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Colorism is a form of discrimination based on skin tone wherein people with light(er) complexions are advantaged over those with dark(er) ones. In this review, we define key terms, explore colorism as an individual and structural phenomenon, and identify some predominant themes in the existing scholarship on colorism. We review three case studies of contemporary uses and ramifications of colorism in order to encourage scholars to engage with this important field. These case studies are skin tone’s impact on U.S. politics, “transraciality,” the appropriation of skin tone, and finally, the global skin lightening industry. While the first two are mostly focused on the United States, the third enables an appreciation of the global dynamics of colorism, and links back to the national and regional contextual politics of skin tone.

This article describes the use of Philippians in triumphalist narratives about the rise of Christianity. Outlining the place of two key terms in the reception history of the letter – praetorium (Phil. 1.13) and ‘Caesar’s household’ (Phil. 4.22) – the article critiques the underlying assumptions and ideologies that have often guided its interpretation, focusing especially on the use of canonical Acts. A brief survey of the evidence for these two key terms in their original context – literary, epigraphic, lexicographical – suggests new interpretive possibilities for understanding Paul’s life and letter.

This paper reviews the use of multiple trials, defined as multiple sites or multiple arms in a single evaluation and replications, in evaluating social programs. After defining key terms, the paper discusses the rationales for conducting multiple trials, which include increasing sample size to increase statistical power; identifying the most effective program design; increasing external validity; and learning how various factors affect program impact. The paper discusses reasons why program design varies across sites, including adaptations to local environment and participant characteristics and a lack of fidelity to the program design. The paper discusses why programs vary across sites and when it is desirable to maintain consistency. Distinctions are drawn between evaluations of pilots and demonstrations versus ongoing programs, as well as programs where variation is permitted or encouraged versus when a fixed design is desired. The paper includes illustrations drawn from evaluations of demonstrations and ongoing programs.

This Epilogue discusses the papers in the Special Issue ( JLSP 40th Anniversary) in terms of the broader field of language and social psychology. It reflects on the key terms (“language” and “social psychology”) in terms of how they intersect and the relative emphasis on each in work published in JLSP. We also present an argument for increasing the consideration of context in language and social psychology research, and we distinguish between a desire to generalize versus universalize our knowledge about language and social psychological processes.

This study illustrates how the cognitive interviewing (CI) method can provide qualitative evidence of item, construct, and method bias in cross-cultural research. CI was conducted with participants from the Netherlands and Spain, who responded to quality-of-life (QoL) items included in international survey research projects. Qualitative findings indicate that, at the construct level, Spanish participants were more affected by the particular wording of the item stems, which made them modify their understanding of the intended constructs while answering, whereas Dutch participants were more focused on being consistent in their responses. At the item level, differences in the interpretation of key terms in QoL items were mainly related to translation and cultural issues. Method bias was manifested in the differential use of response options and anchor labels. Results of the study support the contribution and usefulness of CI to informing about the three types of bias from a qualitative approach.

This article applies Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive metaphor theory to the key terms of death and resurrection in the Scriptures and examines the translation of these terms into languages with a traditional Buddhist culture whose worldview is different from that of the Bible. The present analysis indicates that in the conceptual system of the biblical authors, the concept of death is metaphorically described as sleep while resurrection is pictured as waking up and standing up. However, in the Buddhist worldview the concept of the resurrection is absent and the concept of death is not always metaphorically extended as sleep. This article discusses the practical possibilities and limits of the representations of these metaphorical extensions in three Buddhist-context translation projects of the Institute for Bible Translation in Russia: Buryat, Kalmyk, and Tuvan. It also offers some suggestions about searching for their possible representations in the target language.

