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Computational models of structures are widely used to inform decisions about design, maintenance and operational life of engineering infrastructure, including airplanes. Confidence in the predictions from models is provided via validation processes that assess the extent to which predictions represent the real world, where the real world is often characterised by measurements made in experiments of varying sophistication dependent on the importance of the decision that the predictions will inform. There has been steady progress in developing validation processes that compare fields of predictions and measurements in a quantitative manner using the uncertainty in measurements as a basis for assessing the importance of differences between the fields of data. In this case study, three recent advances in a validation process, which was evaluated in an inter-laboratory study 5 years ago, are implemented using a ground-test on a fuselage at the aircraft manufacturer’s site for the first time. The results show that the advances successfully address the issues raised by the inter-laboratory study, that the enhanced validation process can be implemented in an industrial environment on a complex structure, and that the model was an excellent representation of the measurements made using digital image correlation.

It is important that managers make well-informed, evidence-based decisions about employee compensation and benefits. As a field, evidence-based management recognizes four primary sources of sound evidence: scientific research, personal expertise, specific organizational data, and stakeholder perceptions. This article walks the reader through each so that compensation and benefits practitioners may make better informed, evidence-based compensation and benefits decisions.

Background/Aim In clinical trials, there is potential for bias from unblinded observers that may influence ascertainment of outcomes. This issue arose in the Strategies to Reduce Injuries and Develop Confidence in Elders trial, a cluster randomized trial to test a multicomponent intervention versus enhanced usual care (control) to prevent serious fall injuries, originally defined as a fall injury leading to medical attention. An unblinded nurse falls care manager administered the intervention, while the usual care arm did not involve contact with a falls care manager. Thus, there was an opportunity for falls care managers to refer participants reporting falls to seek medical attention. Since this type of observer bias could not occur in the usual care arm, there was potential for additional falls to be reported in the intervention arm, leading to dilution of the intervention effect and a reduction in study power. We describe the clinical basis for ascertainment bias, the statistical approach used to assess it, and its effect on study power. Methods The prespecified interim monitoring plan included a decision algorithm for assessing ascertainment bias and adapting (revising) the primary outcome definition, if necessary. The original definition categorized serious fall injuries requiring medical attention into Type 1 (fracture other than thoracic/lumbar vertebral, joint dislocation, cut requiring closure) and Type 2 (head injury, sprain or strain, bruising or swelling, other). The revised definition, proposed by the monitoring plan, excluded Type 2 injuries that did not necessarily require an overnight hospitalization since these would be most subject to bias. These injuries were categorized into those with (Type 2b) and without (Type 2c) medical attention. The remaining Type 2a injuries required medical attention and an overnight hospitalization. We used the ratio of 2b/(2b + 2c) in intervention versus control as a measure of ascertainment bias; ratios > 1 indicated the likelihood of falls care manager bias. We determined the effect of ascertainment bias on study power for the revised (Types 1 and 2a) versus original definition (Types 1, 2a, and 2b). Results The estimate of ascertainment bias was 1.14 (95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.30), providing evidence of the likelihood of falls care manager bias. We estimated that this bias diluted the hazard ratio from the hypothesized 0.80 to 0.86 and reduced power to under 80% for the original primary outcome definition. In contrast, adapting the revised definition maintained study power at nearly 90%. Conclusion There was evidence of ascertainment bias in the Strategies to Reduce Injuries and Develop Confidence in Elders trial. The decision to adapt the primary outcome definition reduced the likelihood of this bias while preserving the intervention effect and study power.

Objective: To determine which otolaryngology residency programs have social media platforms and to review which programs are utilizing platforms to advertise virtual open houses and virtual subinternships for residency applicants. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted online by reviewing all accredited otolaryngology residency programs in the United States participating in the Electronic Residency Application Service. Methods: Otolaryngology residency programs were reviewed for social media presence on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. Social media posts were evaluated for virtual open houses and virtual subinternships. Residency websites and the Visiting Student Application Service were evaluated for the presence of virtual subinternships. All data were collected between September 5, 2020, and September 9, 2020. This study did not require approval from the University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Review Board for Human Use. Results: Among 118 otolaryngology residency programs, 74 (62.7%) participate on Instagram, 52 (44.1%) participate on Twitter, and 44 (37.3%) participate on Facebook. Fifty-one Instagram accounts, 20 Twitter accounts, and 4 Facebook accounts have been created during 2020. Forty-two (36%), 30 (25.4%), and 15 (13%) programs are promoting virtual open houses on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook, respectively. Two programs on the Visiting Student Application Service offered virtual subinternships. Seven residency program websites offered virtual subinternships. Nine, 6, and 1 program offered virtual subinternships on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that social media presence on Instagram and Twitter among otolaryngology residency programs has substantially grown in 2020 at a higher rate compared to previous years. These data suggest that otolaryngology residency programs are finding new ways to reach out to applicants amid an unprecedented type of application cycle due to the challenges presented by COVID-19. Many programs are advertising virtual open houses via social media platforms to connect with applicants, and a few programs are offering virtual subinternships to replace traditional subinternships.

