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Background: Postpartum fatigue is a common disorder worldwide and affects both physical and mental functioning. In breastfeeding women, Prolactin (PRL) is not only involved in immunoregulation, but also responsible for lactation. Prolactin levels in women with chronic fatigue are higher than normal, but a chronic fatigue state inhibits postpartum lactation in humans. Objectives: This paper explored the inhibition mechanism of lactation by postpartum fatigue in rats. Methods: Postpartum fatigue models were built by forcing mother rats to stand in water and divided into 3-hour, 9-hour and 15-hour per day fatigue groups according to the underwater time. Mother rats and their offspring were reunited in a dry cage for 90 minutes every 3 hours for feeding. The expression of PRL, PRL receptor (PRLR), Janus Kinase 2 (JAK 2), and Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) mRNA were analyzed and the microstructure of mammary gland were observed under light and electron microscopy. Results: The expression of pituitary PRL mRNA and its downstream signaling pathway JAK2 and STAT5 mRNA were down-regulated in the severe postpartum fatigue rats. PRL mRNA responses were dose-related to duration of fatigue. The expression of PRLR mRNA increased. Postpartum fatigue led to functional degeneration of mammary gland. The breast lobules were shrunk and the number of alveoli were decreased. Few milk protein granules and fat droplets were observed in the cytoplasm under transmission electron microscope. Conclusion: Postpartum fatigue inhibits the lactation by down-regulating the expression of PRL and PRL-dependent signaling pathway in rats.

Across species, caregivers exert a powerful influence on the neural and behavioral development of offspring. Increasingly, both animal and human research has highlighted specific patterns in caregivers’ behavior that may be especially important early in life, as well as neurobiological mechanisms linking early caregiving experiences with long-term affective behavior. Here we delineate evidence for an early sensitive period during infancy and toddlerhood when caregiver inputs that are predictable and associated with safety may become biologically embedded via influences on corticolimbic circuitry involved in emotion regulation. We propose that these caregiver signals prime corticolimbic circuitry to be receptive to later stage-specific caregiver influences, such as caregivers’ external regulation of children’s emotional reactivity. Following adversity that disrupts the predictability and safety associated with caregivers during this sensitive period, accelerated maturation of children’s corticolimbic circuitry may foreshorten the protracted period of plasticity and caregiver influence that is characteristic of humans. This work has implications for both prevention and intervention efforts targeting children exposed to adversity early in life.

Whereas childcare responsibilities are temporary, relationships with children are lifelong. This study examines how parents’ satisfaction with their partners’ relationships with offspring (i.e., “partner–child relationship satisfaction”) influences marital satisfaction, how this compares to the influence of satisfaction with the division of childcare, and how these processes work differently by gender. The author theorizes that partner–child relationship satisfaction shapes marital satisfaction through “impression spillover,” whereby one’s feelings about a relationship between other individuals transfer into feelings about one’s own relationship with one of those individuals. Hypotheses are tested with fixed effects regression using matched-partner data from four waves of the HILDA Survey ( N=3804 person-years). Findings suggest that partner–child relationship satisfaction is associated with marital satisfaction, especially among women. Women’s marital satisfaction is influenced more by partner–child relationship satisfaction than by division of childcare satisfaction; conversely, for men, there is little distinction between the two associations. Findings offer support for impression spillover.

Intimate partner homicide is a major public health concern around the world and the most lethal outcome of domestic violence. Its impact on the surviving bereaved offspring is immense, yet there is a significant gap in the literature regarding the long-term effects of this type of loss. The current qualitative study is aimed at filling this gap. The study used the constructivist paradigm of bereavement as a theoretical background to reveal the meanings constructed by bereaved Israeli daughters whose biological mothers were killed in acts of intimate partner homicide by their biological fathers. Three main themes of meaning emerged from 12 in-depth semi-structured interviews: “destruction of one’s home”; “blast injury”; and “in doubt”. An examination of the three themes in the current study reveals a deep shatter in participants’ world of meaning to its very basic foundations. In light of intense psychological and social forces, the participants constructed and reconstructed such narratives of meaning in a continuous process of meaning making throughout their lives, years, and decades post loss. Derived from the findings are implications for practice. Mental healthcare professionals must attend to this basic shatter with an extreme level of caution, as they help homicide survivors reconstruct a world of meaning shattered by loss. Moreover, the long-lasting effects emphasize an appropriate legal and political involvement; specifically, policy regulations and rights should provide psychosocial care programs that are suited to the needs of offspring co-victims of intimate partner homicide in particular. In light of the strong social influence on participants’ loss experience, further efforts are required to raise social awareness about this burning social concern and to fight the stigmatization of co-victims of homicide in general and co-victims of intimate partner homicide in particular.

Aims: Concerns have been raised about the potential negative biological effect of postponed parenthood upon the health of subsequent generations, including reproductive health. This study aimed to estimate if high parental age at birth was associated with accelerated pubertal timing in offspring. Methods: In this large-scale cohort study, 15,819 children born by mothers in the Danish National Birth Cohort from 2000 to 2003 participated in a nationwide puberty cohort (participation rate 71%). Between 2012 and 2018, the children reported half-yearly information on pubertal status using web-based questionnaires from 11 years throughout puberty or 18 years of age. Information on parental age was drawn from nationwide registers. We estimated adjusted mean differences in months for age at attaining the pubertal milestones and pubertal timing overall between the pre-specified parental age groups: 20–29 (reference), 30–34 and advanced parental age groups (35–44 years for mothers and >35 years for fathers). Results: Overall, parental age at birth of the child was not associated with pubertal timing in daughters or sons. For sons of older fathers (>35 years), we observed indications towards slightly earlier pubertal timing in the range of 0.3–2.4 months for nearly all pubertal milestones, but all confidence intervals were wide, and many included the null. Conclusions: We found no strong association between parental age and timing of puberty, and we find it unlikely that the decreasing age in pubertal timing is a result of parental decision to delay childbearing.

