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Introduction: Patient groups who pose behavioral challenges during dental attendance may be offered more restricted dental treatment options. Unsuccessful participation with dental visit tasks and demands has been commonly reported for autistic children. Objectives: This study aimed to examine parental perceptions of difficulties associated with dental attendance and oral care for autistic children and young adults, to highlight reported challenges and potential adaptations, and to identify interventions that will encourage positive experiences of dental attendance. Methods: Qualitative data were gathered through 2 focus groups with parents of primary school and secondary school pupils with autism, interviewed in separate groups. Questions about parents’ perceptions of dental attendance and oral care were asked. The groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analyzed and initial codes generated. Development of subthemes and themes followed a process of thematic analysis. Results: Parental perceptions, which confirmed data from other studies, included the need for understanding and training, awareness of sensory issues, recognition of the individuality of autistic traits, time and clarity for communication, and factors affecting the confidence of parents to advocate in the clinical environment. Focus group participants identified the critical value of empathizing with an autistic perspective and highlighted the importance of positive oral health messages. They also noted the lack of understanding regarding the complexity of altering self-imposed, ritualistic dietary regimes and attempting to enact good dental preventive habits for their children. Conclusions: Analysis of data from parent focus groups provided a greater understanding of the needs and responsivity required for successful dental visits for autistic children and young adults. A range of potential interventions was identified and incorporated within a model of needs. Interventions based on Partnership Working, System Change, and Training of Dental Staff could be effective in reducing challenges posed by dental attendance for many children with autism. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Sensory sensitivities, communication difficulties, comorbid intellectual disability, and dental anxiety are barriers to successful participation during dental attendance for autistic children. This research proposes that interventions supporting Partnership Working, System Change, and Training of Dental Staff can reduce challenges posed by dental attendance. The model of interventions developed as part of this project can be used by oral care teams to help reduce barriers and improve the success of dental visits for autistic children.

In this study, we aimed to identify processes that enabled the involvement of a person with complex speech and motor disorders and the parent of a young person with these disorders as co-researchers in a U.K. research project. Semi-structured individual and focus group interviews explored participants’ experiences and perceptions of public involvement (PI). Sixteen participants were recruited, with representation from (a) the interdisciplinary project team; (b) academics engaged in discrete project activities; (c) individuals providing organizational and operational project support; and (d) the project’s two advisory groups. Data were analyzed using Framework Analysis. Five themes were generated: (a) the challenge of defining the co-researcher role; (b) power relations in PI; (c) resources used to enable PI; (d) perceived benefits of PI; and (e) facilitators of successful PI. Our findings provide new evidence about how inclusive research teams can support people with complex speech and motor disorders to contribute meaningfully to co-produced research.

Introduction Whilst it is recognised that cancer may present numerous challenges for the adolescent or young adult during treatment, experiences after this stage as the young person transitions to life without cancer have received little attention. The purpose of this study is to understand the implications of having survived cancer for the young person’s choice of, and participation in, meaningful occupational roles. Method In this qualitative descriptive study, four participants were interviewed on two occasions using semi-structured interviews, with the subsequent interview supplemented with photo elicitation. Participants were male and female, aged 19 and 24 years, and medically cleared of (living beyond) cancer. Thematic analysis was used. Results Three main themes emerged: changes in relationships; moving beyond; and future perspectives. Adolescents and young adults identified the impact of the cancer experience on interpersonal relationships and related occupational roles (for example parenthood), and described how cancer affected their participation in, and the meaning of, occupational roles, and altered present and future occupational priorities. Conclusion Having cancer as an adolescent or young adult has lasting impacts on occupational roles. Understanding the opportunities and challenges this population may face when living beyond cancer can assist in providing enhanced age-aware occupational therapy, potentially optimising outcomes for young people.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a challenging illness to treat with inefficiencies in central coherence and set-shifting known to be cognitive maintaining factors for the eating disorder. AN is further complicated by comorbidities such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) aims to address problems with cognitive style and meta-cognition by stimulating the neural connections involved in cognitive processing through cognitive tasks, reflection, and behavioral experiments. However, to date, no reported studies are supporting individual CRT for patients with AN and ASD comorbidity. This single complex case study provides preliminary evidence to support the efficacy of individual CRT in the treatment of a 21-year-old female patient with AN and ASD comorbidity. Clinical and self-report data collected before and after CRT indicate improvements in cognitive flexibility and central coherence, alongside an increase in body mass index (BMI). This case study reflects the possible ways to adapt and calibrate treatment to individual needs and the efficacy of CRT, before proceeding to more complex individual psychological work, such as cognitive behavioral therapy.