This commentary argues that scaling fast growth firms drive economic development, even in recessionary periods. While the coronavirus induced the ‘Great Lockdown’ and its aftermath poses particular challenges, we argue that the crisis presents the entrepreneurial scholarly community with an opportunity to re-orientate our research. Rather than more narratives of business success in the face of adversity, the Great Lockdown presents us with a fresh opportunity to examine how scaling is affected by context, by luck and by the porous nature of business growth. In so doing, our hope is that it will encourage our community to adopt a more proactive agenda to support policy makers and entrepreneurs.

Research has shown multiple cognitive biases that affect compensation related decisions. This research brief lists and describes several, including the bias held by most of us that we are too intellignet to fall prey to biases. Implications for HR and compensation practitioners conclude this research brief.

Background and Purpose There is growing interest in expanding healthy eating interventions in the retail setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a successful 2-for-1 price incentive for fruits and vegetables (F&V), including frozen and canned, that took place in partnership with a large chain grocery retailer in Maine. Intervention Approach. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) pilot study was conducted in 2015–2016, followed by a larger RCT in 2016–2017, to assess whether a supermarket double-dollar F&V incentive increased purchases of these items. Evaluation Methods A convergent, parallel mixed-methods design was used to examine barriers and facilitators to implementing the interventions, using six implementation outcomes: acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, implementation fidelity, and perceived cost. Results The intervention was deemed highly acceptable, appropriate, and feasible by shoppers, retailers, and researchers. The F&V discount had a high rate of initial adoption. There was a moderate degree of fidelity, which improved over time based on lessons learned from the pilot and applied to the subsequent RCT. Specific costs associated with implementation from the research perspective are reported. Implications for Practice, Policy, and Research. Partnerships between academic researchers and retailers can be an effective model for improving healthful purchases among shoppers. These findings are relevant for investigators, public health advocates, and retailers interested in implementing similar grocery retail-based interventions.

Ensuring compensation policies and programs are viewed by employees as equitable, competitive and appropriate enables an organization to make their value proposition attractive to the talent it needs to succeed. There is significant controversy today related to the wage and wealth gap, and wage inequality is widely viewed as unfair and unwarranted. Each compensation strategist must reconcile business needs with the needs of the workforce, and altering the manner in which available resources are allocated can work toward that reconciliation. Alternative approaches for doing so are presented.

In this program description, the authors describe outcomes of a 2-year project influencing programmatic changes to screening/assessment practices and increased collaboration with Child Welfare (CW) in an early intervention (EI) program. The EI professionals reviewed how they assessed children who have been abused/neglected. Based on their findings, they revised the eligibility process and assessment tools utilized. Objectives of the programmatic changes were to increase the number of children substantiated as abused/neglected to become eligible for EI services and improve identification of social emotional delays. A summary of overall outcomes is presented aling with implications for policy and practice.

This article describes a nonparametric conditional imputation analytic method for randomly censored covariates in linear regression. While some existing methods make assumptions about the distribution of covariates or underestimate standard error due to lack of imputation error, the proposed approach is distribution-free and utilizes resampling to correct for variance underestimation. The performance of the novel method is assessed using simulations, and results are contrasted with methods currently used for a limit of detection censored design, including the complete case approach and other nonparametric approaches. Theoretical justifications for the proposed method are provided, and its application is demonstrated through a study of association between lipoprotein cholesterol in offspring and parental history of cardiovascular disease.