Background: Approximately two-thirds of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are sustained during noncontact situations when an athlete is cutting, pivoting, decelerating, or landing from a jump. Some investigators have postulated that fatigue may result in deleterious alterations in lower limb biomechanics during these activities that could increase the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. However, prior studies have noted a wide variation in fatigue protocols, athletic tasks studied, and effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. Purpose: First, to determine if fatigue uniformly alters lower limb biomechanics during athletic tasks that are associated with noncontact ACL injuries. Second, to determine if changes should be made in ACL injury prevention training programs to alter the deleterious effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE was performed. Key terms were fatigue, neuromuscular, exercise, hop test, and single-legged function tests. Inclusion criteria were original research studies involving healthy participants, use of a fatigue protocol, study of at least 1 lower limb task that involved landing from a hop or jump or cutting, and analysis of at least 1 biomechanical variable. Results: Thirty-seven studies involving 806 athletes (485 female, 321 male; mean age, 22.7 years) met the inclusion criteria. General fatigue protocols were used in 20 investigations, peripheral protocols were used in 17 studies, and 21 different athletic tasks were studied (13 single-legged, 8 double-legged). There was no consistency among investigations regarding the effects of fatigue on hip, knee, or ankle joint angles and moments or surface electromyography muscle activation patterns. The fatigue protocols typically did not produce statistically significant changes in ground-reaction forces. Conclusion: Published fatigue protocols did not uniformly produce alterations in lower limb neuromuscular factors that heighten the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. Therefore, justification does not currently exist for major changes in ACL injury prevention training programs to account for potential fatigue effects. However, the effect of fatigue related to ACL injuries is worthy of further investigation, including the refinement of protocols and methods of analysis.

Scotland has existing data resources which are competitive internationally and available to researchers from elsewhere. The Scottish Informatics and Linkage Collaboration (SILC) was recently launched, allowing data sets to be linked within and between sectors (e.g. health to non-health). The purpose of this review article is to introduce and define key terms in data linkage, to describe the emerging data linkage resources available in Scotland and to describe the opportunities available in Scotland to researchers internationally. The review is aimed at researchers internationally who are interested in data linkage using Scottish data resources. The review makes particular reference to longitudinal health data but emphasises that linkage to non-health data allows research questions to be considered that were previously not answerable. The review is focused on longitudinal data resources (e.g. cohort studies and repeated measures designs), since they are usually the focus of data linkage research. The review concludes that any intended data linkage for research should be driven by a clear research question. The infrastructure already available and the launch of SILC will accelerate research in Scotland and generate new research questions that previously could not be considered.

Along with risk and trauma, resilience and well-being are key terms for understanding and responding to disaster and suffering in the contemporary world. This article not only explores how memory can be brought into the discourse of post-disaster resilience but also critiques the very language of resilience and well-being as part of an ideological cluster with problematic implications. Resilience is a peculiarly modern form of theodicy, an explanation of misery and suffering that seeks to make sense of these fundamental, but ultimately inexplicable, human experiences. To demonstrate the limits of therapeutic discourse, the article explores Jean Amèry’s account of resentment as well as Emmanuel Levinas’ concept of “useless suffering.” Placing these concepts in the longer discourse about theodicy, the article argues for a wary contextualization of the discourse on resilience, which risks exacerbating exactly that which it seeks to aid.

The aim of this paper is to review the literature related to fathers of people who have an intellectual disability. Electronic databases and citation tracking were used to collate data using key terms such as fathers, adults with an intellectual disability, learning disability, mental handicap and developmental disability. Relevant articles were analysed and compared for commonality and difference. \ud Eight themes emerged from the literature: response to diagnosis; varied response to intellectual disability; concern for the future; work; roles and relationships; impact of fathers upon child development; fathers and service providers; fathers’ needs and coping strategies.\ud This review of the literature presents areas of similarity and divergence, and highlights the lack of information that relates specifically to fathers of adults. There are clear messages to service providers to support the inclusion of fathers and the need for further research in this area is indicated.

Studies of multiparty elections in authoritarian regimes have proliferated in recent years. Nevertheless, the available evidence remains inconclusive in terms of when, where, or why elections work to sustain or undermine authoritarian rule. The contributions to the special issue ‘State Capacity, Elections and the Resilience of Authoritarian Rule’ argue that analyzing the extent to which the effect of elections on authoritarian regime resilience is mediated through the factor of state capacity helps to solve this puzzle. This introduction lays out the analytical foundation for this discussion by reviewing key terms and concepts, and by highlighting possible theoretical connections between the state capacity literature on the one hand and the electoral authoritarianism literature on the other. Furthermore, it considers the contributions in this special issue, and points out areas of agreement and disagreement between the authors, while simultaneously placing the different arguments within the broader field of enquiry.