Aims: Rates of parental separation have increased dramatically in recent decades. We evaluated the association of individuals’ childhood family structure with their somatic health over 46 years of follow-up. Methods: Data were drawn from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort, an ongoing project in which 12,058 participants born in 1966 have been followed from their 24th gestational week. Based on information supplied at age 14 years, family structure was categorised as ‘single-parent family’ and ‘two-parent family’. The anthropometric information, data from blood samples and medical history were collected from postal questionnaires and clinical examinations routinely performed at the ages of 31 and 46 years. Results: The study population comprised a total of 10,895 individuals; 85% ( n=9253) were offspring of two-parent families and 15% ( n=1642) of single-parent families. Type 2 diabetes ( P=0.032) or prediabetes ( P=0.007), psychoactive drug problems ( P

Bisphenol A (BPA), a component of polycarbonate and epoxy resins, has been reported to induce learning and memory deficits. However, the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Growing evidence has suggested that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in cognitive impairments. In this study, BPA was administered to female Sprague–Dawley rats (six per dose group) at concentrations of 0 (control), 4, 40, and 400 μg/kg·body weight/day from gestation day 1 through lactation day 21. Spatial learning was evaluated using the Morris water maze on postnatal day 22. Expression levels of NMDARs were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The results showed that male offspring exposed to BPA exhibited increased latency in reaching the platform and reduced time in the target quadrant, and the number of crossing the platform was less, as compared with the control group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NMDARs in the hippocampus were significantly downregulated when compared with the control group of male offspring. The data showed that maternal exposure to BPA at low dosage can cause cognitive deficits in male rat offspring, probably due to a decrease in NMDARs in the hippocampus.

Prenatal dexamethasone has been shown to increase blood pressure in male offspring but the mechanism for the increase in blood pressure is unclear. The present study examined if prenatal programming by maternal injection of dexamethasone on days 15 and 16 of gestation affected the blood pressure comparably in female and male offspring. Our hypothesis was that males would be affected by prenatal dexamethasone to a greater extent than females and that either an increase in renal tubular transporter abundance or an increase in renin or aldosterone system would be associated with hypertension with prenatal programming. Prenatal dexamethasone increased blood pressure at two months and six months of age and resulted in proteinuria and albuminuria at six months in male but not female rat offspring. There was no effect of prenatal dexamethasone on blood pressure and proteinuria at one month in male and in female offspring. While prenatal dexamethasone increased male renal thick ascending limb sodium potassium two chloride cotransporter protein abundance at two months, prenatal dexamethasone on days 15 and 16 of gestation did not affect transporter abundance in males at other ages, nor did it affect proximal tubule sodium/hydrogen exchanger or distal convoluted tubule sodium chloride cotransporter protein abundance at any age. There was no difference in systemic renin or aldosterone in the prenatal dexamethasone group compared to same sex controls. In conclusion, male but not female offspring have an increase in blood pressure and urinary protein excretion with prenatal dexamethasone. The increase in blood pressure with prenatal programming was not associated with a consistent increase in renal tubular transporter protein abundance, nor plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone.

Background Tandem breastfeeding is defined as two or more offspring of different ages who are breastfed by their mother at the same time. Breastfeeding during pregnancy and tandem breastfeeding have not been widely investigated. Research Aim To determine the influence of tandem breastfeeding on the macronutrient content of human milk. Methods This longitudinal study used a prospective and a retrospective group. Human milk samples from tandem-breastfeeding participants ( n = 18) were compared to samples from non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( n = 31). Samples were collected during the last month of pregnancy (pregnancy milk), 72 hr after birth (colostrum) and 14–60 days post-delivery (mature milk). Macronutrients were measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Results Fat content in pregnancy milk was lower than in mature milk ( p < .01). Protein content was higher in pregnancy milk than in colostrum and mature milk ( p < .01 and p < .001, respectively). Inversely, carbohydrate content in pregnancy milk was lower than in colostrum and mature milk ( p = .02 and p < .01, respectively). Fat and energy contents in pregnancy milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants were lower than in mature milk of non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( p < .001 and p < .01, respectively), and protein content was higher than in mature milk ( p < .001). Carbohydrate content in colostrum and mature milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants was higher than that of non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( p < .001 for both). Conclusion Human milk produced during pregnancy had different macronutrient content than human milk produced after delivery. Colostrum and mature milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants were similar to human milk produced by non-tandem-breastfeeding participants, with the exception of carbohydrate content.

The long-term impact of a father’s involvement in offspring development is understudied. The current study investigated the relations between early paternal engagement (i.e., the amount of time fathers engaged in one-to-one activity with their child), paternal accessibility (i.e., fathers’ physical proximity to their children) and later child behavioral difficulties. Data were obtained from five phases of the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative (ABC) longitudinal cohort study: at the study children’s birth; at 12 months; 3.5 years; 7 years; and 11 years of age. Moderated linear regression analyses revealed that there was a negative, long-term effect of paternal departure from the family household (i.e., reduced paternal accessibility) by 3.5 years of age on children’s total behavioral difficulties and conduct problems scores, but only if departed fathers had been highly engaged during the child’s first year of life. These findings suggest that the relationship between paternal accessibility and paternal engagement is potentially more nuanced than previously thought.