Organizations are functioning in a globalized, competitive and dynamic environment. Performance is required for survival and sustained viability. How effectively performance is defined, measured, managed and rewarded will have a significant impact on workforce performance and organizational success. Performance should be defined at the organizational, group/unit and individual levels and the definitions must be integrated with each other. And employees must view their rewards as equitable, competitive and appropriate in order for them to be motivated to extend their best efforts and to focus on meeting organizational objectives. Research demonstrates that basing rewards on performance provides motivation. But rewards must be linked to performance at the appropriate level, and must be provided in the appropriate form as well as timed to reinforce the performance. Global mobility is increasing cultural diversity and organizations should consider the beliefs and values of employees when rewarding performance

Organizations entering into mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and alliances must formulate rewards strategies that are effective and appropriate for the new entity. The rewards strategy should be influenced by the new culture, strategy and objectives and must be viewed by employees as equitable, competitive and appropriate.

Using functional MRI, we investigated reality monitoring for auditory information. During scanning, healthy young adults heard words in another person’s voice and imagined hearing other words in that same voice. Later, outside the scanner, participants judged words as “heard,” “imagined,” or “new.” An area of left middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann’s area, or BA, 6) was more active at encoding for imagined items subsequently correctly called “imagined” than for items incorrectly called “heard.” An area of left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45, 44) was more active at encoding for items subsequently called “heard” than “imagined,” regardless of the actual source of the item. Scores on an Auditory Hallucination Experience Scale were positively related to activity in superior temporal gyrus (BA 22) for imagined words incorrectly called “heard.” We suggest that activity in these areas reflects cognitive operations information (middle frontal gyrus) and semantic and perceptual detail (inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus, respectively) used to make reality-monitoring attributions.

Employee ownership of organizations can promote motivation to contribute to the success of those organizations. “Ownership” can be economic and/or psychological and both forms align the interests of employees and the organizations. The benefits of psychological ownership can be realized by ensuring that employees understand what the organization needs and managing in a manner that convinces them they will be positively affected by success. Economic ownership must provide benefits in the form of tangible results that outweigh the costs of making employees owners. Each organization must determine the role that economic ownership should play in its rewards strategy based on a cost–benefit analysis.

Within the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, the extant literature suggests that the normative actor is embodied by and through stereotypical masculinized characteristics. In this paper, we contextualize entrepreneurship as self–employment in order to explore how such stereotypical characterizations might influence women's attitudes toward this activity. However, rather than analyzing the confirmatory effects of stereotypes, we critically evaluate the effect of counterstereotypical characterizations upon women's propensity for self–employment. Drawing upon life–span data, we explore whether self–employed mothers disconfirm masculinized stereotypes and so act as positive role models for their daughters. As hypothesized, we found that maternal self–employment has a counterstereotypical effect and so positively influences daughters to become self–employed. These data indicate, however, that this effect is tempered by personal stereotypes held by daughters; moreover, it is shaped by significant life events (marriage, parenthood, education, and prior managerial experience). By using a robust data set, this paper contributes to our understanding of how stereotypes and role expectations influence women's propensity toward entrepreneurial activity.

Objectives: This study examined the treatment outcomes of integrated families and systems treatment (I-FAST), a moderated common factors approach, in reference to multisystemic therapy (MST), an established specific factor approach, for treating at-risk children and adolescents and their families in an intensive community-based setting. Method: This study used a nonrandomized noninferiority trial design to compare the outcomes of 79 families who received I-FAST, the test intervention, to 47 families who have received MST, the reference intervention. Results: I-FAST was noninferior to MST in reducing problem severity and improving functioning based on youth, parents, and workers’ assessments. Conclusions: While the nonrandomized design of this study precludes any definitive conclusions, implications of the study were discussed with respect to the debate regarding common factors and specific factor approaches to family treatment and implementation of evidence-based treatments.

This study examined single-word code-mixing produced by bilingual preschoolers in order to better understand lexical choice patterns in each language. Analysis included item-level code-mixed responses of 606 five-year-old children. Per parent report, children were separated by language dominance based on language exposure and use. Children were assigned to a no-risk or at-risk for language impairment group based on individual performance from an English–Spanish screening battery. Data analysis compared the prevalence, frequency, and accuracy of code-mixed responses on expressive semantic items across participants’ language dominance and risk status. Language dominance and risk status impacted children’s code-mixing patterns. The correct number of code-mixed responses on the English screener was influenced by risk status, whereas language dominance determined the number of correct code-mixed answers on the Spanish screener. Lexical choice and language selection depend on linguistic knowledge and skill. During this emergent stage of bilingualism, preschoolers demonstrate the use of code-mixing as a compensatory strategy to fill lexical gaps. Consistent with previous studies, findings indicate that code-mixing necessitates linguistic competence in more than one language.