This article discusses why climate change is a major concern for European citizens and how centre–right political parties must address and re-evaluate this topic. Along with developing a new approach to effectively communicating issues regarding climate change, it gives an overview of the communication challenges, the growing awareness of climate change and the importance of meeting citizens’ expectations, as well as the risks and consequences of not acting. This article suggests tangible solutions for how political agents can communicate effectively with their audiences.

Young people with cancer are at increased risk of psychological difficulty; yet there is little research on their experiences of low mood or depressive symptoms to help inform treatment interventions. This qualitative study explored experiences and opinions of low mood or depression in young people with cancer, how their mood related to developmental challenges, strategies used to cope, and how services could improve support. Nineteen young people diagnosed and treated for cancer completed semistructured interviews. Transcripts were thematically analyzed using the framework approach, and analysis produced eight themes, organized into three domains: “A Harder Time of Life,” “Interpersonal Impact of Cancer,” and “Learning to Understand and Describe Low Mood,” Participants interviewed experienced low mood during cancer and predominantly felt “low mood” was a helpful term to describe their emotions. There were similarities and variations in their reported mood compared with clinical depression. The developmental challenges of being a young person with cancer negatively affected their mood. Participants used a variety of different coping strategies to manage these challenges. Young people were clear that they would like others to help them understand negative emotions experienced through cancer are normal to feel and support for low mood to be accessible and available.

Everyone Knows Me as the Weird Kid is a performance text created from collaborative narrative interviews between the first author and a 15-year-old participant named Max who identifies as bisexual and genderfluid. The performance explores how Max negotiates a range of challenges—including homophobia, transphobia, bullying, and harassment—on a day-to-day basis. It offers evocative insights into life as a young person with an intersecting identity across school, community, online, and family contexts. By choosing to represent Max’s experiences as a performance text, we offer a living, breathing resource that can be performed in educational settings not only to young people but also by young people. We share Everybody Knows Me as the Weird Kid as a resource to help others respond to sexual and gender-related bullying and discrimination in their own lives.

In the paper, we examine the relationship between county context and the use of congregate care by White, Black, and Hispanic youth, aged between 10 and 17. We measure the use of congregate care as the probability a young person will be placed in congregate care during an out-of-home care spell. We define county context in three ways: urbanicity, social disadvantage, and the supply effect on demand. We also include whether states mandate the use of an assessment to regulate entry into congregate care. Our primary interest is organized around differences in county context, the rate of congregate care utilization, and the connection between context and disparity. We find that, regardless of race, congregate care placement rates tend to be higher in counties where supply affects demand. However, in those counties, the Black/White disparity tends to be lower and the Hispanic/White disparity tends to be higher. The association between a mandatory assessment policy and congregate care placement is in the expected direction. After describing the study limitations, we discuss implications for future research and policy.

Journalism has long been seen as a ‘young person’s occupation’. While the average age of journalists has increased from 35 to 39 in past 20 years, this article investigates what developments are covered, or covered up, by this average. The Worlds of Journalism Study data permit us to compare journalistic workforce ages with that of the general workforce, we juxtapose labour force median ages with journalists’ median ages in 60 countries. On realizing that age alone does not present experience, we also include years of professional experience as indicator for journalistic workforce profiling, and also analyse the journalistic and general workforce in age segments in 14 countries to arrive at a more detailed picture of age distribution. Our findings reaffirm that journalism is still an occupation for the young, and underscore the fact that in many countries journalists do not stay in the job for long. This leads us to contend that journalism lives with large numbers of young and relatively inexperienced workers, making it an easier transition into the digital age when journalism similarly is created from many diverse sources and with workers with varying levels of experience.