Background: Previous studies suggest a 3- to-10-fold increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) in offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus (DM). Objectives: To examine MS risk in offspring of diabetic mothers, overall and according to type of maternal DM, that is, pregestational DM or gestational DM, as well as to examine MS risk among offspring of diabetic fathers. Methods: The study cohort included all 1,633,436 singletons born in Denmark between 1978 and 2008. MS diagnoses were identified in the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, and parental DM diagnoses in the National Patient Register. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of parental DM with MS risk in the offspring. Results: MS risk among individuals whose mothers had pregestational DM was 2.3-fold increased compared with that among individuals with nondiabetic mothers (HR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.35–3.75, n = 15). MS risk was statistically non-significant among offspring of mothers with gestational DM (HR = 1.03 (95% CI: 0.49–2.16), n = 7) and among offspring of diabetic fathers (HR = 1.40 (95% CI: 0.78–2.54), n = 11). Conclusion: Our nationwide cohort study utilizing high-quality register data in Denmark over several decades corroborates the view that offspring of diabetic mothers may be at an elevated risk of developing MS.

Most social mobility studies take a two-generation perspective, in which intergenerational relationships are represented by the association between parents’ and offspring’s socioeconomic status. This approach, although widely adopted in the literature, has serious limitations when more than two generations of families are considered. In particular, it ignores the role of families’ demographic behaviors in moderating mobility outcomes and the joint role of mobility and demography in shaping long-run family and population processes. This article provides a demographic approach to the study of multigenerational social mobility, incorporating demographic mechanisms of births, deaths, and mating into statistical models of social mobility. Compared with previous mobility models for estimating the probability of offspring’s mobility conditional on parent’s social class, the proposed joint demography-mobility model treats the number of offspring in various social classes as the outcome of interest. This new approach shows the extent to which demographic processes may amplify or dampen the effects of family socioeconomic positions because of the direction and strength of the interaction between mobility and differentials in demographic behaviors. The author illustrates various demographic methods for studying multigenerational mobility with empirical examples using the IPUMS linked historical U.S. census representative samples (1850–1930), the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1968–2015), and simulation data that show other possible scenarios resulting from demography-mobility interactions.

Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in pregnancy is considered a risk factor for a range of adverse outcomes in the offspring. Studies have indicated increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia and ADHD. However, the overall long-term cognitive development of children born to women with SLE has scarcely been examined. In this study, we compare test scores from the Danish National School Tests of children born to women SLE with children of the background population. Methods We included all singleton children born in Denmark between 1995 and 2008, who were listed in the Danish National School Test Register (n=738,862). Children born to women with SLE were identified through linkage of national healthcare registers. We assessed the children’s performance in the national school tests between 2nd and 8th grade, in reading and mathematics. Information on the mothers’ redeemed prescriptions in pregnancy was included in stratified analyses. Differences of mean test scores were derived from linear regressions and compared according to maternal SLE status, and predefined categories of medication exposures. Results In total, 312 (0.04%) children were born to mothers with SLE. There were no differences in performance in neither reading nor mathematics tests between those born to mothers with SLE and children born to mothers without SLE. When stratifying on medication exposures among children whose mothers had SLE, there was a non-significant tendency towards poorer results among those exposed to hydroxychloroquine and/or immunosuppressants (n=31), compared to those not exposed to these medications. A similar tendency was not observed among children whose mothers received hydroxychloroquine for non-SLE reasons (n=1,235) Conclusion This study indicates no major harmful effect on the child’s neurocognitive development from exposure in utero to SLE, hydroxychloroquine and/or immunosuppressants, as measured by school performance.

Exposure to an electromagnetic field (EMF) can have adverse effects on many organs and tissues, including the reproductive system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EMF exposure during prenatal and postnatal periods on ovarian development in rat offspring. In this study, rat pups born from eight pregnant rats were used. EMF exposure was initiated on the first day of pregnancy and continued until the 42nd postnatal day. The blood and ovarian tissue samples of female offspring in sham and EMF groups were collected when they reached the age of 42 days. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly higher in the EMF group than in the sham group. Estradiol levels were significantly lower in the EMF group than in the sham group. Tissue-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels and expression were significantly greater in the EMF group than in the sham group. In the EMF group, congestion, bleeding areas, and degeneration of follicle structures were observed in ovarian tissue. The findings suggest that exposure to 50-Hz, 3-mT EMF used in this study during prenatal and postnatal periods may lead to impaired ovarian structure and function in female offspring. EMF may affect ovarian physiology by increasing iNOS levels and may lead to fertility disorders.

Objective: To assess the association of maternal illicit drug abuse before or during pregnancy with future fractures in offspring. Methods: We performed a longitudinal cohort study of 792,022 infants born in hospitals of Quebec, Canada, between 2006 and 2016, with 5,457,634 person-years of follow-up. The main exposure was maternal substance abuse before or during pregnancy, including cocaine, opioid, cannabis, and other illicit drugs. The main outcome measure was hospitalization for traumatic fracture in offspring up to 12 years of age. We used adjusted Cox regression models to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of maternal drug abuse with the subsequent risk of fracture in children. Results: The incidence of child fractures was higher for maternal illicit drug abuse than no drug abuse (21.2 vs. 15.4 per 10,000 person-years). Maternal drug abuse before or during pregnancy was associated with 2.35 times the risk of assault-related fractures (95% CI, 1.29 to 4.27) and 2.21 times the risk of transport accident-related fractures (95% CI, 1.34 to 3.66), compared with no drug abuse. Associations were strongest before 6 months of age for assault-related fractures (HR = 2.14; 95% CI, 0.97 to 4.72) and after 6 years for transport-related fractures (HR = 2.86; 95% CI, 1.35 to 6.05). Compared with no drug abuse, associations with assault and transport-related fractures were elevated for all drugs including cocaine, opioids, and cannabis. Conclusions: Maternal illicit drug abuse is associated with future child fractures due to assault and transport accidents.