Organizations with fixed cost workforces are handicapped when trying to operate in a variable revenue world. Downsizing has become common as a cost reduction strategy but has generally failed to produce the desired results. When all direct compensation is all in the form of base pay and benefits, costs keep rising, and the cost/revenue gap keeps widening. By adopting direct compensation strategies that include a broader use of variable compensation, workforce costs can be better aligned with the resources available. Selecting the right incentive programs can provide greater motivation while helping to control workforce costs.

The authors examined the benefits of video modeling to teach a unique vocational skill set to an adolescent and two young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Video modeling was used to teach skills necessary to entertain customers and promote products in a retail setting while wearing a WalkAround® costume. The three participants were observed before and after watching a video model perform the skills in the costume in scripted and naturalistic scenes. Data can be interpreted to conclude that all participants learned to use the skills in combination or sequence after watching the video model. The skills generalized to an actual job opportunity. The participants reported they enjoyed the work, and comments from supervisors were positive. Implications are discussed.

Using the case of the Prince's Trust, the preeminent UK youth enterprise programme, I investigate how different evaluation methodologies generate radically different evidence of the impact of the programme. The key result is that simpler forms of evaluation tend to provide positive support for this programme, whereas more sophisticated evaluations are not so positive. I discuss the implications of this for the way stakeholders should view evaluations. I urge caution about the claims made for programmes that receive only lighter forms of evaluation.

Background The pole vault is a track and field event that has witnessed a large increase in participants during the past 5 years. Currently there are no prospective studies that have evaluated injury patterns in pole vaulters. Objectives To determine the injury rate and to describe injury patterns in high school pole vaulters. Study Design Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of 140 Wisconsin high school athletes who participated in pole vaulting during the 2005 and 2006 track and field seasons. Baseline athlete information was obtained at the beginning of each season. When an injury occurred, an injury report form was completed to document diagnosis and circumstances of the incident. Injury rates were expressed as injuries per 100 athletes per season as well as injuries per 1000 athletic exposures. Risk factors were analyzed by calculating relative risks for baseline athlete variables. Results The injury rates were 26.4 injuries per 100 athletes per season (95% confidence interval, 18.6–36.4) and 7.1 injuries per 1000 athletic exposures (95% confidence interval, 5.0–9.8). Trauma to the lower extremities accounted for 71.5% of injuries. The most common injury types were ligament sprains (31.6%). Landing incorrectly was the most frequent mechanism of injury (26.3%). A history of pole-vault injury was associated With increased risk of injury (relative risk, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–4.1). Conclusion Injuries are common in young vaulters. Injury mechanisms indicate that many could be avoided by using proper technique, particularly during the landing phase. Coaches should focus on vaulters with prior injuries to identify risky behavior and to help correct poor technique.

Combined thermoelasticity-photoelasticity integrates the use of reflection photoelasticity to determine the difference in the principal stresses with thermoelastic stress analysis to evaluate the sum of the principal stresses, the advantage gained from this combination being the independent separation of the principal stresses at all points in the field of view. The principle has been established in prior research and suitable instrumentation designed and employed on classical test specimens. This work is extended here with the analysis of two more complex components, namely a composite panel subject to a biaxial strain field and a compressor blade excited at approximately 250 Hz. The methodology for applying combined thermoelasticity-photoelasticity under these conditions is described and the difficulties encountered highlighted and discussed. The results demonstrate that the technique and instrumentation are relatively robust and can be successfully used in these demanding applications.

Gifted individuals are capable of or demonstrate superior performance. Career counseling of gifted and talented students must acknowledge the unique career and life development issues that may impact their career planning. Common issues are multipotentiality, early emergence and foreclosure, personality traits, the overemphasis on academics, and the expectations of others. School counselors should consider adjusting the timing, pace, complexity, and intensity of career activities to suit the advanced cognitive levels and/or issues of gifted students.

Community mental health systems have been increasingly emphasizing providing services and using interventions that support mental health consumers recovering from severe mental disability. It has been noted in the literature that the strengths approach to case management is supportive of mental health consumers experiencing recovery. Although strengths-based case management has been operationalzed by six principles and five functions, it has not been very well operationalized at the micro level of direct interactions between case managers and mental health service recipients. This article describes how the perspective of and techniques from solution-focused therapy can be used to further operationalize the strengths perspective for these direct, one-on-one interactions to facilitate mental health consumer recovery.