Havel’s essay The Power of the Powerless described a unique situation in post-war Europe, when the Communist system of power was exhausted and those deprived of power under it were beginning to know each other and cooperate with each other in a new kind of underground. I describe the spiritual condition of a certain kind of young person in this underground, eager to find another cultural identity than the one offered by the official ideology and anxious to “live in truth.” I suggest that the sudden collapse of Communism and the advent of a new consumer society left those young people in a certain measure bereft.

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: This article aims to understand how a young person develops as a translingual writer and which discursive strategies she identifies as important in this process. Neda (pseudonym) has never learnt to write in Turkmen, which is her home language, but is developing as a confident writer in Norwegian, which is the language of the school. Design/Methodology/Approach: Situated within a linguistic ethnographic framework, in-depth interviews with the young person were conducted as part of a year-long fieldwork. One interview focused on Neda’s writing experiences in general, and the other two examined how she experienced writing selected poems. Data and Analysis: The data for this article are three in-depth interviews with Neda produced over a month’s time, field notes taken in school across that same period, seven poems written at home, and two written in school. The analysis had a joint focus on linguistics and ethnography, identifying core themes. Findings/Conclusions: Neda drew on translation and translingual remixing strategies when writing poetry on her own initiative to develop her voice, which indicates a strong sense of agency. In line with a translingual orientation to communication and literacy, these discursive strategies transcend individual languages and involve diverse semiotic resources in situated meaning construction. Both strategies contribute to creating a deeper understanding of the Norwegian language resources in her repertoire and to finding her voice as a transnational young person. Originality: Few studies have offered detailed insight into how young people reflect upon their development as translingual writers in their spare time and which strategies they identify as important to do so. Significance/Implications: The study contributes to the debate of how teachers can create a space for translingual writing by acknowledging and further developing young people’s own discursive strategies, involving their entire linguistic repertoire.

Although there are many transitions that occur in a young person’s life, transition from high school to adulthood can be one of the most challenging. This transition requires autonomy and decision-making skills. To support youth in having positive outcomes after high school, it is imperative for teachers to have strategies to guide students in making informed decisions as they begin the transition process. This article provides teachers with strategies and resources to help youth build autonomy, make informed decisions, and gain information via web-based resources to support the transition from high school into postschool life. Steps for building autonomy, evaluating web-based resources, and investigating web-based resources to support transition are included.

Residential stability matters to a young person’s educational success, and the housing crisis spurred by the Great Recession (2007-2009) has disrupted the residential stability of many families. Using data from a large high school district in San Bernardino County, California, as a case study, this study utilizes a multilevel model to examine the extent to which the housing crisis affected student mobility rates in an area considered an epicenter of the recession. Results show that race was a much stronger predictor of student mobility than socioeconomic status during the crisis. In 2008, mobility rates were especially high for Black students, controlling for a variety of background characteristics. Research and policies that could be helpful in reducing mobility are discussed.

Admission to an acute mental health inpatient unit is a significant event for a young person. The interface between inpatient and community teams negotiating the admission and later discharge can be fraught. To understand how to improve the transition between inpatient and community care, we interviewed 48 community clinicians about their experiences of engaging with an acute child and adolescent mental health inpatient unit. Through thematic analysis, we identified management of risk was a central issue. Participants wanted more time in hospital, and more communication and collaboration. They expressed appreciation, but some gave intense descriptions of dissatisfaction. The analysis suggests avenues to improve communication and experience, recognizing the (felt) power differential between inpatient and referring community clinicians. Managing the power dynamics requires inpatient clinicians to use active inquiry to bring forward community clinicians’ views and be mindful of the risk of community clinicians experiencing communication as criticism.

This study looks at the stories that foster carers and the young people in their care jointly construct as they engage in discussion about their relationship. The research aimed to explore both the meanings that they hold regarding the development of this relationship and the patterns of contributions they make as they engage in their conversations. Four dominant narrative themes emerged: talking being central; the relationship and placement being different to expectations; being included like family, now and always; and sharing laughter through normal experiences. Analysis of the conversations showed that the foster carers made extensive use of ‘imputation questions’ – speaking for the young person in an attempt to prompt them to talk. However, these questions typically had the opposite effect to ‘invitation questions’ that enabled more extended interactions and joint storytelling. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research on fostering relationships and foster carer training.