Background: Scaphoid fractures progress to nonunion rates of up to 15% when non-displaced, and are even more frequent when the fracture is displaced. Standard treatment in these cases is surgery; however, individuals unable to undergo this operation, or for those who wish to try more conservative measures, there may be benefit from nonoperative options. Of these, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been shown to improve fracture nonunion healing. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis of relevant literature to determine success of the use of LIPUS for treatment of scaphoid nonunion. Methods: Utilizing PubMed, Embase, and Ovid databases, we performed a literature search using key terms for scaphoid nonunions. A total of 686 studies met initial search criteria. Studies reporting fewer than 5 cases, those not published in English, those not related to LIPUS nonoperative scaphoid nonunion treatment, and those without sufficient data were excluded. Five studies met these criteria, and statistical analysis was performed to determine overall union rates. Results: The use of LIPUS on 166 nonunions reported a mean healing index of 78.6%. The average time to union following LIPUS treatment was 4.2 months. Conclusions: While surgical intervention is still the standard, our results show that LIPUS may serve as a nonoperative alternative to scaphoid nonunion in certain cases. The results are encouraging in which these challenging fracture a nonunions can heal without further surgical intervention in the majority of patients.

Background: A systematic literature review was conducted on mixed methods area. Objectives: The overall aim was to explore how qualitative information from interviews has been analyzed using quantitative methods. Methods: A contemporary review was undertaken and based on a predefined protocol. The references were identified using inclusion and exclusion criteria and specific key terms in 11 search databases. Results: Evidence was synthesized from 14 references that included the methods used for quantifying qualitative information, analyzing it statistically and the rationale behind this. Gaps in the existing literature and recommendations for future research were identified. Conclusions: This review highlights the need for a new mixed method based on advanced statistical modeling method that will explore complex relationships arising from qualitative information.

This review article explores the connection between two key terms in the current international development agenda, namely democratisation and state building. It does so not by looking at the establishment of well-functioning states as a necessary condition for the introduction of democracy, but rather by examining the idea that democratisation may itself play a role in favouring the consolidation of the state. Despite a recent debate on whether democracy or the state comes first, very few empirical studies have addressed the issue of the possible impact of democratic institutions and politics on state development. In the search for additional explanations and empirical evidence concerning this relationship, something more is to be learned as we turn to works that examine the effect of democratic reforms on more specific and partial dimensions, components or indicators of the state, such as violent conflict, corruption or taxation. The inclusion of the latter analyses, however, not only confirms that we still know very little about the democracy–state relationship, thus corroborating the need for new empirical research, but also highlights the conceptual and methodological flaws we must avoid when deciding what notions and measures of state and democracy are most appropriate in tackling this issue.

In this engagement with Professor Bruce Arrigo’s psychological jurisprudence model, I explore his critique of captivity and risk management. I am particularly interested in his claims that incarceration culminates in society’s own captivity, that the most destructive aspect of captivity is its foreclosing of human difference and potentiality, and that a praxis that is both clinical and mindful might point a way out. By way of a case anecdote, I interrogate several of the key terms in Arrigo’s formulation— citizenship, reform, revolution, and praxis—in an effort to further conjugate from the ground up such an innovative and important set of possibilities.

Based on inspirations and challenges from 2010’s Lausanne Cape Town Congress and the Edinburgh 2010 celebration, the article highlights ‘discipleship’ and ‘powerlessness’ as emerging key terms in mission. He finds increasing convergence between ecumenicals and evangelicals, also in such areas as missio Dei, critique of the prosperity gospel and the search for new models of mission in the 21st century. Diaspora and migration are regarded as primary pathways of mission today and tomorrow.