Enhancing client empowerment is a major concern of clinical social workers. Empowerment is a process and an outcome. There are numerous interventions that enhance client empowerment, and among them is focusing on client strengths. Both the strengths-based and empowerment-based approaches emphasize the importance of skillfully using language in dialoguing with clients; however, there is little specificity in either of these 2 approaches on how to operationalize this process. This article discusses specific ways to use language in working with client strengths and empowering clients. The discussion and examples are presented from the metatheoretical perspective of constructivism.

Two of the guiding principles of gifted program standards are that gifted learners must be provided differentiated guidance efforts and affective curriculum (Nevitt, 2001), yet many gifted and talented students are receiving inadequate social, emotional, and career counseling. There are many reasons for this, including a shortage of personnel trained in working with gifted students, emphasis on academic achievement and tests scores, and the belief that gifted students can manage on their own. In many schools, guidance or counseling of students is the sole domain of professional counselors; however, most school counselors do not have training in gifted education and because they are burdened with large caseloads, administrative duties (i.e., scheduling), and crisis counseling, they often must function in a triage mode, attending to only the most serious problems with little time left for anything else.

This paper argues that there have been three distinct phases of enterprise policy in the UK in the past 30 years: the 1970s saw no effective enterprise policy ('policy off'); the 1980s witnessed an attempt to increase the number of start-ups; and the 1990s saw a concentration on 'business quality'. This paper looks at how enterprise has evolved in Cleveland/Tees Valley over the past three decades. It suggests—and finds—that businesses in the 1980s were more numerous but of lower 'quality' (even if the influence of unemployment is accounted for) than those from the 1970s and 1990s. This implies that we should be cautious about the value of policy attempts to increase business formation rates in areas such as Cleveland/Tees Valley.

Older adults are slower than young adults to think of an item they just saw, that is, to engage or execute (or both) the simple reflective operation of refreshing just-activated information. In addition, they derive less long-term memory benefit from refreshing information. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that relative to young adults, older adults showed reduced refresh-related activity in an area of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left middle frontal gyrus, Brodmann's Area 9), but not in other refresh-related areas. This provides strong evidence that a frontal component of the circuit that subserves this basic cognitive process is especially vulnerable to aging. Such a refresh deficit could contribute to poorer performance of older than young adults on a wide range of cognitive tasks.

The current methodology used by the U.S. Air Force for assessing and rating airfield pavement condition is presented. Factors addressed in the ratings include the pavement-condition index (PCI), structural index, friction characteristics, and foreign-object damage (FOD) potential. The PCI is a score from 0 to 100 that is determined by a visual survey of pavement distress based on procedures in ASTM D 5340. The structural index is a ratio of the aircraft classification number (ACN) to pavement classification number (PCN). ACN represents the structural impact an aircraft will have on a pavement, and PCN represents the structural capability of the pavement to support aircraft. Friction characteristics are primarily determined for runways through the use of a variety of measuring equipment. The FOD index is used to indicate the potential for FOD problems generated by the pavement; it is determined on the basis of pavement distresses collected during the PCI survey. Also presented are procedures used in determining each of the above factors and the ways in which these factors are used collectively to determine the overall rating of airfield pavements.

Two case studies are presented which employ the experimental technique of thermoelastic stress analysis in order to verify finite element models of components from an off-road bicycle. The design of the finite element simulations is detailed and selection of elements and loading conditions justified. The use of a thermoelastic detector with a focal plane array allows full-field maps of surface stress to be determined, which are subsequently used in an evaluation of the finite element simulations. Good agreement is shown between the simulations and the experimental data, and the paper concludes that this current generation of thermoelastic detectors provides a valuable method of validation for complex finite element models.

The proliferation of information on the Internet introduces new challenges for educators. Although the Internet can provide quick and easy access to a wealth of information, it has virtually no quality control. Consequently, the Internet has rendered faculty more essential than ever as teachers of the analytic and evaluative skills students need to become educated consumers of information. In this article we describe an exercise using small-group discussion and individual problem-based learning to teach critical thinking about the Internet. Data from the exercise and from student evaluations support both its need and students' perceptions of its effectiveness.