This study concerns the incidence and aetiology of breach of youth community sentences. A between-groups archival study compared those who breached with those who did not, on socio-demographic and criminogenic factors. Breachers were a minority, likely to breach repeatedly and were similar to those who re-offended. Whether they breach or re-offend may depend on something other than the characteristics of the Order and the young person’s situation. Youth Justice Professionals should be mindful of the identified areas of need and responsivity when considering compliance.

Given the long-term negative outcomes associated with depression in adolescence, there is a pressing need to develop brief, evidence-based treatments that are accessible to more young people experiencing low mood. Behavioral Activation (BA) is an effective treatment for adult depression; however, little research has focused on the use of BA with depressed adolescents, particularly with briefer forms of BA. In this article, we outline an adaptation of brief Behavioral Activation Treatment of Depression (BATD) designed for adolescents and delivered in eight sessions (Brief BA). This case example illustrates how a structured, brief intervention was useful for a depressed young person with a number of complicating and risk factors.

Background: This article explores the literature on social connectedness and music for young people with disability. It then critically examines the level of congruence between the reported literature to date and current rights-based disability studies discourse. Method: A critical interpretive synthesis was used to examine 27 articles referencing the use of music for social connectedness. Areas of focus in the review are the nature of connections being fostered in music programs, the use of voice and collaboration. Results: The majority of music programs reported on closed groups. Outdated ‘expert’ models of working persist. The use of participants’ voice in the literature is growing, although there is a lack of collaboration and negative reporting. Conclusion: A shift in thinking heralds greater collaboration with participants, although this could be broadened to include decisions on research agendas, planning and evaluation. There is also need for active fostering of broader socio-musical pathways.

‘Caring for a child or young person with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is very challenging’ is a statement commonly heard by the parents/carers involved. But why is it so challenging? What are the specific challenges? How does this sentence relate to the family-finding team, to panel considerations, to training for foster carers, to the selection of adopters and to care planning? This article seeks to address some of these issues from the viewpoint of the author’s experience of parenting two children with FASD and also as the Chief Executive of the FASD Trust, a national charity supporting affected children and their families/carers in the UK.

Resilience has not impacted greatly in youth justice to date, yet holds great promise for practice. This article explores salient features of thinking around resilience, in particular Michael Ungar’s research on how young people search for power and identity using whatever resources they can access. This perspective reframes many behaviours conventionally viewed as deviant or risky, arguing that a young person ‘behaving badly’ may at the same time be drawing on strengths, skills and capacities. The opportunities and challenges for practice lie in collaborative work to enable young people to use these strengths, skills and capacities to create more positive futures.

In 2014 Queensland's conservative Liberal National Party government made a number of amendments to the Youth Justice Act 1992 (Qld) ('YJA'). Of critical importance is the new breach of bail offence (s 59A) and the reverse onus provision (s 59B). The effect of these changes was compounded by the removal of the sentencing principle of 'detention as a last resort' (s 150(5)). Cumulatively, these three amendments increase the likelihood of entrenching young people within the criminal justice system. Previously, where a young person committed an offence while on bail, it had been treated 'as an aggravating circumstance on the sentence for that offence'. Under the amendments, a child who is found guilty of a 'subsequent offence' (defined in s 59AA) committed while on bail, now faces two additional penalties, those being the sentence for the new or 'subsequent offence' and in addition a separate charge (and sentence) for breaching bail (s 59(2)). According to the section, the maximum penalty for the breach of bail offence is stated to be 20 penalty units or imprisonment for one year.

The topic of sexuality among the disabled is often ignored within Catholic seminaries; within pediatrics, it is treated as a “problem” where the best solution is contraception or sterilization. In this article, the authors argue for an approach to sexuality in disabled youth that is grounded in the inherent dignity of the person, borne out of Christ's own humanity. Because sexuality is a part of the human person in his or her totality, it cannot be ignored or obscured; on the other hand, it cannot also be the overriding “problem” which defines them. Rather, by friendship, love, and covenantal solidarity with the disabled person, we can begin to set an example for them and for society that there are goods to be strived for beyond the physical. The demands of dignity require practical changes in seminary and medical education and practice.