Objective: To provide pharmacy technicians with a review of selected home blood glucose meters, enabling them to be more effective in aiding patients at the point-of-sale. Data Source: Primary literature and review articles were identified by searching MEDLINE (1950–September 2010) and Google Scholar, using the key terms glucometers, glucose meters, home glucose meters, blood glucose meters, blood glucose monitoring, and self-monitoring of blood glucose. Additional articles were identified from the bibliographies of obtained literature. User manuals were obtained from the manufacturers' Web sites to determine specific characteristics for each blood glucose meter. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Reviewed literature was restricted to English-language articles. Blood glucose meter reviews have mostly compared standard meter functions. Eleven meters were selected for review and identified as currently marketed by their manufacturers and commonly sold in community pharmacies. Data Synthesis: Eleven home blood glucose meters, by Abbott, Bayer, LifeScan, and Roche, were selected for review. The selected meters have a wide range of features. They are mostly differentiated by meter size and shape, blood sample size, second blood drop allowed, coding, memory capacity, and advanced features that allow patients to customize the settings. Conclusions: There is a variety of home blood glucose meters on the market. When aiding patients with blood glucose meter selection, the best meter should include all of the features that address their monitoring needs.

The Ffowcs Williams - Hawkings (FWH) equation is often used in an inexact manner in numerical settings, because the amount of information available is limited. Generally the volume integral, or quadrupole term, is omitted even though the (permeable) FWH surface fails to enclose the turbulence region, which is unmanageably long for jet or bluff-body flows. This motivates a search for variants of the equation that are more forgiving of these practices, and thus more accurate at the same level of numerical effort. Two such variants are discussed, one proposed by Morfey in 1973 for other reasons, and the other used implicitly by Shur et al. since 2003. Both use functions of the pressure rather than the density in key terms, those which are retained in practice. The latter variant has similarities with proposals of Goldstein. They vastly reduce the need for cancellations between surface and volume terms, when entropy differences are present. There is no reason to use arbitrarily open surfaces. Sleeves can be made tight around the jet, without touching the vortical fluid, which is beneficial at high frequencies. There is little to choose between the two variants, as long as the quadrupoles are omitted. The benefits are illustrated in the case of a high-subsonic hot jet in co-flow, treated by Large-Eddy Simulation with extraction of the far-field sound by the classical FWH equation and by its variants, as well as with the Kirchhoff equation.

In this article I offer a way of interpreting Richard Rorty's political suggestions. I believe Rorty's lack of offering concrete proposals for dealing with the usual key problems of liberalism is deliberate. I look at this lack from a generous point of view and claim that what Rorty offers us is another kind of political intentionality. As a pragmatist, Rorty does not look for a foundational way of justifying things but, instead, searches for a description that makes liberalism an attractive practice. Following Gadamer and Rorty, I intend looking at liberalism as a kind of game and a public lifestyle. I claim that such a prior understanding illuminates and articulates liberal key terms such as: freedoms, public sphere, respecting the other.

This article provides a very brief overview of the predominant Christian eschatological beliefs held through the centuries and then locates the popular system of belief, Premillennial Dispensationalism, within that larger context. After defining key terms and concepts such as rapture, premillennial, postmillennial, amillennial, pretribulation, posttribulation, dispensation, apocalyptic, and eschatological, the various systems evident in the history of Christian interpretation are classified according to their stance concerning the relationship between the realization of God's kingdom and the course of history.

As the field of education moves forward in the area of assessment, researchers have yet to come to a conclusion about definitions of commonly used terms. Without a consensus on the use of fundamental terms, it is difficult to engage in meaningful discourse within the field of assessment, as well as to conduct research on and communicate about best assessment practices. For this article, we reviewed journal articles, position papers, thought pieces, and classroom assessment textbooks, focusing on the definitions of the terms performance assessment, authentic assessment, and formative assessment. We provide a summary of the literal definitions provided and the components, format, and intentions of each type of assessment. In addition, we underscore the important distinctions made by researchers in the field between performance assessment and authentic assessment. Some researchers suggest performance assessment and authentic assessment are synonymous, and others view performance assessment as a component of authentic assessment. Understanding authentic and performance assessments is important to have a sound theoretical basis for decisions made within the classroom. The purpose and benefits of formative assessment represent another area of discussion within the field of assessment. Formative assessment may be used solely to inform the teacher, or it may be used as a powerful means of providing feedback to students, allowing students to alter their strategies to improve learning. We emphasize important distinctions between the formation of learning and the formation of behaviors or strategies that promote learning. Finally, to avoid confusion, classroom assessment should be classified based on the assessment's intended purpose.

