survey. Linear multiple regression analyses were used for the data analysis., Results: Participants' attitude toward Alzheimer's disease and related dementia scores were significantly associated with employment status, race/ethnicity (Hispanic), and instrumental activities of daily living. Those who were unemployed, Hispanic, and with low instrumental activities of daily living tended to have negative attitudes toward Alzheimer's disease and dementia care., Conclusions: Additional interventions should be developed to improve attitudes toward caring for persons with Alzheimer's disease and dementia in this specific group of midlife women who are family caregivers of PLAD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) use is associated with substantial psychiatric morbidity in patients and their families. This systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression among ECMO survivors and their families. Included studies enrolled patients on ECMO or their families and reported at least one trauma-related psychopathology. Of 1767 screened studies, 55 were included (5146 participants): 50 in adult ECMO survivors, one in pediatric ECMO survivors, and four in families of ECMO patients (two adult, two pediatric.). The pooled prevalence of PTSD was 19% in adult ECMO survivors, 20% in pediatric ECMO survivors, 25% in families of adult ECMO patients, and 21% in families of pediatric ECMO patients. The pooled prevalence of anxiety was 30% in adult ECMO survivors, 8% in pediatric ECMO survivors, 67% in families of adult ECMO patients, and 46% in families of pediatric ECMO patients. The pooled prevalence of depression was 24% in adult ECMO survivors, 8% in pediatric ECMO survivors, 50% in families of adult ECMO patients, and 32% in families of pediatric ECMO patients. This meta-analysis demonstrates a high prevalence of trauma-related psychopathologies surrounding ECMO use, highlighting the need for interventions to improve post-ECMO outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The present study evaluates the impact of grandchild distress on parental competence as mediated by Baumrind's parental styles in a sample of 238 custodial grandparents ( M age = 58.06). AMOS structural equation findings yielded a model which indicated that both the Laissez-Faire and Authoritarian styles each predicted role stress and/or parental efficacy. Laissez-Faire's mediating role was defined by its link to the grandparent age-internalizing/externalizing behaviors relationship in predicting parental efficacy ( beta  = -.54, p  < .05) and parental role stress ( beta  = .36, p  < .05). The Authoritarian style's mediating role was driven by child externalizing behaviors ( beta  = .22, p  < .05), where Authoritarian styles in turn predicted ( beta  = .21, p  < .05) parental efficacy. The Authoritative style did not emerge as mediational in nature. These findings illuminate the role of parental styles as explanatory factors in understanding the parental challenges that grandparents face in raising their grandchildren., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Benefit finding is a concept that represents finding positive changes or benefits through difficult experiences. To map the currently available studies on benefit finding and growth among family caregivers of individuals with mental illness, we conducted a scoping review based on methodological frameworks. A systematic search for studies published in English was conducted using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, CINAHL, and PTSDpubs from inception to August 2023. After screening, 21 articles were included in the review. Of these, 11 studies were cross-sectional studies, 7 were qualitative studies, 2 were mixed-methods studies, and a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Family caregivers experienced various positive psychological changes, such as becoming compassionate/tolerant and resilient, stronger family bonds, change in perspective on life and hope, acquisition of knowledge and coping strategies, and leveraging their experiences and appreciation by others, following various struggles and negative changes. Some indicators of benefit finding and growth, such as positive personal traits, positive reappraisal, good relationships with patients, and social support, were also revealed. The quality assessment demonstrated an acceptable level of quality in most studies, with a few outliers. Future longitudinal studies would reveal the mechanism of benefit finding and growth among family caregivers of individuals with mental illness., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The National Donor Family Council (NDFC) functioned under the sponsorship of the National Kidney Foundation from 1992-2014. Giving voice to the needs and views of donor families, the NDFC had an important impact on the support for those families. This article records significant points in the advocacy of donor families, summarizes the history of the NDFC, highlights the various activities and achievements of the NDFC, and offers some impressions of its legacies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: To examine the experiences of individuals with acquired brain injury and their partners regarding the effects of social cognition problems on their relationships., Design: Qualitative interview study., Setting: Interviews were conducted 1 to 5 years post-injury, either in the participants' home or at a care facility in the Netherlands., Participants: Nine couples consisting of an individual with acquired brain injury and a partner without acquired brain injury. Scores on neuropsychological tests indicated social cognition difficulties in individuals with acquired brain injury., Methods: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Two independent analysts analyzed the data using thematic analysis aimed at finding common themes across the data set. Data analysis was carried out recursively and parallel to data collection to help determine when saturation was reached., Results: Six themes were generated from the interview data: (1) partners feeling disappointed, lonely, and despondent, (2) individuals with acquired brain injury feeling insecure and ashamed of falling short, (3) relationship roles changing, (4) the aggravating role of fatigue and sensory hypersensitivity, (5) the importance of professional help, and (6) silver linings: increased awareness creating closeness., Conclusion: Social cognition problems have the potential to strongly affect relationships between those with acquired brain injury and their partners in many ways. Addressing social cognition problems is recommended as it is greatly appreciated by individuals with acquired brain injury and their partners and holds promise for improving their relationship., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: The family plays a crucial role in shaping children's identity and understanding of gender-based roles. This study aims to explore the experiences of Iranian transgender individuals with their families' reactions to their transgender identity disclosure., Methods: In 2018, nurse researchers conducted this qualitative study on 11 transgender individuals in Iran using a phenomenological