In England and Wales, diversion from formal criminal proceedings in the Youth Court for a young person who offends is usually only available if an admission to an offence is made. Failure to do so can be an immediate barrier to diversion, even for very young people who have committed low level offences. This article considers the complexities of the admission criterion, and explores whether the new provisions for diversion in the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) is a lost opportunity to reconsider whether an admission should be a mandatory prerequisite for diversion.

Objective: Self-efficacy can be conceptualised as a person’s perception of their own ability to produce a desired outcome. Low self-efficacy has been reported to be a mediating variable in developing depression. The Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Depressed Adolescents (SEQ-DA) is a 12-item inventory, designed to measure self-perceived ability of the young person to cope with depressive symptoms. This paper presents further information on the psychometric properties of the SEQ-DA in a clinical sample of depressed adolescents. Method: The SEQ-DA was administered to a clinical sample of 130 adolescents with a depressive disorder at baseline, at the end of 3 months of therapy and 6 months following therapy. A diagnosis of depression was made using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children. The ability of the SEQ-DA to identify those adolescents who had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder at baseline, following treatment and at 6-month follow-up was evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the SEQ-DA in this clinical sample of depressed adolescents was undertaken to establish cut-off scores of the SEQ-DA. Results: The SEQ-DA score at baseline of < 36 and following treatment of < 43 were predictive of a depressive disorder. Conclusions: The SEQ-DA is a very simple self-report measure that can be used to predict which adolescents treated for depression are likely to remain depressed, thus prompting more intensive treatment and follow-up.

Jael Hill describes the work of a specialist wraparound service for looked after children who present significant risks to themselves and others and/or are vulnerable to being harmed. She explores the nature of risk as a process which acquires form and meaning in working contexts and proposes that there can be significant costs to young people when risk-averse responses dominate, and that children are likely to benefit from services which expect, tolerate, understand and skilfully work with risks. The article describes approaches to working directly with young people, discusses ways of supporting workers to accept and cope with risky behaviours and looks at safely holding the emotions that drive some professionals and agencies hoping to eliminate risky behaviours.

Adolescent identity formation involves not simply preparing a young person for the future or equipping them, him or her to cope with the problems of today, but it also requires a personal integrated spiritual formation. This article examines the predominant educational philosophies undergirding youth discipleship and their deficiencies, as well as challenges educators to embrace teaching approaches that focus on identity formation. James Loder's theological-psychological approach to development, specifically his five axes of adolescent identity formation involving space/time, values, authority, love, and worth, is explored. These principles are then expanded to address issues of curriculum development and application.

Research has demonstrated that the establishment of early intervention services within mental health organisations is an effective method of reducing the impact of psychosis on a young person's life. The research literature and available clinical practice guidelines describe key intervention areas that have an impact on the effectiveness of the early intervention service. These include: comprehensive assessment, social functioning, weight control, substance misuse and vocational recovery. Early intervention services can develop effective programmes to address these areas. The occupational therapist can have a defined role in this setting, primarily across the three domains of assessment, intervention and advocacy. Effective assessment by an occupational therapist provides information on the occupational role functioning of a young person. Intervention services provide consultative and direct treatment to assist the young person in engaging in developmentally and culturally appropriate occupational roles. Advocacy involves educating members of the multidisciplinary mental health team about the role and potential outcomes of occupational therapy. By assessing, intervening and advocating for young people with early psychosis, individual therapists can contribute to developing a central role for occupational therapy in the field of early psychosis.

Situated in the literature concerning the decline of party members, and the dearth of young party members, this article considers the factors that influence the decision of a politically engaged young person to join, or not join, a political party. Making use of a unique dataset, we examine the attitudes and socialization of a large group of politically active young Canadians, a group that includes a significant number of both party members and non-party members. The article finds significant attitudinal differences towards political parties, with non-members highly suspicious of parties in terms of their general democratic performance, their efficacy in achieving social and political change and in the ability of grassroots members to influence party decision-making. We also find important socialization effects, the most significant being that young party members are considerably more likely than non-members to have a parent who is a party member. Recruitment through family members appears to be a principal path to party membership for young voters.

