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Background: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder was included in DSM-5 to accommodate new research addressing aspects of emotional dysregulation in children suffering from disruptive behavior problems. Despite growing interest in Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, few studies have looked at prevalence rates in European clinical populations. The primary objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics associated with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in a Norwegian clinical sample., Methods: The present study assessed children 6-12 years of age referred to a mental health clinic for evaluation and treatment ( N = 218, M age = 9.6, 60.4% boys) and compared those who did and did not meet Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder diagnostic criteria. Diagnoses were determined using K-SADS-PL 2013. Associated difficulties at home and in school were measured by Achenbach Systems of Empirically Based Assessment battery., Results: In this clinical sample, 24% met the diagnostic criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. Children with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder were more likely than those without Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder to be male (77% vs. 55%, p = .008), be living in poverty, have multiple mental health diagnoses (79% vs. 53%, p = .001), and have lower global functioning levels as measured by Children's Global Assessment Scale (range 0-100, M = 47, SD = 8.5 vs. M = 57, SD = 11.4, p =<.001). Finally, parents and teachers of children with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder reported lower overall competence and adaptive functioning, and higher total symptom load than children with other diagnoses., Conclusion: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is highly prevalent in a Norwegian clinical sample and displays a high symptom load. Our results are in accordance with similar studies. Consistent findings across the world may support Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder as a valid diagnostic category., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the development of working memory and preliminary stages of attentional processing in individuals with ADHD over a 23- to 25-year period. Method: Individuals with ADHD ( n = 19) and healthy controls ( n = 26) were followed up after 13 years (T2) and 23 to 25 years (T3) after initial assessment (T1). They were reassessed with diagnostic measures and the Backward masking task (pre-attention) and the Digit span distractibility test with and without distraction conditions (working memory). Results: The ADHD group performed below the healthy controls on all time points on the Digit span distractibility test. On the distractibility condition, we found a selective decline in performance from T2 to T3 for the ADHD group. Conclusion: The results highlight that ADHD individuals continue to display working memory deficits, also in adulthood, thus creating an imperative for cognitive rehabilitation techniques to help address attention difficulties.

Objective: The objective of this article is to examine the associations between pre- and postnatal maternal distress and preschooler's symptoms of ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and anxiety, by timing and gender. Method: Children, aged 3.5 years ( N = 1,195), recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, were assessed with a semistructured parental psychiatric interview. Perinatal maternal symptoms of distress were assessed by Symptom Checklist (SCL-5); Poisson regression was used to examine the associations. Results: Mid-gestational maternal distress significantly increased the average number of child symptoms, ranging between 3.8% for ADHD hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI) and 8.7% for anxiety. The combination of high maternal scores of distress both pre- and postnatally were associated with increased risk of child symptoms of anxiety (relative risk [RR] = 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.43, 3.07]), CD (RR = 1.83; 95% CI = [1.33, 2.51]), and ODD (RR = 1.30; 95% CI = [1.03, 1.64]), with minor sex differences. Conclusion: Maternal distress during mid-gestation was associated with ADHD, behavioral, and emotional symptoms in preschool children. Continued exposure into the postnatal period may further increase these risk associations .

Objective: To investigate adult ADHD symptoms and satisfaction with life, with a focus on age and sex differences., Method: This study is based on parents in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). The Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS-6) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) scores were analyzed from 33,210 men and 41,983 women from young to middle adulthood., Results: Mean ASRS total score was significantly higher in men, where 5.1% scored above cutoff, compared with 2.9% in women. Factor loadings supported the two ASRS subscales: Inattention (Inatt) and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity (HyImp) in both sexes. A significant decline with age was found on HyImp, whereas Inatt scores were reasonably stable in men and u-curved in women. High ASRS scores were associated with lower SWLS, but poor satisfaction with life was found only in high-scoring women., Conclusion: Our findings suggest caution to age and sex when using the ASRS-6.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine occurrence of emotional lability (EL) in preschoolers with ADHD symptoms versus controls., Method: The study was part of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. In the present study, 495 preschoolers were clinically examined. Symptoms of ADHD, anxiety, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) were measured with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment Interview. An EL measure was obtained from the Emotional Control subscale of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P), which parents and teachers completed., Results: EL was significantly more frequent in the ADHD group compared with controls (25% vs. 7%, p < .001). By parent report, EL correlated significantly with ADHD-, anxiety-, and ODD symptoms. By teacher report, EL was significantly correlated only with hyperactivity-impulsivity., Conclusion: EL appears identifiable in young preschoolers and was particularly associated with ODD in children with ADHD symptoms.