approach, targeted and snowball sampling, and Colaizzi's seven-step method for data analysis. Rigor was ensured by adhering to Lincoln and Guba's standards., Results: The study found varied reactions to transgender children among Iranian families, including abuse to avoid stigma. The study revealed two main themes, maladaptive and adaptive reactions, and identified six categories: denial of reality, mourning, coercion, deprivation, support out of necessity, and compromise of family reactions., Discussion: Education and support systems may help address the cultural challenges that face families with transgender children. The findings offer insights for enhancing public awareness of the transgender community in conservative cultures., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Relatively little is known about how social relationships affect later life planning. Our study focuses on an underexamined aspect of social relationships, frequency of contact - not only with family members but also with friends. Using data from a survey of Floridians aged 50 and older conducted between December 2020 and April 2021 (n = 3,832), we examine the association between frequency of contact and five planning types: finances, health care, living arrangements, driving retirement, and end-of-life. We found that more frequent contact was associated with greater likelihood of planning, and this result was largely consistent across types of relationships and types of planning. Our findings suggest that contact with family members and friends may encourage more planning, which could reduce the stress that can accompany later life transitions. Our study offers further evidence of social relationships' centrality to later life well-being and points to the many benefits of enhancing them., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Parental burnout (PB) has adverse effects on parents and children. The aim of the present study was to develop a multilingual version of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale (BPBS) adapted to the Swiss context in order to (1) provide practitioners working with families in different language regions of Switzerland with a screening tool, and (2) to estimate initial prevalence rates for risk of PB. Overall, results indicate, that the Trilingual Swiss BPBS (3-L-BPBS) is a promising screening tool, allowing for early detection of parents at risk and therefore for the prevention of negative consequences of PB. Further, results suggests that a substantial proportion of Swiss parents is at moderate to high risk for PB, with prevalence rates varying between language regions. However, additional research is needed to further validate the 3-L-BPBS and to deepen our understanding of the impact of structural and cultural differences on PB., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Purpose: In this review, we aim to determine the efficacy of Solution-Focused Interventions (SFI) among caregivers of persons living with different conditions., Method: Articles published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2022 were used. Databases used included EBSCOhost, PubMed, ProQuest, ERIC, and Google Scholar. We used Zotero to remove the duplicate studies. Further, we used the Risk of Bias for RCTs and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental and non-randomized experimental studies., Results: Total number of studies from five databases was 2,693. After evaluating the eligibility and duplication removal, 10 relevant articles were found suitable for this review, including 3 RCTs, 3 single group pre-post, 2 quasi-experimental, and 1 each from case study, and multiple baseline designs. Stress, quality of life, and coping variables were studied. Studies compared with alternative treatments: Though 9 out of 10 studies were superior to alternative treatment, and none were equivalent to solution-focused intervention. SFI has shown efficacy on all the variables selected in the study. In these studies, the efficacy is compared with the alternative treatment, and SFI has demonstrated better outcomes than the alternative treatments., Conclusion: Based on the studies reviewed, robust evidence supports SFI as a treatment approach for caregivers. SFI can also benefit caregivers in shorter sessions, making it more affordable than other treatments.

The fear of contracting the disease, introduction of practices such as quarantine, social isolation, and curfew to prevent its transmission, and effects of experiencing a loss due to this disease are experienced differently by different people. The empirical phenomenological approach will be used to describe, explain, and analyze the experiences of the family members of individuals who lost their lives due to COVID-19. This study was created in accordance with COREQ Statement Checklist. The themes obtained from the interviews are "death in isolation", "changing cultural-religious practices that cannot be performed", "not being able to say goodbye".This transformed grieving process caused by the pandemic may create unique psychosocial needs among family members. To meet these needs, planning and organizing complex grief therapy, speech therapies, expressive supportive counseling, and grief recovery programs is recommended., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: The need to increase exercise and decrease sedentary behaviour in people diagnosed with psychosis is well-recognised., Aims: We set out to explore caregivers' perspectives on what supports and prevents physical activity, and how to use carers' support most effectively., Method: Fourteen caregivers of people diagnosed with psychosis were interviewed. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, in collaboration with caregivers., Results: Four themes were developed, the first flagging the importance of physical activity, then the others calling for action: (a) Physical inactivity matters: carers are keen to support efforts to increase physical activity in their family or friends because of the enormous impact physical inactivity has on patients, and consequently on carers themselves, such as social isolation and reduction in their own activity. (b) Tell us: without being well-informed about how to help, carers can feel like they are powerless to stop a 'slow suicide' or 'decline' in patients. (c) Listen to us: through knowing their family and friends well, carers are able to identify important changes in patients and identify successful motivators for them, but these insights can feel uninvited. (d) Ask us: being invited to support activity as a partner in a patients' care is desirable but having offers of help rejected can "demotivate the motivator.", Conclusions: Caregivers described strong motivation to help patients to be more physically active but can feel that their support is overlooked and under-used by services. Clinical recommendations for carer involvement in physical activity interventions are offered., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: DS is an expert advisor to the NICE centre for guidelines. DF is an NIHR Senior Investigator. Other authors declare no conflicts of interest. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, NICE or the Department of Health.