• Summary: Working in residential group care is a complex task. There is a wide gap between principles and guidelines and daily practice. This qualitative case study in a home for the long-term care and treatment of young persons in Sweden is an attempt to explore and systematize careworkers' ideas about the treatment of individual young persons. The aims were to examine personal approaches to treatment and to explore the consistency and individualization in the perceptions of the treatment of each young person. Each careworker was interviewed about each young person in two different occasions. Statements were coded and grouped into categories. • Findings: It was possible to find a model in which careworkers' treatment perceptions could be studied and compared. Each careworker had a unique and stable pattern of treatment perceptions. These perceptions of treatment were however consistent enough to create different patterns in the cases of different young persons, that is, the perception of treatment was individualized. • Applications : A well-functioning system or model of treatment ideas may be a means to enhance the quality of residential care on the assumption that the system or model is close to the real world of careworkers. It could also be means for defining treatment components and measuring treatment fidelity.

The article focuses on the self-conceptions of a juvenile who uses drugs. Different dimensions of categories and connotations are analyzed in an interview given by a young girl who has used hard drugs for several years. The analysis aims at making clear the spectrum of culturally given resources that are available for a young person with a drug history when she attempts to make her life understandable. By concentrating on one young person's story, the analysis illustrates that a variation of self-conceptions is not about differences between individuals, but is more about the general cultural alternatives of different categories. The variation of self-conceptions is abstracted into four alternative identity types that associate with very different attributes and activity types. The analysis demonstrates how a young person with a drug history both applies the attributes of generally known categories and takes distance from these depending on the identity type. Based on the analysis of these four identities, some conclusions are drawn about the possibilities of parents or other adults to support the identity constructions of a juvenile with a drug history.

Objective: This paper examines the concept of consumer participation in the context of developmental changes in parent/child relationships and associated differences in the utilization of child and adolescent mental health services. Method: Existing definitions and characteristics of mental health service delivery for children and young people are examined to answer the question ,“Who is the consumer in the context of clinical services for young clients and their parents, and does this change with the child or young person's developmental stage?”. Results: As children, young people and parents utilize services in this area of mental health, the roles of consumer and carer need redefinition to accommodate both young clients and parents as consumers, and parents also as carers. Conclusion: The proposed framework addresses the changing roles of parents and young clients from infancy to early adulthood to guide consumer and carer participation strategies. If child and adolescent mental health services are to apply a developmental perspective and engage both young clients and parents as ‘consumers’, they need to address challenges related to the differences in expectations and capacities of young clients and parents, to the complexity associated with dual roles, and to promoting meaningful participation.

Earlier articles by Robbie Gilligan have argued the case for the value of participation in spare time activities for young people in care, in terms of its potential to enhance their resilience (Gilligan, 1999, 2000). Here he focuses specifically on how such participation in spare time activities may contribute to positive educational progress for the young person in care. First, evidence is examined as to what, if any, impact such participation may have for the educational achievement of young people in general. Attention then narrows to the possible educational impact for more vulnerable young people, and for young people in care. Two issues are considered: (1) why and how participation may support educational progress for young people in care; and (2) what it may be useful for adults to do in terms of supporting and eliciting any positive educational effects of participation in activities.

Through a case study, this paper addresses ethical issues and dilemmas faced by a Family Therapist working in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) in the National Health Service. When there are legal and societal obligations on parents/carers to ensure that the needs of children and young people are met within a family context, working with a young person in a health care setting oriented to the individual raises ethical dilemmas around consent. When the values of young people and their parents conflict, legal, ethical and political issues can be raised. These have implications for the duties of health care professionals and the rights, interests and autonomy of the individual young people and their parents. The importance of justice to CAMHS practitioners' ethical decision-making about when to prioritize the individual over the family, or vice versa, is emphasized.

The study was conducted in the context of PROMISE - a voluntary scheme, in the southwest of England which provides mentors for a young person for a period of up to 2 years. Predominantly these youngsters had experienced a range of difficulties in their lives including periods in care, severe problems in their families, trouble with the police and mental health problems. Each young person is allocated a mentor who has regular contact with them offering activities, support and informal counselling. Although the general response to the scheme has been positive it was felt that there was a gap of understanding about how the young people experienced the scheme. An exploratory qualitative study was commissioned to explore how a sample of the young people, who had been involved in the mentoring scheme for a substantial period, experienced the process of mentoring. The study involved interviews with six young people and group discussions with mentors and staff. Generally, the experience was reported by the young people to be highly favourable with the development of a positive, consistent, available, trusting and caring relationship cited as key ingredients. These findings were supported by discussion with the mentors. The study suggests that attachment theory is helpful in explaining the mentoring process and in promoting ideas for future developments.