Objective: Patterns of co-occurrence between ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD) were examined in a sample of non-referred preschool children. ADHD subtypes and sex differences were also explored., Method: Children aged 3.5 years ( n = 1,048) with high scores on ADHD characteristics were recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and clinically assessed, including a semi-structured psychiatric interview., Results: In children with ADHD, concurrent ODD was present more often than CD (31% vs. 10%), but having ADHD gave higher increase in the odds of CD than of ODD (ODD: odds ratio [OR] = 6.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [4.2, 10.8]; CD: OR = 17.6, 95% CI = [5.9, 52.9]). We found a greater proportion of children having the combined ADHD subtype as well as more severe inattentiveness among children with co-occurring CD compared with ODD. Sex differences were minor., Conclusion: There are important differences in co-occurring patterns of ODD and CD in preschool children with ADHD.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine co-occurrence of ADHD and anxiety in preschool children., Method: The data collection was part of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. After a screening for ADHD symptoms at 36 months, participants were clinically assessed at age 36 to 44 months. Psychiatric symptoms of ADHD and anxiety were derived from the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) interview., Results: In preschoolers with ADHD symptoms, 33% were reported to have symptoms of anxiety. Children with symptoms of ADHD and anxiety had more severe ADHD symptomatology, and particularly more inattentive symptoms compared with children with ADHD symptoms and no anxiety., Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the frequent overlap between symptoms of anxiety and ADHD in preschoolers as different intervention strategies may be required., (© The Author(s) 2012.)

Objective: To study pharmacotherapy in adults aged 50+ with ADHD., Method: A survey was administered to adults with ADHD (≥ 50 years old). Participants on medication for ADHD were compared with those not on medications., Results: Mean age of participants was 55.8 years, and mean age when diagnosed with ADHD was 50.3 years. Ninety-five participants (63.8%) reported current psychopharmacological treatment for ADHD, 36 (24.2%) had stopped psychopharmacological treatment, and 18 (12.0%) were psychopharmacological treatment naive for ADHD. Those currently being treated psychopharmacologically for ADHD reported significantly improved attention relative to the two nonmedicated groups (p < .01). Among examined sample characteristics (including current psychopharmacological treatment for ADHD), employment was associated with a better outcome (odds ratio = 3.3, p = .006)., Conclusion: The majority of adults aged 50+ with ADHD reported regular pharmacotherapy for ADHD. Participants currently receiving psychopharmacological treatment for ADHD reported better attention than those not receiving pharmacotherapy. Employment was associated with more favorable outcomes., (© 2014 SAGE Publications.)

Objective: To study the quality of life in adults aged 50+ with ADHD., Method: An anonymous questionnaire survey was performed on 148 adults aged 50+ with ADHD. Quality of life was assessed with EuroQol and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Age-matched Norwegian and Danish population samples served as reference groups., Results: Mean age of participants was 55.7 years, and mean age when diagnosed with ADHD was 50.2 years, while mean Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener score was 15.2. Adults with ADHD reported significantly reduced health-related quality of life and reduced satisfaction with life compared with population norms. Nonemployment and severe ADHD were associated with poor quality of life., Conclusion: Adults aged 50+ with ADHD diagnosed in late adulthood reported significantly reduced quality of life when compared with population norms. The negative impact of ADHD persists into late adulthood., (© 2013 SAGE Publications.)