This scoping review has investigated experiences of children and parents encountering in-patient treatment for serious childhood illness, including current or potential use of technology as a support mechanism. The research questions were 1. What do children experience during illness and treatment? 2. What do parents experience when their child is seriously ill in hospital? 3. What tech and non-tech interventions support children's experience of in-patient care? The research team identified n = 22 relevant studies for review through JSTOR, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Science Direct. A thematic analysis of reviewed studies identified three key themes reflecting our research questions: Children in hospital, Parents and their children, and Information and technology . Our findings reflect that information giving, kindness and play are central in hospital experiences. Parent and child needs in hospital are interwoven and under researched. Children reveal themselves as active producers of pseudo-safe spaces who continue to prioritise normal child and adolescent experiences during in-patient care., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association of older adults' hearing difficulty status with caregiving time. Methods: We used data from two linked surveys of Medicare beneficiaries and family caregivers. Hearing difficulty was defined by hearing aid use and hearing capacity in functional settings. Weighted multivariable linear regression examined the association between hearing difficulty and caregiving time. Stratified analyses were conducted to investigate the moderation effects of caregiving networks and care recipient's dementia status. Results: Among 3003 caregivers, those who assisted older adults with hearing difficulty were observed to spend greater time providing care (β = 1.18, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.04, 1.32). Stronger associations in magnitude were observed among caregivers without caregiving networks (β = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.56) and assisting older adults without dementia (β = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.37). Discussion: Hearing difficulty may contribute to greater caregiving time and remains a potential target for caregiver support programs.

Background: Adequate death preparation positively influences families' experience before death and during bereavement. However, how to prepare families in non-Western cultures has received scant attention., Aim: To explore family caregivers' experiences in preparing for a relative's death in specialist palliative care in Taiwan., Design: A qualitative study employing reflexive thematic analysis of data collected from semi-structured interviews was conducted., Setting/participants: Twenty-two family caregivers from seven hospitals participated., Results: The overarching theme was 'getting everything right to have no regrets between the dead and the living'. We developed two themes to explain preparations for the time surrounding and after the death, including the deceased' afterlife: (1) 'having a good ending but not the end of the relationship', which addresses preparations for the death itself, the funeral, the afterlife and maintaining connections and (2) 'using religious beliefs and cultural norms to guide preparation', which explores perceptions of a good death, including refrain from strong emotions before and after the death., Conclusion: Funeral arrangements, enhancing the deceased's afterlife and maintaining connections to the deceased are crucial for families' experiences which can be impacted by actions they take as they prepare for the death. A culturally appropriate death is beneficial for the dying relative which includes preparing to not show strong emotions during and after the death. These insights inform the importance of the cultural context in death preparation in Taiwan and provide perspectives for palliative care beyond Western culture, potentially benefiting Chinese populations, predominantly East Asian and Buddhist societies., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) affects not just patients but also their families, highlighting the need for a comprehensive care approach. This descriptive qualitative study aimed to explore the informational needs of family caregivers of children with CF, focusing on how these needs can be addressed within a Patient and Family-Centered Care (PFCC) framework. The study was conducted at a public hospital in Brazil. Thirteen caregivers were interviewed, and their responses were analyzed using content analysis guided by PFCC principles. Analysis revealed three primary themes: Types of Information for Family Caregivers of Children and Adolescents with CF; sources of Information for Family caregivers of Children and Adolescents with CF; and Beyond Information: the need for emotional support and family-centered care in CF management. Caregivers sought comprehensive information about CF management from healthcare professionals and informal sources like social media. Our findings emphasize the diverse and evolving informational needs of family caregivers. Overall, this study underscores the necessity of incorporating PFCC principles, especially those addressing information sharing, in managing CF, extending beyond medical treatment to include emotional support and active family participation in care and decision-making processes., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Learning to communicate with infants in a neonatal unit setting is challenging. Parents need time and support to feel confident and acquire skills that enable them to care for, be close to, and communicate with their infant. This qualitative, narrative-based study sought to investigate parents' understanding of factors that enhance or prevent the development of early communication and interaction between preterm infants and parents within a neonatal setting. Our study used a narrative interview approach with eight parents of premature infants, to explore the enablers and challenges to communication. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed four main themes: Impact of being in the neonatal unit, different communication strategies, communication barriers and an ongoing need for support at home. Our findings provide parental insight into communication between themselves and their premature infants. Overall, parents spoke highly of communication strategies that they were taught but it was clear they received varying advice and support, in the neonatal unit and post-discharge. There is a need for clear, consistent, and culturally appropriate communication strategies with greater awareness of how to facilitate them. Since failure to enable parent-infant interactions may potentially mean delayed language development, there is an essential need for tailored parent-accessible resources., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Nurses caring for hospitalized children with long-term ventilator dependence (LTVD) assess family management capability and teach new skills through communication with family caregivers. This theoretically-based quantitative, descriptive study aimed to determine the communication behaviors associated with family caregiver uncertainty and management of the child with LTVD's care after discharge. One hundred families and 48 nurses enrolled. Family caregiver-nurse conversations were recorded and transcripts coded for communication behaviors. Family management and uncertainty data were gathered during hospitalization and after discharge. Data analysis included correlations and linear mixed models. Family caregivers and nurses used advocating and negotiating roles communication behaviors least frequently; however, these communication behaviors were associated with the most aspects in terms of uncertainty about the child's condition and ease of management of the child's care after discharge to home. Nurses should assess family caregiver ease in managing care, provide support, and engage in collaborative problem-solving through respectful communication., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Aims: Studies of the association between self-rated health and persons' income and education have almost invariably shown that people with higher education and incomes report better health. Less is known of the influence of household members' socioeconomic characteristics on individuals' health. This study thus aimed to assess the extent to which the socioeconomic characteristics of partners may contribute to explaining the variation in the respondents' self-rated health (SRH)., Methods: Using an observational design, we analysed cross-sectional Norwegian survey data on SRH (2015 and 2019), linked to register data on education and income for respondents ( N = 7082) and their opposite-sex coresident spouse or partner. We employed logistic regression models to assess the associations between respondents' SRH and the relative income and education of their partner. Average marginal effects were calculated to enable cross-model comparisons., Results: Net of individual characteristics, having a higher-educated partner was positively associated with SRH for both male (OR = 1.56) and female (OR = 1.36) respondents. Having a partner with an above median income (by age and sex) was positively associated with SRH for female (OR = 1.29) respondents only. For education, the positive SRH associations were roughly similar for respondents and partners. For income, the associations were more pronounced for respondents than partners., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that health is affected by the resources (or lack thereof) in one's immediate networks. To reduce social inequalities in health, health personnel might customise interactions to account for household resources. Such knowledge could also be used in health-promoting activities to enhance participation and health competency ., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted with the aim to understand fathers' experiences and involvement when their child has a chronic condition within family context. Family nurse researchers from five countries identified 19 studies through a systematic search. Inclusion criteria were: (a) fathers as primary informant; (b) children (<19 years) with a chronic condition; (c) written in English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese. Data were synthesized using thematic analysis. Four themes reflected fathers' journey: "Juggling multiple roles" included protector, provider, and supporter; "Managing control" included relinquishing and regaining control; "Creating a new normal" addressed recovery; "Maintaining wellbeing" reflected multiple emotional responses and support found through partners, family, spirituality, and health care communities. Fathers desire to be involved in caring for their child with a chronic condition, yet involvement and experience are continually evolving due to various family needs. Health care providers should consider unconscious assumptions regarding fathers' role in child care and encourage fathers' involvement to facilitate family wellbeing., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of pre-evacuation family hospital visits on post-evacuation returns to Fukushima Prefecture (hometown) among psychiatric inpatients who mandatorily evacuated to hospitals outside the prefecture because of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident., Method: Of the inpatients in Fukushima, 44 were admitted to a hospital in the nearby Soso district on March 11, 2011, and were therefore included in the current analysis. We collected information on their discharge after the evacuation and family visits before the evacuation by reviewing the medical records of both the evacuation destination and former hospitals., Results: The average durations from the accident to post-evacuation return among patients with and those without former family visits were 681.8 days (standard error [SE] = 163.3) and 1,027.8 days (SE = 152.0), respectively. The log-rank test showed a tendency of earlier return to Fukushima among inpatients who had received family visits to the hospital before evacuation ( p  = .073)., Conclusions: The results highlight the critical need for close collaboration between psychiatric medical practitioners and families, to not only support patients' community reintegration into daily life but also facilitate a timely return to their hometowns following long-distance evacuation caused by an unforeseen large-scale disaster.

It is thought-provoking to reflect on the ways in which the idea of family arises within many leading-following situations, especially within work settings where coworkers may refer to each other as or name each other their "work family." In this paper, the author explored the ways in which the humanbecoming paradigm (Parse, 2021) and its models may be used to lead with others from a family view. There are many meaning-making moments within leading-following professional relationships that shape all constituents (families) over time. As in all unique disciplines, such as nursing, that have leadership and practice components, it is important that there is a theoretical framework serving as the foundation to co-build professional relationships., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this review.