Asthma, wheeze and cough are words with profoundly differing histories, etymologies and meanings. Yet their medical usage today is clustered around the diagnosis and management of a single disease. Hitherto, asthma has been a clinical diagnosis but wheeze, cough and asthma now are key terms in cross-cultural questionnaire surveys which seek information on asthma prevalence. In this essay, we examine differences in the linguistic properties of terms likely to be relevant to interpreting large-scale variations in asthma prevalence uncovered by questionnaires. We show how etymologically distinct each term is: while asthma and cough each share semantic congruencies across six European languages, albeit for different reasons, there is less congruence across these languages for the term wheeze. The medical meanings of all three terms contrast with meanings revealed by the non-medical usage of all three terms, which are highly figurative. Linguistic considerations indicate that interpretation of international questionnaires that phrase questions in terms of cough, asthma and their derivatives are likely to be more reliable for the purposes of comparing prevalence than those which deploy questions phrased in terms of wheeze.

Despite the importance of early intervention for most disorders to minimize potential deleterious lifetime effects for the individuals concerned, there is currently no universally accepted protocol for the early screening, identification, and assessment of specific learning disabilities, and no consistent age at which initial diagnosis occurs. In Ontario, as well as in other jurisdictions, the distinction between key terms, such as identification and diagnosis, for the sake of service provision and funding in the school system is often not clearly understood. This article presents a rationale and recommended best practice procedures for the screening, identification, and diagnosis of specific learning disabilities in Ontario for children aged 4 to 8 years. A clarification of key terms, challenges to diagnostic accuracy, and implications of recommended improvements to current practice are articulated.

Objective: To identify treatment options for hypercholesterolemia in pregnant women. Data Sources: A search was conducted of MEDLINE (1966–March 2004), EMBASE (1980–March 2004), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–March 2004). Key terms included fibric acid derivatives, plant stanol/sterols, niacin, ezetimibe, vitamin E, LDL-apheresis, and fish oil. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The articles evaluated described hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy and lipid therapy options. Data Synthesis: Elevated lipid levels in pregnant women may have a negative impact on the fetus. Case reports and clinical trials from 1966 to March 2004 were evaluated for information regarding the impact of various cholesterol-lowering agents on both the mother and fetus. These case reports and trials conclude that additional studies are needed to determine their overall safety in pregnant women. Conclusions: Lipid-lowering therapies have differing levels of safety and efficacy and are not well studied in pregnant women. Therefore, a diet low in cholesterol and fat is the recommended treatment for hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE:To present the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of nelarabine, 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G) and intraleukemic cellular pharmacokinetics of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylguanine triphosphate (ara-GTP) generated from the administration of nelarabine, and clinical and safety information relative to nelarabine use in the treatment of hematologic malignancies.DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE (1966—December 2004) was searched using the English-language key terms 2-amino-6-methoxypurine arabinoside, 506U78, and nelarabine. Data were also obtained from published abstracts.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Clinical studies evaluating the pharmacokinetics of nelarabine, ara-G, and cellular ara-GTP and use of nelarabine, alone or in combination with other agents for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, were included in this review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Nelarabine is the water-soluble, 6-methoxy analog of 9-β-D-ara-G. Nelarabine is readily converted to ara-G by endogenous adenosine deaminase. The half-life of nelarabine is approximately 15 minutes compared with 2–4 hours for ara-G. The clearance of ara-G is higher in children than in adults (0.312 vs 0.213 L × h−1× kg−1). Intracellular ara-GTP elimination is slow relative to nelarabine and ara-G. In pediatric and adult patients, neurologic toxicity is dose limiting. Severe myelosuppression was not consistently observed. Major responses were seen in patients with T-cell malignancies. Patients who responded had significantly higher intracellular ara-GTP concentrations compared with those who did not respond.CONCLUSIONS:Nelarabine is an effective ara-G prodrug. Nelarabine has significant activity against malignant T-cells and appears to be an important addition to treatments of various leukemias.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the proposed link between the administration of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the development of autism. DATA SOURCES: A literature search utilizing MEDLINE (1966–November 2003), with the key terms measles, mumps, rubella, and autism, was conducted. Review of the references listed in the articles identified was also performed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ten articles that specifically evaluated the possible relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism were identified. Review articles, commentaries, and evaluations of a link between gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic children and MMR immunization were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Based upon the current literature, it appears that there is no relationship between MMR vaccination and the development of autism.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature evaluating venlafaxine for the treatment of hot flashes. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE (1966–August 2002), PubMed, Harrison's Online, and references of reviewed articles. Key terms used were venlafaxine, Effexor, hot flashes, and vasomotor symptoms. DATA SYNTHESIS: Not all patients experiencing hot flashes are candidates for traditional hormonal therapy. Nonhormonal alternatives have long been explored, but conflicting evidence of efficacy exists. CONCLUSIONS: Venlafaxine is an effective nonhormonal alternative for relief from uncontrolled hot flashes.