Objective:Parental psychopathology is a significant risk factor for mental health challenges in offspring, but the nature and magnitude of this link in Indigenous Peoples is not well understood. This systematic review examined the emotional and behavioral functioning of the offspring of Indigenous parents with mental health challenges.Method:We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science from their inceptions until April 2020. Studies were included if they included assessments of emotional, behavioral, or other psychological outcomes in the offspring of Indigenous parents with a mental health challenge.Results:The 14 studies eligible for review were focused on parental substance misuse ( n = 8), maternal internalizing (i.e., depression, anxiety) issues ( n = 5), and poor overall parental mental health ( n = 4). In 11 studies, parental substance misuse, depression, and/or overall mental health challenges were associated with 2 to 4 times the odds of offspring externalizing and internalizing behaviors as compared to offspring of Indigenous parents without mental health challenges.Conclusion:The findings suggest higher risks of mental health challenges among offspring of Indigenous parents with psychiatric difficulties than among Indigenous children of parents without similar difficulties. Knowledge of these phenomena would be improved by the use of larger, more representative samples, culturally appropriate measures, and the engagement of Indigenous communities. Future studies should be focused on both risk and resilience mechanisms so that cycles of transmission can be interrupted and resources aimed at detection, prevention, and treatment optimally allocated.

Africa is witnessing rapid changes in family structure with noticeable absence and non-involvement of fathers in child-rearing. This study investigated the influence of father involvement in child care on the emotional well-being of young adult offspring in a cross-sectional survey of 375 students (age: M = 21.05 ± 1.94) at a university in Botswana. The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale and the Perception of Father Involvement Scale were used to assess emotional well-being and fathers’ involvement, respectively. T-tests, analyses of variance, and regression analyses were used to compute subpopulation differences and the influence of father involvement on emotional well-being. Only 38% of the students lived in a household with both parents, 70% indicated that they have a father figure (biological father, stepfather, uncles, and grandfathers), whereas, 30% of the students indicated that they had had no father figure. The female gender (β = .17, 95% CI = [.07, .27]), father availability (β = .23, 95% CI = [.06, .39]), and responsibility (β = .22, 95% CI = [.07, .27]) significantly and independently predicted emotional well-being. Significant differences were observed between biological father figures and no father figures and between other father figures and no father figure regarding emotional well-being. Father involvement, particularly the domains of availability and responsibility and having a father figure during childhood are associated with better emotional well-being in offspring.

Although COVID-19 is predominantly a respiratory disease, it is known to affect multiple organ systems. In this article, we highlight the impact of SARS-CoV-2 (the coronavirus causing COVID-19) on the central nervous system as there is an urgent need to understand the longitudinal impacts of COVID-19 on brain function, behaviour and cognition. Furthermore, we address the possibility of intergenerational impacts of COVID-19 on the brain, potentially via both maternal and paternal routes. Evidence from preclinical models of earlier coronaviruses has shown direct viral infiltration across the blood–brain barrier and indirect secondary effects due to other organ pathology and inflammation. In the most severely ill patients with pneumonia requiring intensive care, there appears to be additional severe inflammatory response and associated thrombophilia with widespread organ damage, including the brain. Maternal viral (and other) infections during pregnancy can affect the offspring, with greater incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Available reports suggest possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2, although longitudinal cohort studies of such offspring are needed. The impact of paternal infection on the offspring and intergenerational effects should also be considered. Research targeted at mechanistic insights into all aspects of pathogenesis, including neurological, neuropsychiatric and haematological systems alongside pulmonary pathology, will be critical in informing future therapeutic approaches. With these future challenges in mind, we highlight the importance of national and international collaborative efforts to gather the required clinical and preclinical data to effectively address the possible long-term sequelae of this global pandemic, particularly with respect to the brain and mental health.

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is one of a switch of autophagy and apoptosis, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) which inducing UPR plays a role in the malformations caused by some genetic and environmental factors. Exposure to flutamide during pregnancy will also cause abnormalities in some male offspring reproductive organs such as cryptorchidism. In this study, after administered the pregnant mouse orally at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight every day during gestational day (GD)12 to GD18, flutamide can not only caused hypospadias in the male mouse offspring but also damaged the morphology and function of their testis. And the expression of UPR-related genes and proteins, autophagy, apoptosis, and angiogenesis-related genes of the damaged/teratogenic testis and penis in the mice were investigated to determine the role of UPR in this model. It was found that flutamide activated maybe the Atg7-Atg3-Lc3 pathway through the UPR pathway, caused cells excessive autophagy and apoptosis, and inhibited the formation of penile and testicular blood vessels by activating UPR and affecting the messenger RNA level of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1.

Polygenic scores now explain approximately 10% of the variation in educational attainment. However, they capture not only genetic propensity but also information about the family environment. This is because of passive gene–environment correlation, whereby the correlation between offspring and parent genotypes results in an association between offspring genotypes and the rearing environment. We measured passive gene–environment correlation using information on 6,311 adoptees in the UK Biobank. Adoptees’ genotypes were less correlated with their rearing environments because they did not share genes with their adoptive parents. We found that polygenic scores were twice as predictive of years of education in nonadopted individuals compared with adoptees ( R2s = .074 vs. .037, p = 8.23 × 10−24). Individuals in the lowest decile of polygenic scores for education attained significantly more education if they were adopted, possibly because of educationally supportive adoptive environments. Overall, these results suggest that genetic influences on education are mediated via the home environment.