This article argues that we can identify three phases of youth enterprise support in the last 25 years. The first of these, 'free-enterprise', is said to have occurred between 1975 and 1981. This period, a reaction to the problems of the 1970s, saw very limited support for enterprise among young people. In the second period, 'enterprise culture' (1981-91), we saw direct intervention by public, private and voluntary agencies to support enterprise among young people. This article argues that the impetus behind this was not ideological, but a pragmatic urge to reduce the endemic unemployment of the 1980s. The article also identifies a third phase, 'enterprising individuals' (1992 onwards) which has seen a greater focus on improving the entrepreneurial skills and abilities of young people. The first section of the article describes each of these three stages of enterprise support. In the second section, I consider empirical evidence on changes in the take-up of self-employment by young people over the last 25 years.

When beginning therapy, most clients have a sense of powerlessness (sense of external locus of control) in some, if not most, areas of their lives. A person with a sense of powerlessness perceives forces outside themselves as having more to do with success In goal attainment than their own actions. Clinical intervention, therefore, should be empowering to clients. The miracle question is a key Intervention of solution-focused therapy. According to the miracle question, the source of client change is due to the miracle (something external to the client) and not something generated by the client. This article discusses a modification of the miracle question called the dream question. As a result of the dream question, clients can discover the solutions they are seeking within themselves and, thus, have a greater sense of personal power and Internal locus of control. Experience with the dream question so far has been quite positive.

Recent research with visual objects has delineated important representational differences between memory measures that tap identification (implicit tests) and measures that require episodic recognition (explicit tests) We investigated whether these differences reflect a fundamental architecture for the representation of object information in memory In the present experiment, we contrasted identification and episodic recognition for haptically presented two-dimensional patterns Haptic identification was not affected by elaborative processing at study, whereas haptic episodic recognition was enhanced by elaborative processing This finding suggests important similarities in the organization of object information in the visual and haptic modalities

Public sector and not-for profit organizations often use time-based pay because of uncertainties about the appropriateness of merit pay, skill-based pay or incentives. This article proposes several pay determination methods as alternatives to time-based pay and examines how an organization can decide what method best fits its culture and environment.

In this paper we describe the principles of operation and performance of a novel, liquid core fiber (LCF) temperature sensor for possible applications in smart struc ture environments. The sensor consists of an optical, time domain, monitoring station and a liquid core fiber probe that contains fluids with very large thermo-optic coefficients. This design makes the sensor fiber very sensitive to temperature fluctuations that have been measured by monitoring induced optical pulse delay. Operating temperature ranges are ex pected to span from —55 to +400°C, with ultimate temperature measurement resolution in the order of 0.05°C/m. Limitations such as sensor packaging and fiber loss/dispersion are also addressed.

The turbulent environment of the last two decades has made it difficult to manage employee rewards well. When revenues vary while compensation costs remain fixed it impacts profitability in private sector firms and makes it difficult for public sector entities to remain within budgets. Organizations need to use scenario based planning to develop robust rewards strategies that will work reasonably well in a variety of possible futures. Current strategies and programs should be evaluated to ensure they are sustainable. Alternative approaches to rewarding employees that make rewards costs more variable enables them to be better aligned with revenues.

Presented during Poster Grand Rounds at the Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course Program, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Savannah, GA, February 10–13, 2007.

Color preferences and self-identification responses were elicited from children by their choices among black, white, and green dolls. Eighty-two black and 80 white children, 47 to 73 months of age,...

Few executives will deny that staff managers contribute substantially to the performance of their organizations. Should they not, then, have similar opportunities to earn the special rewards that effective organizations grant to those who make outstanding contributions? Here is how one compensation specialist suggests organizations handle...

SummaryPenicillin given by the intraperitoneal route in a single dose of one hundred thousand Oxford units is detectable in the blood stream 3 to 7 hours in 5 cases, and one to 2 hours in 2 cases in sufficient amounts to neutralize penicillin sensitive invaders in abdominal surgery.

SummaryPenicillin was administered to 4 normal patients in active labor. Two patients received one hundred thousand units each. Both showed significant amounts of penicillin in the maternal and placental cord blood, 2 hours after administration. Two patients received twenty thousand units of penicillin each. The patient who received it one-half hour before delivery showed ample penicillin in the maternal and placental cord blood but not in the amniotic fluid. The patient who received penicillin one hour before delivery showed significant penicillin in the maternal blood but none in the placental cord blood.