I tested whether students' reported use and perceived helpfulness of textbook pedagogical aids and other instructional methods (e.g., group discussion) related to better exam performance. More than 200 undergraduates rated 10 commonly used pedagogical aids and instructional techniques. Students reported using boldface and italics terms and practice test questions most often, and they considered boldface and italicized terms, practice test questions, and online quizzes most helpful. The reported use of pedagogical aids and their perceived helpfulness did not relate to student performance on exams. Furthermore, the rated helpfulness of key terms related to worse scores on exams. Pedagogical aids may be useful teaching tools and learning enhancers, but this commonsensical hypothesis must be tested.

[At Vatican I fides et mores were key terms, ordinarily translated as “faith and morals” and understood as separable terms. Were they always so distinguished? Did mores traditionally mean “morals”? Piet Fransen traced their origin to a letter of St. Augustine and followed their use through the Middle Ages to the Council of Trent. Afterwards, the meaning of mores changed from ecclesiastical customs to morals; fides became a concept rather than the lived faith of the Church.]

The purpose of this article is to provide a background to the analytical techniques and related terminology used commonly in space syntax studies. The basic premises of space syntax are presented, its methodological procedures described, and certain key terms defined. Finally, issues relating space syntax studies to questions of spatial cognition are discussed.

OBJECTIVE: To review the use of the insulin-sensitizing agent metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DATA SOURCES: Biomedical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1996–March 2001) and the Iowa Drug Information Service. Key terms included metformin and polycystic ovary syndrome. DATA SYNTHESIS: A number of small clinical studies have examined the use of metformin in the treatment of PCOS. Women treated with metformin demonstrated normalization of endocrine function with minimal adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin can be beneficial in normalizing menstrual irregularities and stimulating ovulation in previously anovulatory women. Metformin therapy is well tolerated by the majority of patients and should be considered for use in women with PCOS.

OBJECTIVE: To review the role of anagrelide in the management of essential thrombocythemia. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (January 1966–August 1998) was performed using the key terms anagrelide, thrombocytosis, and essential thrombocythemia. In addition, the package insert, product monograph, and patient information pamphlets were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Recently, there has been a trend toward the use of anagrelide in the management of thrombocythemia. Anagrelide lacks leukemogenic and mutagenic potential and possesses a more favorable adverse effect profile compared with other therapeutic agents. At recommended doses, anagrelide induces thrombocytopenia in thrombocythemic patients with a concomitant reduction in the incidence of disease-related symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although the treatment of choice for thrombocythemia is still an area of debate, anagrelide has distinct advantages over alternative therapies. Anagrelide represents an important therapeutic option in the treatment of patients with thrombocythemia.

This article outlines a rigorous method for studying the ways that news media frame contentious issues. The method is based on the VBPro family of computer programs for content analysis. Output from the VBPro mapping program for multidimensional scaling based on co-occurence of key terms is cluster analyzed to discern the frames or points of view in texts that can unambiguously be attributed to competing stakeholders. These frames can be used to investigate propositions about news stories. An example is presented from a study of 1,465 Associated Press articles on wetlands dispatched across an 11-year period beginning in 1982. The results demonstrate that the method provides an objective means of investigating stakeholder influence on news and patterns of change in frames across time.