Introduction: Applications of engineered nanoparticles are rapidly increasing. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are used in many products including those produced by pigment and cosmetic manufacturers. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal exposure during pregnancy to TiO2 NPs on depressive-like behavior in the first and second generation offspring. Materials and Methods: Forty female albino mice were placed into four groups for 2 weeks. Fertile males were then added to each cage by a ratio of two males to five females. After detection of pregnancy, the mice were transferred to separate cages. The study groups were divided into four groups: the first group, served as control, did not receive any treatment; the second group received injections of normal saline; groups 3 and 4 received, respectively, 50 and 100 µl of TiO2 NP solution injections subcutaneously on days 3, 7, 10, and 14 after mating. Behavioral tests were conducted on postnatal days 21 and 40. Findings: Subcutaneous injection of 50 and 100 µl of TiO2 NPs significantly ( p < 0.05) increased the immobility time in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test (TST). No significant difference was observed in measured variables between groups receiving 50 and 100 µl of TiO2 NPs. No significant difference was also found between male and female offspring. Depression-like behavior increased in the second generation of mice in the forced swim test and TST. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure of mothers to TiO2 NPs would increase depression-like behavior in neonatal mice.

Academic disciplines are defined not primarily by their object but by their (theoretical and methodological) approach to that object, and by their claim to a monopoly over it. Even where that monopoly claim has been highly successful, it remains contestable. For example, economics, perhaps in this respect the most successful social science, finds its object – the economy – contested by political economists and economic sociologists. Whereas economics has successfully marginalized potential competitors, sociology has remained a broad church. Attempts to impose theoretical and methodological order on the discipline have met with resistance, and eventually failed. Moreover, sociology has never really reached consensus on what its object is; ‘society’, ‘social facts’, ‘social action’ were the classical options, with the list growing over time (social networks, rational action, actor networks, etc.). Thus, while we can speak of ‘heterodox economics’ there is insufficient orthodoxy to speak of ‘heterodox sociology’. This has an obverse side. Precisely because of the weakness of its monopolistic claims, sociology has been very productive in spawning new disciplinary fields, which, rather than remaining within sociology’s weak gravitational pull, successfully establish themselves as separate disciplines or ‘studies’. Criminology, industrial relations, urban studies and organization studies are the most obvious examples. In light of this, this article addresses two questions: (1) What happens to these new fields when they break free of the parent discipline, and to the parent discipline when they do? (2) If one effect on the ‘offspring’ is a loss of disciplinary orientation (as the rationale for this special issue suggests) what, if anything, has contemporary sociology to offer OS as a potential source of reorientation?

Background: Few previous studies have analysed the possible teratogenic effect of maternal total hip replacement (THR) on congenital anomalies. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of major congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with THR. Furthermore, we compared the risks based on type of implant (metal-on-metal [MoM]/non-MoM). Methods: The study population for this register-based cohort study was gathered from six Finnish national registers. All fertile-aged females who underwent THR from 1980 to 2007 and three reference females for each THR patient without THR were selected. THR operation day was the start of the follow-up for both groups. Information on pregnancies, induced abortions (IA) and congenital anomalies was gathered for the years 1987–2007 and the proportions of congenital anomalies were compared. Results: In the THR group, 2429 women had 256 pregnancies, 205 (80.1%) deliveries and 51 (19.9%) IAs. In the reference group, 7276 women had 1670 pregnancies, 1443 (86.4%) deliveries and 236 (13.6%) IAs. There was no difference in the incidence of major anomalies between the THR (3.5%, n = 9) and the reference group (3.6%, n = 60), p = 0.91. In the THR group, there was no difference in the risk of major anomalies between the patients with a MoM-THR (10.5%, 2/19) and those with a non-MoM (2.9%, 7/241) (OR 3.93, 95% confidence interval 0.76–20.2; p = 0.13). Conclusions: Reassuringly, maternal THR does not appear to increase the risk of major congenital anomalies or pregnancies ending due to suspected foetal anomalies. Studies with larger study populations are needed to further assess the risk of anomalies in the offspring of women having MoM-THR.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and also a strong teratogen for cleft palate (CP). But up to now, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TCDD-induced CP are largely unknown. More recently, accumulating evidences are revealing important roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in all kinds of diseases including CP. However, the role and molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in TCDD-induced CP are still largely unexplored. Thus, identification of differentially expressed lncRNA (DEL) might help figuring out the mechanism of CP induced by TCDD. In this study, a CP offspring model of C57BL/6 female mice was generated by TCDD (64 µg/kg body weight) induce on embryo day 10 (E10). The incidence rate of CP was 100% in the TCDD group (105) after cervical dislocation on E16. Then, the high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was established to search a comprehensive profile of the lncRNAs. In addition, a coexpression network of lncRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) was performed to discern potential mechanism. The result showed that 26,246 novel lncRNAs and 9635 known lncRNAs were screened out, and 413 lncRNA transcripts and 65 mRNA transcripts were identified as being significantly different between the CP group and control group. Notably, we found that there are seven lncRNAs that can target Smad1 and Smad5, which are key molecules of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, which suggested that they may be concerned with BMP signaling in TCDD-induced CP. In addition, some lncRNAs targeted the important molecules of Hippo and Wnt signaling pathways. These results suggested that characteristic lncRNA alterations may play a critical role in TCDD-induced CP, which provided a theoretical basis for further research.