Objective: ADHD is subject to stigma from the general population. Exposure to stigma poses the risk of developing self-stigma of youth and parents, but few studies have focused on self-stigma of ADHD. Furthermore, parental factors have been implicated in self-stigma of youth, but no previous research has assessed the association between self-stigma of parents and youth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to better understand the experience of self-stigma of youth and their parents in the context of ADHD., Method: Fifty-five youth with ADHD (aged 8-17) and one parent reporter per youth completed surveys to report their experiences., Results: The results of this study found that both youth and parents reported significantly lower self-stigma scores compared to most previously published research. Parents of boys reported higher self-stigma scores compared to parents of girls. Youth who reported higher self-stigma also reported lower self-esteem. Self-stigma scores in youth were predicted by inattentive symptoms but not hyperactive/impulsive symptoms or parental self-stigma., Conclusion: Results emphasize the importance of understanding self-stigma of ADHD, symptom severity, and the need for interventions for families with ADHD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Purpose: To identify nursing support for caregiver burden in family caregivers of patients with cancer. Methods: This scoping review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage scoping review framework. All available published articles from database inception to July 31, 2023 were systematically searched through PubMed, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and Ichushi-Web of the Japan Medical Abstract Society databases with additional relevant studies from the article list. Each key journal was manually searched. Results: Overall, 502 articles were screened, and 34 were finally included. The results of the qualitative thematic analysis were categorized into 7 components of nursing support: psychological and educational support, psychological and educational support using mainly non-face-to-face (Information and Communication Technology), psychological and educational support mainly using non-face-to-face (telephone) methods, mindfulness to support, support aimed at reducing caregiver stress, support for both patients and caregivers, and others. Of the 34 studies, 23 were randomized controlled trials (RCT), and the remaining 11 were non-RCTs. Conclusion: The results of the scoping review categorized nursing support for caregiver burden in the family caregivers of patients with cancer into 7 components. Future research should examine the feasibility of implementing these components., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: We aimed to describe the health and well-being of family caregivers of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) adults living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), explore cultural values related to caregiving, and characterize barriers and facilitators to their health and well-being., Methodology: Caregivers of NHPIs living with ADRD were recruited from across the United States to complete a multimethod study including a survey followed by an interview about their health and well-being., Results: Eleven participants completed surveys, six of whom completed an interview. Themes included caring as a community, lōkahi (balance), and the importance of sleep, food, and physical activity. Cultural values included connection to cultural practices, kūpuna (elders) as cultural knowledge holders, and the kuleana (responsibility) of caregiving., Discussion: Caregiving for an NHPI adult living with ADRD occurs beyond the dyad, and is a matter of family and community. Culturally-based interventions offered through community and healthcare organizations may be critical to promoting caregiver health., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The aim of this study was to develop an in-depth understanding of the beliefs parents hold regarding portable pool safety behaviours using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents ( N  = 15) of children aged 5 years and younger who owned a portable pool. Interviews examined three key safety behaviours: supervising within arms' reach, fencing portable pools deeper than 30 cm, and emptying and storing portable pools safely after use. Parents identified a range of advantages, disadvantages, normative influences, and facilitators and barriers towards the three behaviours. The identification of these salient behavioural, normative, and control beliefs enrich limited understandings of portable pool safety behaviours of parents with young children. Current findings fill a knowledge gap in portable pool safety and provide potential targets for messages to improve parents' behaviours for their young children around portable pools in the hope of preventing loss of life., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Grief has previously been described in pathological terms, characterized by several stages. In the past three decades, new perspectives on grief as a reaction to the loss of a significant other have emerged. It shows that grief is an individual process based on circumstances surrounding the death and the bereaved person's life situation, rather than being predetermined., Objective: The aim of the study was to show how grief is perceived by people who have lost a significant other, and it focuses on bereavement support, how the death affects the bereaved person's living conditions, how the bereaved person deals with grief, and if grief is expressed differently depending on whether it was an expected death (ED) or an unexpected death (UED)., Design: A cross-sectional design was used with data collected anonymously using an online survey with semi-structured answers and options for participants to add their own comments, and it was analyzed descriptively., Result: Support in grief was mainly given by family and friends, and the perceived need was primarily for emotional support or emotional support combined with practical support, and to a greater extent for UEDs and women. For some bereaved persons, health caregivers and religious institutions provided support outside their own network. Grief can affect how people socialize with others and change social relationships. People can deal with grief in social as well as religious ways in the company of friends, through everyday conversations, spending time in nature, and having a spiritual outlook on life, and with the help of pets., Conclusion: The results can contribute to an increased understanding of grief after the loss of a significant other and how grief affects the bereaved person's life depending on whether it is an ED or a UED. There was a difference between the genders, with women perceiving a need for and receiving different forms of support and to a greater extent than men., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), 2024.)