Using data drawn from Liberia, West Africa (1830 to 1847), this study tested two propositions offered by historian John D. Stevens concerning a possible correlation between legal restrictions on the press and cultural homogeneity on the one hand and a lack of economic development on the other. Although Liberia seemed to meet both criteria suggested by Stevens, an outbreak of social tensions in 1840 did not lead to restrictions on the opposition Africa's Luminary newspaper, despite the existence of a sedition law. In conclusion, it is argued that the week predictive power of these propositions was due large to imprecise definitions of key terms.

The authors explore how leadership development can serve as a means to bond two cultures, the culture of the university and the culture of the broader community that the university is here to serve. The exploration provides a definition of key terms and a review of relevant literature, offers a vision of a more effective bond and a rendering of the current state of relations between university and community, and ends with an outline of the dimensions of an innovative project at Michigan State University in community leadership development.

Since the development of the Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, ADL tools have been used to describe older persons' status and to predict outcomes. It is suggested that this approach is grounded in an ADL research tradition. An alternative that is based upon Husserl's phenomenology is proposed. A phenomenological study of older widows' lived experience is described. Distinctions between phenomenological inquiry and the ADL research tradition are addressed in terms of focus (tasks vs. lived experience) and interpretation of key terms such as independence.

The current national preoccupation with the results of education must shift to include students with disabilities. It is time to move beyond concern over equal access to education and to examine the extent to which students with disabilities achieve the goals set for other students. In this paper we provide some definitions of key terms in the discussion of educational outcomes. We discuss current national and international practices in the assessment of educational outcomes and describe some activities of states in outcomes assessment. We highlight the recently funded National Center on Educational Outcomes and then delineate several major considerations in the development of a comprehensive system of outcome indicators for students with disabilities.

The paucity of formal scientific research into the therapeutic potential of nonordinary states of consciousness is addressed in this article. A literature review examines the historical development of this field, providing the context that shaped the thinking of its major contributors. Key terms are then defined, and a theory for how nonordinary states of consciousness can affect one's "movement toward wholeness" is proposed. The work of Stanislav Grof, as one of the prominent figures in the area today, is explored in depth. His model of consciousness, as developed from accounts of nonordinary experiences, is presented, and clinical case studies are offered as evidence for this model. His model is shown to fit closely with this article's theory of how nonordinary states of consciousness have therapeutic potential.

A debate has arisen as to whether cardiac performance should be quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed in the modern cardiac ultrasound laboratory. In order to actively participate in this debate, the cardiac sonographer should have a basic understanding of the terms that describe cardiac performance. The following paper presents a description of these key terms and links them directly to the everyday practices of the echocardiography laboratory.

This article describes a number of approaches to assist students to develop a better grasp of the material they are assigned to read. These include devices for learning key terms, developing relationships between ideas, capturing and reinforcing knowledge, and combining ideas in creative ways.

Sterrett and Smith argue that deduction is ill-suited for use in argument-centered works and that deduction should not replace induction. We respond by (1) clarifying some key terms, (2) proclaiming the extreme importance of induction for marketing science, (3) showing that the demands of deductive reasoning, if properly understood, are not excessive, and (4) defanging their argument from non-ampliativity.

The sociology of conflict has remained outside the mainstream of scholarly inquiry throughout most of this century. Within the relatively new field of interorganizational relations, the study of conflict has suffered from a similar neglect. Assuming a structural-functional approach has informed most of the research thus far, this paper argues for a more unified and broader theoretical analysis as a step towards a general theory of interorganizational conflict. Examples from the research literature are shown to characterize an absence of empirical testing and a lack of consensus over key terms and objectives. Cross-national continuities in the study of interorganizational conflict are also discussed. Finally, some future directions for the development of the interorganizational study of conflict are discussed.

Educators must make clear what their words mean, says this writer, who takes a close look at the meaning of "Curriculum. " Defining key terms will improve a school's effectiveness.

HRI decision-makers charged with putting in place appropriate microcomputer resources face the challenges of assessing needs, identifying educational objectives, and appropriating and allocating resources. In this paper are outlined major considerations for each area, supported by interviews, a literature review, and the experience of the authors. Vallen has been dean of a major hospitality administration program for 21 years. Cummings is a former computer analyst for a large computer firm and, for the past four years, has served as computing coordinator within the above program. Key terms: computing, funding, educational objectives, resource allocation.