Effective parenting processes during offspring’s adolescence can reduce sexual risk behavior for those offspring in emerging adulthood. Few studies consider how mothers’ and fathers’ parenting processes cluster together and predict emerging adults’ risky sexual behavior. In this study, we used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify patterns of teens’ perceptions of their residential mothers’ and fathers’ closeness, disapproval of teen sex, monitoring/presence at home, and communication. Using data from waves one and three of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we identified four parenting classes: high disapproval/high closeness (54%), high disapproval/low closeness (7%), low disapproval/high closeness (15%), and moderate disapproval/high closeness (24%). Emerging adults within the high disapproval/high closeness class had lower rates of sexual risk behavior than other classes. These findings show benefits of authoritative parenting styles and suggest parenting processes should be considered in combination, rather than as independent predictors of risk outcomes.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that when intimate partner violence (IPV) tends to be persistent across a woman’s life span, her newborn offspring have a higher risk of ill health and mortality. There is a high prevalence of both IPV and neonatal mortality in Ethiopia, but the issue of IPV has remained largely outside the focus of child survival programs in this country. One of the noticeable reasons is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of IPV on neonatal mortality. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of maternal IPV on neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. Method: This study used nationally representative data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 2,863 currently married women of reproductive age who gave birth in the preceding 5 years were included in analysis. Regression models using propensity scores were used. Results: The prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual IPV were 24.5%, 22.9%, and 12.0%, respectively. About 56% of women had also experienced at least one act of partner controlling behavior. Maternal IPV experience (a composite measure of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse) was associated with increased neonatal mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.03, 6.45]). In addition, the odds of neonatal mortality were 2.75 times (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI = [1.05, 7.2]) higher among women who had experienced three or more partner controlling behaviors than women who had experienced less than three or none. Conclusion and implication: Maternal IPV is significantly associated with risk of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. There is a clear need for IPV interventions in child survival programs. Therefore, existing neonatal survival strategies should focus beyond the direct causes of neonatal mortality, and they need to target IPV as an underlying factor to neonatal morbidities and mortality. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Despite recent advances in care, women with diabetes in pregnancy are still at increased risk of multiple pregnancy complications. Offspring exposed to hyperglycaemia in utero also experience long-term health sequelae, affecting neurocognitive and cardiometabolic status. Many of these adverse consequences can be prevented or ameliorated with good medical care, specifically to optimize glycaemic control. The accurate assessment of glycaemia in pregnancy is therefore vital to safeguard the health of mother and child. However, there is no consensus about the best method of monitoring glycaemic control in pregnancy. Short-term changes in insulin dosage and lifestyle, with altered appetite, insulin sensitivity and red cell turnover create difficulties in interpretation of standard laboratory measures such as HbA1c. The ideal marker would provide short-term feedback on daily or weekly glycaemic control, with additional capability to predict pregnancies at high risk of suboptimal outcomes. Several novel biochemical markers are available which allow assessment of dynamic changes in glycaemia over weeks rather than months. Continuous glucose monitoring devices have advanced in accuracy and provide new opportunities for robust assessment of glycaemia in pregnancy. Recent work from the continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes trial (CONCEPTT) has provided information about the ability of different markers of glycaemia to predict pregnancy outcomes.The aim of this review is to summarize the care for women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy and to highlight the important role of glycaemic monitoring in pregnancy.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidities and some associated demographic factors in a large sample population-based study. Method: As part of a population-based survey among 30,532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years, we used K-SADS-PL to screen and detect ADHD and its comorbidities. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 4%, with more prevalence among boys (5.2% vs. 2.7%), younger participants, urban residents, and offspring of mothers who had a history of psychiatric hospitalization. Anxiety disorders (37.9%) and behavioral disorders (31%) are the most prevalent group of comorbidities, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is the most prevalent comorbid disorder (26.1%). Mood disorders and anxiety disorders are more common among girls, but conduct disorder has a higher rate among boys. Conclusion: ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder which is accompanied by several comorbid conditions. The high rate of comorbidities makes it complicated and difficult to manage.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common and serious mental health problem that is associated with maternal suffering and numerous negative consequences for offspring. The benefit of breastfeeding for the infant and mother is well documented; therefore, the information about the risk–benefit of antidepressants, if used while mothers are breastfeeding, is necessary for the clinician’s decision. The case series and systematic data on antidepressants in breastfeeding consist mainly of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and mirtazapine, whereas information on newer antidepressants such as agomelatine in pregnant or lactating women is rare, especially the adverse effects on the infant of the mother with PPD treated with agomelatine. To add to the limited available data, we report the case of agomelatine treatment in a breastfeeding woman with PPD. In this case report, we took advantage of the short half-life of agomelatine to reduce the potential effect on infant in the treatment of a nursing woman with PPD. The results confirm the effectiveness of agomelatine in the treatment of PPD and demonstrate the safety in breastfeeding.

Research in the past has indicated associated long-term and low levels of exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) in early life and neuroendocrine disorders, such as obesity, precocious puberty, diabetes, and hypertension. BPA and its analogs bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) have been reported to have similar or even more toxic effect as compared to BPA. Exposure of rats to BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS resulted in decreased sperm production, testosterone secretion, and histological changes in the reproductive tissues of male rats. In the present study, BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS were administered in drinking water at concentrations of (5, 25, and 50 μg/L) from pregnancy day (PD) 1 to PD 21. Body weight (BW), hormonal concentrations, antioxidant enzymes, and histological changes were determined in the reproductive tissues. BPA and its analogs prenatal exposure to female rats induced significant statistical difference in the antioxidant enzymes, plasma testosterone, and estrogen concentrations in the male offspring when compared with the control. Histological parameters of both testis and epididymis revealed prominent changes in the reproductive tissues. The present study suggests that BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS different concentrations led to marked alterations in the development of the male reproductive system.

This study examines the influence of music on the intergenerational transmission of Holocaust trauma. The article discusses the psychological role of the music by analyzing personal accounts of Holocaust survivor offspring, considering ways music influenced their relationships and communication with their parents, and how they employed music during the different stages of their life. Eleven second-generation musicians, with no prior experience with music therapy, consisting of three men and eight women aged 55–67 were interviewed. The interview included three musical excerpts that the interviewee prepared, representing their father, mother, and themselves. These musical excerpts were played during the interview, creating a deeper insight into the intergenerational relationship from the interviewee’s perspective. Analysis of the transcribed interviews indicated two patterns: the first, labeled “commemorating conductor”, relates to those with a more contented upbringing, who went on to perpetuate their parent’s traditions, primarily via their music; the second, the “arranger”, relates to those who grew up in a harsh environment. Music became their therapeutic tool and the means to recount their parents’ story. Both groups found creative ways via their music, to express intricate feelings repressed over the years, helping them cope with their background, identity, and communicate with their parents.