The extent to which parents experience guilt related to their child's health may depend on their perceptions of their contribution to these outcomes. The impact of the child's "other" biological parent's (OBP) contribution to child health on guilt responses is understudied. Some models posit a diffusion-of-responsibility process, while others favor a heightened-risk-heightened-guilt model. The present study examines how perceived OBP contribution to child risk affects guilt among a sample of parents with self-reported overweight. Parents who perceived their child's OBP to also have overweight experienced more guilt for passing down genetic and family environment-based obesity risk to their child, which suggests that perceptions of shared risk contribution promote guilt-related outcomes. Additionally, risk information endorsing a gene-environment interaction liability framing was the most responsive to OBP weight status. These results support a heightened-risk-heightened-guilt process. Future work should consider guilt when developing child health interventions to avoid undesirable emotional outcomes among parents., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

A convergent parallel mixed methods design with qualitative data collection embedded in a quasi-experimental study was developed to examine the potential of three modalities of preparation for hospital discharge of the families of children with chronic diseases in terms of uncertainty levels and management of the disease at home. Caregivers of these children were divided into three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. Two scales were applied: one measured family management, and the other evaluated uncertainties in relation to the disease. In addition, an in-depth interview was conducted. Wilcoxon's test and the integrated response index were used in data analysis to compare performance between the groups. Inductive thematic analysis was employed for the qualitative data. The data were integrated, comparing the groups before and after preparation for hospital discharge. Twenty-five family caregivers completed this study. Data integration showed that the intervention group, in which the families developed planning to prepare for discharge in a dialogical way with professionals, presented better perceptions regarding care management when compared to structured guide and usual care groups. Participation of families in planning for hospital discharge showed a reduction in uncertainties regarding the disease and better care management of children at home., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This grounded theory study aimed to explore the subjective experiences of children living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) from the perspective of children and their families in Indonesia. Twenty participants were interviewed, consisting of 12 children aged 9-18 years and eight family members. Using grounded theory analysis, this study identified three categories: 'coping with diagnosis', 'disclosing their status' and 'living with the stigma of HIV'. Participants responded with shock, denial, sadness, secrecy and often had misconceptions about the virus to the diagnosis of themselves or their children. After diagnosis, children with HIV and their families continuously lived with stigma stemming from individual and societal beliefs about the virus. This stigma manifested in actions such as isolation, disclosure avoidance, secrecy, deception and social rejection. Because of these stigmatisations, many of the participants decided not to disclose the child's HIV status and used status strategies such as telling lies, keeping secrets and keeping their distance. The participants offered insight into the need for comprehensive programs to address care gaps. This study highlights that health professionals need to develop practical guidelines to support families during the disclosure process, provide psychosocial care for children, and create stigma reduction interventions for children with HIV., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Understanding the meaning of loss for racialized immigrant fathers and addressing their experiences in a culturally competent manner is important in an increasingly ethnoculturally diverse country like Canada. Culture, customs and rituals influence fathers' grief and culture impacts how individuals discuss death and dying as well as how they perceive the death of a child. This article is part of a qualitative research project, which examined the experiences of racialized immigrant fathers who experienced the death of a child. Guided by Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory, the methodological aim was to develop a theoretical framework grounded in fathers' experiences of child death within the hospital setting. Findings suggest that for racialized immigrant fathers their migration experience compounds their losses in unexpected ways and that experiences of objectification or 'othering' in hospital and by health care staff were significant., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Despite rising rates of drug-related deaths (DRDs), the consequences of DRDs for bereaved family members are scarcely investigated. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of prolonged grief (PG) symptoms in bereaved family members after DRDs, identify predictors of PG and examine whether symptom levels decrease with time. A cross-sectional design based on survey data from parents ( n = 93), siblings ( n = 78), children ( n = 24) and other family members ( n = 39) was conducted ( n = 234). Descriptive analyses, a multivariate linear regression, and ANOVA were performed. 60 family members (26%) suffered from high levels of PG symptoms after DRDs (parents 31.2%, siblings 21.8%, children 20.9%). The strongest associations were found between a high level of symptoms and 'months since the loss', 'suicidal thoughts' and 'withdrawal from others'. The ANOVA analyses showed that time does not always 'heal all wounds', and the bereaved who lost one to 2 years ago had the highest level of PG symptoms., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: People with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have varied needs while they seek treatment. Understanding and focusing on the needs will improve treatment outcomes. The objective of the study is to qualitatively assess the treatment-related needs of patients with AUDs admitted to a tertiary care treatment center., Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire with anchor questions was developed based on a literature review and key informant interviews. All the interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and color-coded manually. Two reviewers reviewed the codes. Themes and subthemes were generated using thematic inductive analysis., Results: Among 15 patients interviewed, all the patients had severe AUD (100%), were married (100%), were primarily males (86.6%), and more than half below the poverty line (53.4%), with a mean age of 41.1 years (SD = 9.5). Four major themes of treatment needs were identified: (a) individual, (b) family-related, (c) hospital-related, and (d) community-related. Among individual needs-medication-related, psychological, and occupational were prominent. Addressing family conflict and supporting the family are the significant subthemes for family-related needs. The behavior of the treating team, environmental needs, and diverse services were significant hospital-related needs. Awareness, accessibility, availability, and affordability of treatment services were the major community-related needs., Conclusion: The study highlights diverse needs extending from individual to community among people with AUDs. A holistic treatment model to address these needs will improve the