Background: Alcohol exposure impairs brain development and leads to a range of behavioural and cognitive dysfunctions, termed as foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Although different mechanisms have been proposed to participate in foetal alcohol spectrum disorders, the molecular insights of such effects are still uncertain. Using a mouse model of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, we have previously shown that maternal binge-like alcohol drinking causes persistent effects on motor, cognitive and emotional-related behaviours associated with neuroimmune dysfunctions. Aims: In this study, we sought to evaluate whether the long-term behavioural alterations found in offspring with early exposure to alcohol are associated with epigenetic changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Methods: Pregnant C57BL/6 female mice underwent a model procedure for binge alcohol drinking throughout both the gestation and lactation periods. Subsequently, adult offspring were assessed for their cognitive function in a reversal learning task and brain areas were extracted for epigenetic analyses. Results: The results demonstrated that early binge alcohol exposure induces long-term behavioural effects along with alterations in histone acetylation (histone H4 lysine 5 and histone H4 lysine 12) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The epigenetic effects were linked with an imbalance in histone acetyltransferase activity that was found to be increased in the prefrontal cortex of mice exposed to alcohol. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results reveal that maternal binge-like alcohol consumption induces persistent epigenetic modifications, effects that might be associated with the long-term cognitive and behavioural impairments observed in foetal alcohol spectrum disorder models. The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by grants from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program 2014-2020 under Grant Agreement No 634143, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competitiveness (SAF2015-69187-R-FEDER; SAF2016-75347-R) and Spanish Ministry of Health (Retic-ISCIII-RD/12/0028/007 and RD/16/0017/0010-FEDER and Plan Nacional sobre Drogas #2014/020, #2015/010 and #2018/007). The Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (UPF) is a ‘Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu’ funded by the MINECO (ref. MDM-2014-0370).

In an age where autoimmune rheumatic diseases are successfully managed with biologics, their discontinuation in pregnancy is inadvisable without careful forethought; maternal disease activity is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, which has long-term implications for both mother and offspring. We aim to provide clinicians with the necessary tools to facilitate decision-making – when a biologic should be used, when it can be discontinued in pregnancy if appropriate. The pathophysiology of these biologic molecules and their effect on fertility, pregnancy and parturition are discussed. A summary of the 2016 international guidelines (European League Against Rheumatism and British Society in Rheumatology) on biologics in pregnancy has been tabulated; more recent publications are discussed in depth. Data on transplacental-transfer ratios and breastmilk excretion rates are also included. Biologic effects on organogenesis, their implications for the exposed infant in terms of infection risks and vaccination requirements are included, and future directions for research proposed.

Pregnant rats were treated with 0.3 and 0.6 mg cadmium (CdCl2)/kg injected subcutaneously on a daily basis from gestational day 7 to day 15 (organogenesis period). One control group was not injected and other received saline. The 45-day-old offspring were tested in a step-down inhibitory avoidance to evaluate short-term and long-term memory and in a radial maze for the study of spatial memory. These studies showed that gestational exposure to 0.6 mg Cd/kg produced in the male offspring a significant impairment in the retention of long-term memory evaluated 24 hours after training in the step-down inhibitory avoidance. The radial maze also demonstrated that the male offspring prenatally exposed to 0.6 mg Cd presented a significant deficit in the retention of spatial memory evaluated 42 days after training. These results demonstrate that the exposure to Cd during organogenesis may affect the retention of some types of memory. Fil: Gumilar, Fernanda Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Toxicología; Argentina Fil: Bras, Cristina Liliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Toxicología; Argentina Fil: Aggio, Patricia Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Toxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; Argentina Fil: Domínguez, Sergio. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Toxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; Argentina Fil: Bartos, Mariana. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Toxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; Argentina Fil: Gallegos, Cristina Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Toxicología; Argentina Fil: Monaco, Nina María. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Toxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; Argentina Fil: Minetti, Silvia Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Toxicología; Argentina

Background Depression is the most common mental disorder during pregnancy, with prevalence rates between 4% and 20%. The objective of this review was to synthesize the literature on the association between antenatal depression and offspring birth outcomes, as well as developmental, behavioral, and psychiatric outcomes. Methods A search of PubMed, Cochrane, and Medline databases was conducted for articles published until December 2017. Articles focusing on the effects of antenatal depression on the offspring were selected to be reviewed. Reference lists of all studies were examined for any missed articles. A total of 32 articles were included in this review. Results Antenatal depression is associated with preterm birth, excessive infant crying, and offspring mental health problems. Untreated antenatal depression is strongly associated with adverse effects on the infant nervous system. Conclusion Antenatal depression increases the likelihood of poor offspring health outcomes. Research should investigate whether medication use confounds this relationship.

Background. Growing evidences suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (BDNF/TrkB) plays a key role in the regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in a prenatal stress (PNS) rat model. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is currently being acknowledged to affect attention and memory in both preclinical and clinical studies, although the mechanism is still unclear. Objective. The current study aimed to explore whether a whole brain rTMS (5 Hz, 14 days) could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction–induced PNS in male offspring, and examine if the positive effect of rTMS was associated with the BDNF/TrkB signaling in the hippocampus. Methods. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: CON, PNS, PNS + rTMS, PNS + rTMS + DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), and PNS + rTMS + K252a. Spatial cognition was evaluated by using Morris water maze test. Following behavioral assessment, both paired-pulse facilitation and long-term potentiation were recorded from Schaffer collaterals to CA1 region in the hippocampus. Synaptic, apoptotic, and BDNF/TrkB signaling proteins were measured by Western blot. Results. PNS-exposed offspring exhibited cognitive deficits, long-term potentiation inhibition in the hippocampus, the decrease of synaptic and BDNF/TrkB signaling proteins expression, apoptosis, and reduced number of cells in the CA1 region. Five-hertz rTMS significantly alleviated the PNS-induced abnormalities. However, the effect of rTMS was antagonized by intracerebroventricular infusion of K252a (a TrkB inhibitor). Conclusions. The findings suggest that 5-Hz rTMS significantly improves the impairment of spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, which is possibly associated with the activation of BDNF/TrkB signaling.