quality of care and treatment outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Continuing bond manifesting as unexplainable experiences reflects bereaved´s attempts to restore connection with the deceased. As an experience unaligned with a person's overall schemas of meaning unexplainable experiences are a source of anxiety that individuals aim to alleviate by attribution thinking. This study describes how bereaved aim to explain unexplainable experiences related to the death of their loved ones. The study analysed 408 narratives of 181 bereaved individuals. Bereaved individuals (1) described the meaning of their experience to be receaving information, emotions or support by the experience and communicating about crossing the boundary between life and death. As (2) reflections on the cause of their experiences bereaved individuals described certain and uncertain explanations of the phenomenon, ruling out explanations and the compatibility or incompatibility of the experience with their prior worldviews. The process of attribution thinking must be perceived as meaningful regardless of the outcome of the bereaved person's reflection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This qualitative study explores the perceptions of impact associated with engaging in a therapeutic recreation-based bereavement camp for families whose child has died from serious illness. Interviews were completed with 12 parents who had participated in a three-camp cycle of the program over 12-month period, including a subgroup who had also attended a reunion camp. Interviews were also conducted with program staff. Thematic analysis generated key themes relating to the perceived impact which suggest that those engaged in this program perceived positive contributions associated with participation, including perceptions of positive impact on coping with bereavement, access to support and implications for family functioning. This study highlights the areas of impact associated with engagement in a therapeutic recreation-based bereavement intervention, and the potential contribution of wider access to these programs for families whose child has died from serious illness., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Research has indicated the effectiveness of Dialectical behavior therapy in adolescents (DBT-A) with severe emotion dysregulation and other symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The objective was to determine if DBT skills group with caregivers only could influence in potential mediators of DBT outcomes including rearing styles, emotion regulation and mindfulness skills, evaluated in both parents and adolescents. We implemented a 12-week group intervention based on DBT-A addressed to seven parents of adolescents with features of BPD. We tested differences after treatment using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test and calculated effect sizes. To understand individual changes, we reported clinical reliable change (CRC). The intervention was effective for improving rearing styles, emotion regulation and mindfulness skills in adolescents. Changes were stable after 6 months. The intervention showed good levels of satisfaction reported by parents. A short DBT group-only intervention with caregivers could modify relevant processes related with features of BPD in adolescents. Early interventions with adolescents with symptoms of BPD could prevent the development of BPD influencing in potential mediation mechanisms., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a highly prevalent public health challenge and human rights violation. Sociological theories address social structures to understand prevalence and dynamics of IPV against women. This systematic review aims (1) to identify, describe, categorize, and synthesize sociological theories that account for predictors of IPV against women, and (2) to compare and contrast sociological theories of predictors of IPV against women. Following a structured search of nine electronic databases, members of the review team screened title/abstract and full texts against inclusion and exclusion criteria, to identify studies that engaged with theory/ies of predictors of IPV. Review team members extracted data according to a data extraction template developed for the review. Results are presented using a narrative synthesis approach. Following review of 108 included articles, included articles were grouped into sub-theories. The sub-theories provide differing, yet overlapping, accounts of predictors of male perpetration of IPV and women's experience of IPV. Sociological theories primarily engage with exo- and macro-system levels of the social-ecological framework, yet some also address structural influences on individual behaviors. This systematic review fills a gap in theoretical syntheses of sociological theories of predictors of male-perpetrated IPV against women and also provides critical analysis of how these theories overlap and intersect. While sociological theories may not be able to fully explain all aspects of dynamics of male-perpetrated IPV against women, this overview indicates that there are several compelling components of sociological theory that hold explanatory power for comprehending how, where, and why IPV occurs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/ or publication of this article.

Significant barriers remain regarding the implementation of family-centred approaches in the domain of forensic psychiatry despite their effectiveness at increasing adherence to treatment, improving attendance to medical appointments, decreasing readmission rates and reducing episodes of relapse. We attribute these barriers to a fundamental gap in our understanding of the family function and its role within the forensic psychiatric system. Despite requesting to be included and considered as partners, some families feel excluded and sidelined, which causes distress, incomprehension and disengagement. We approached this tension at the discursive level through a critical ethnography of the Review Board and the work of Foucault on psychiatric power, which provided us with a unique opportunity to understand how the role of families are constructed and sustained in the Canadian forensic psychiatric system. To do so, we mobilized data stemming from ethnographic observations and documentary artifacts entitled 'reasons for disposition'. Data analysis allowed us to identify two discursive constructions of familial functions: (1) families as repositories of information and (2) families as supervisory agents. These results have implications for health care professionals and administrators in forensic psychiatry who are increasingly adhering to family-centred care models without questioning what such care or what such family engagement entails., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction/background: This study aims to determine the impact of a person with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities on peer relationships of their siblings., Methods: Information obtained from typically developing siblings of individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities served as research material for this study. There were a total of 18 participants in the study. The analysis and interpretation were based on the procedures of grounded theory., Results and Conclusion: The results of the study show that young adults with a brother or sister with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities have some difficulties in establishing relationships with their peers, especially those more intimate such as friendships or romantic endeavors. At the same time, research confirms that siblings of individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities have high levels of empathy and understanding for others as well as sincere attachment to family., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Aims: (a) To investigate support for caregivers of people diagnosed with stroke, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dementia, or heart disease provided across healthcare settings in Denmark; (b) to assess differences in caregiver support across diagnoses and settings., Methods: A cross-sectional nationwide survey among professionals representing healthcare settings at municipalities ( n = 479) and hospital wards and outpatient clinics ( n = 425). The survey assessed identification of caregivers and support initiatives., Results: The response rate was 81% for municipalities and 49% for hospitals. Identification of caregivers was frequent in dementia care (81% and 100%) and less frequent in COPD care (58% and 64%) in municipalities and hospitals, respectively. Caregiver support differed significantly across diagnoses within municipalities ( p = 0.009) and hospitals ( p < 0.001). Systematic identification of vulnerable caregivers was <25% for all diagnoses except dementia. The most common support initiatives involving caregivers were primarily aimed at the ill person and included guidance about the disease and consequences for everyday life and lifestyle changes. Caregivers were least involved in support initiatives addressing physical training, work retention, sexuality, or cohabitation., Conclusions: Disparities and significant differences across diagnoses exist in the identification of caregivers and the provision of support initiatives. Support initiatives involving caregivers primarily targeted patients. Future studies should investigate how caregivers' needs can be met across different diagnoses and healthcare settings and investigate potential changes in caregivers' needs during disease trajectories. In clinical practice, identification of vulnerable caregivers should be a major focus, and disease-specific clinical guidelines may be required to ensure sufficient support for caregivers., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

School violence and bullying are current and problematic events during adolescence. They are likely to have a marked presence in places highly exposed to armed conflict and violent environments, representing a double public health problem. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of different types of school violence perpetrated and experienced by school adolescents in a community with a history of exposure to armed conflict. Two thousand one hundred eighty-five school adolescents from a municipality in Colombia (males = 54.1%, 14-16 years = 38.6%) participated in the study. Nine educational institutions were included. A systematic random sampling was designed, with a proportional allocation of 35% within each school year from sixth to eleventh grade. The School Coexistence and Circumstances Affecting it-ECECA survey was applied. The prevalence and risks of bully and bullying were estimated. RRa were calculated with the 95% confidence interval adjusted for the other confounding variables. Analyses were constructed from generalized linear models, under the Poisson family and a logarithmic link function. We found a 9.3% of bullying victimization and a 3.5% prevalence of bully. A higher risk of bully was found among males, persons between 10 and 14 years of age, residents of rural or urban dispersed areas, residents of violent neighborhoods, alcohol consumers at school, and victims of aggression in childhood (RRa > 1.0, p -values <.05). The risk of victimization of bullying was higher in students younger than 15 years old, as residents of urban areas, having a history of childhood aggression, suffering abuse by a close person, and as alcohol users at school. This study provides evidence of risk factors for aggression and bullying that have implications for possible prevention measures in multiple social domains, including the individual, the family, and the school environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interests with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Aim: Linking information on family members in the Danish Civil Registration System (CRS) with information in Danish national registers provides unique possibilities for research on familial aggregation of diseases, health patterns, social factors and demography. However, the CRS is limited in the number of generations that it can identify. To allow more complete familial linkages, we introduce the lite Danish Multi-Generation Register (lite MGR) and the future full Danish MGR that is currently being developed., Methods: We generated the lite MGR by linking the current version of the CRS with historical versions stored by the Danish National Archives in the early 1970s, which contain familial links not saved in the current CRS. We describe and compare the completeness of familial links in the lite MGR and the current version of the CRS. We also describe planned procedures for generating the full MGR by linking the current CRS with scanned archived records from Parish Registers., Results: Among people born in Denmark in 1960 or later, the current CRS contains information on both parents. However, it has limited parental information for people born earlier. Among the 732,232 people born in Denmark during 1950-1959, 444,084 (60.65%) had information on both parents in the CRS. In the lite MGR, it was 560,594 (76.56%)., Conclusions: The lite MGR offers more complete information on familial relationships than the current CRS. The lite and full MGR will offer an infrastructure tying together existing research infrastructures, registers and biobanks, raising their joint research value to an unparalleled level., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Background: Legalization of assisted dying is progressively expanding worldwide. In Canada, the Medical Assistance in Dying Act became law in 2016. As assisted dying regulations evolve worldwide, comprehending its subjective impact and broader consequences, especially on family members, becomes pivotal for shaping practice, policy, and training., Aim: The goal of this study is to understand the experience of family caregivers on the assisted dying procedure day., Design: Qualitative, thematic analysis, research using semi-structured interviews., Setting/participants: Family caregivers of patients who received assisted dying in two hospitals in Canada were recruited. Interviews were conducted at least 6 months after patient death. Conceptual saturation was achieved after analyzing 18 interviews., Results: While caregivers expressed gratitude for the availability of Medical Assistance in Dying, they also described the procedure day as potentially jarring and unsettling. We identified five aspects that shaped their experience: attuned support from the clinical team; preparation for clinical details; congruence between the setting and the importance of the event; active participation and ceremony; and pacing and timing of the procedure. Together, these aspects impacted the level of uneasiness felt by caregivers on the procedure day., Conclusions: This study emphasized the importance of a family-centered approach to delivering Medical Assistance in Dying. It underscored recognizing the needs of family caregivers during the procedure day and offering strategies to ease their experience. Healthcare providers in jurisdictions where assisted dying is legal or deliberated should consider the applicability of these findings to their unique context., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declare they have no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article other than authors’ roles in the medical assistance in dying programs at the University Health Network (SH, GR, ML) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (DS, SB, EIG).