The nexus between migration and crime has been studied over nearly a century across many countries from all continents. Research has concentrated on comparisons of migrants (or their offspring) with natives. Comparisons between migrants and comparable samples from their countries of origin have not been undertaken so far, however, because data were usually limited to the host country. The International Self-Reported Delinquency Study (ISRD-3, Enzmann et al., 2018) allows this gap to be overcome. In Switzerland, with its large immigrant minority – one student in two has roots in a foreign country – migrants of different backgrounds can be compared with native Swiss and with students who attend schools in ex-Yugoslavia where many migrants are from. We compare data on self-reported offences and victimization in the family collected through interviews with some 4000 juveniles in Switzerland and more than 6000 students of the same age in four countries of ex-Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia). Native-born youths in Switzerland report fewer offences than their immigrant peers, including those from ex-Yugoslavia. Although differences between students from ex-Yugoslavia and other foreign countries are relatively small, juveniles in ex-Yugoslavia report far lower offending rates than immigrants of the same age in Switzerland. Their rates are similar or lower than among native Swiss students. Further, rates of physical punishment and maltreatment are higher among immigrants than among non-migrants in Switzerland and in ex-Yugoslavia. We conclude that cultural background is unrelated to delinquency and parental punishment, but the experience of migrating goes along with violence within the family and self-reported offending. Differences exist between various family constellations, students born or with at least one parent born in Switzerland committing fewer offences and experiencing less parental violence.

Using data from the 2011 population census and the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics, this paper examines the academic performance and non-cognitive skills of the children of Chinese migrants in Hong Kong aged 14 and below. Our analyses show that the poorer academic performance of Chinese migrants’ children results mainly from disadvantageous family background and parenting practices. Children of cross-border and migrant families do not differ from children of natives in Chinese, mathematics, or English, once parental education and parent–child communication about school life are controlled for. Children from migrant families have significantly higher levels of non-cognitive ability than children of natives. Our analyses also show that parental education is positively associated with Chinese and English performances; parents talking with children about school life significantly improves children’s performance in Chinese, mathematics, and English; and parental migrant status and parenting practices have positive effects on non-cognitive skills.

Women who experience childhood sexual victimization (CSV) report more problems with sexuality and with parenting during adulthood. Consequently, mothers with a CSV history may have particular difficulty with parent–child sexual communication. We examine this possibility in 184 diverse, low-income mother–adolescent daughter dyads. Mothers and daughters reported on the frequency, tone, and comfort of their sexual communication. Using dyadic approaches to analyses, we tested whether mothers’ and daughters’ reports, and their level of agreement, differ by maternal CSV history. In dyads with maternal CSV, daughters reported more frequent communication in which they felt less embarrassed, and they perceived their mothers as less embarrassed. Mothers with a CSV history were also more accurate in judging how their daughters feel during sexual communication. Although CSV is associated with many negative outcomes, our results suggest mothers with CSV may approach mother–daughter sexual communication in ways that could reduce sexual risk in offspring.

Substantial research in multiple disciplines on Jewish Holocaust survivors and their postwar offspring has been dominated by the discourse of trauma, focusing on the intergenerational transmission of trauma. Based on the narratives of 35 children of Holocaust survivors in the United States, my research counters and nuances this over-determined “paradigm of trauma” by illuminating their more diverse cache of family memories. Some parents transmitted their Holocaust experiences in lively and colorful ways,as an exciting adventure, as a fairy tale, or as a humorous story. The narratives suggest that for these children of survivors, the postmemories of their parents’ history and trauma are embedded in other positive family memories, including the way in which the stories were told. Thus, postmemories of trauma do not necessarily elide or dominate other more positive family memories, including memories of joy

Background:Acetaminophen is a widely used medication for fever and pain management during pregnancy. However, recent studies have found a possible connection between maternal prenatal acetaminophen use and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children.Objective:We aimed to explore the association between maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring.Data sources:PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched from their initial publications through November 2018 for studies.Study selection:We included all studies that examined the association between maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring if the authors reported odds ratios, risk ratios, hazard ratios, regression coefficient, standard error and 95% confidence intervals.Data extraction and synthesis:Two reviewers independently extracted data on the definition of exposure and outcome, exposed, non-exposed and total number of participants in the sample population, adjusted potential confounders and outcome parameters. Study quality was also assessed.Results:Eight cohort studies with a total of 244,940 participants were included. Maternal exposure to acetaminophen during pregnancy increased the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring with a pooled adjusted risk ratio of 1.25 (95% confidence interval = [1.17, 1.34]). Children exposed prenatally to acetaminophen in the third trimester seemed to have the greatest risk of developing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (risk ratio: 1.26; 95% confidence interval = [1.08, 1.47]). In addition, a longer duration of maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy was correlated with a higher risk ratio. Children whose mothers used acetaminophen for 28 or more days during gestation had a higher risk of developing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (risk ratio: 1.63; 95% confidence interval = [1.23, 2.16]).Conclusion:There is an association between maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring. The timing and duration of acetaminophen use during pregnancy may have a major effect on the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.