Physical restraint or holding down a child or young person with cancer is generally accepted to ensure success in carrying out the various procedures involved throughout the disease trajectory. Over the past several years, health care staff have become more aware of the issues surrounding physical restraint. However, the research around the effects of being involved in physical restraint is extremely limited. Nurses continue to have little education in the pertinent issues, restraint techniques, and alternative strategies. This article aims to highlight areas that nurses caring for children and young people with cancer need to consider. Strategies for improving practice are also discussed with the thought that nurses will be stimulated to re-evaluate the use of physical restraint in this group of children and young people.

The purpose of this article is to present a case study of one teenager’s story of leaving home. The point of analysing this particular narrative is to gain more knowledge and understanding of how young people present and account for such a dramatic event as running away from home or being thrown out. A further aim is to see how social services’ efforts are reflected in the narratives. I intend in the article to focus on three issues. How does this young person present himself in his narrative? How is the situation in itself (being thrown out/running away) represented? In what light do the social services appear? The empirical material underlying this article consists of two studies treating the subject of running away from home/being thrown out:one from the youth and the parent perspectives (Sjöblom,1995) and one from a social services point of view (Sjöblom, 2002). The article discusses the importance and consequences for these adolescents in their development towards adulthood and the lack of a young people’s perspective and emphasis on the sanctity of the family within the social services.Social services dominated by a family perspective with the aim of reintegrating adolescents into an often dysfunctional family appear in a mainly controlling and disciplinary role, where the young people’s individual survival strategies are not given enough attention or taken seriously.

This article presents some results from an empirical investigation of youth at different functional levels, directing attention to the young people’s double challenge of being a young person and belonging to an ethnic minority, especially their experiences of and coping with race discrimination. There is also some material on the minority and majority young people’s impressions of the ‘others’. Positive management of the ethnic challenge entails acceptance of ethnic belonging and amalgamated cultural forms, along with an active constructive response to racially discriminatory experiences. In the empirical investigation these experiences and strategies are illustrated in the young people’s narratives. Finally, views of the roles of family and society are delineated for young people who take on the double challenge positively.

More than a decade ago, Professor Sir Ian Kennedy (QC) the appointed investigator for the public enquiry into children's heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary stated, “It seems so obvious it hardly needs to be said: just as children differ from adults in terms of their physiological, psychological, intellectual and emotional development, so they differ in their healthcare needs. They experience and see the world differently. Children are in a constant state of growth and development which creates particular needs and demands which are of a different order from those affecting adult patients. Their relative physical and emotional immaturity, in comparison with adults, has implications both for the treatment which they receive and the physical environment in which they are cared for'”’ (Kennedy 2001).

Dans le contexte de Medellin, une ville latino-americaine qui traverse actuellement une periode difficile due aux quelques circonstances sociales, economiques et politiques complexes, est presentee une experience en matiere de promotion de lecture parmi des enfants et des jeunes dans un reseau de la bibliotheque publique. Apres un constat evident du defi d'une bibliotheque publique consistant a rechercher des lecteurs, l'auteur expose les actions necessaires et les classe en quatre axes principaux: les activites permettant de multiplier des possibilites d'acces aux livres ; activites de formation avec les parents, professeurs et jeunes, en vue de creer l' environnement favorable pour a la lecture ; activites motivant la lecture et l'information culturelle ; les activites avec les medias.

Young people who have spent much of their lives in the care system can have serious emotional and psychiatric problems. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy is rarely considered in cases where the young person has no immediate ‘ownership’ of a problem. Work is described with an adolescent who, with assistance, found and struggled to use a therapeutic space. Comments are made about how this case may suggest improvements for the referral processes for other adolescents in substitute care.

Young people are staying at home for longer periods. This study explores how this extended period of living with parents is experienced by young people. In what sense is the parental home also “home” to coresident young adult offspring? How are these constructed meanings of home related to young people's sense of autonomy and the structure of power relations in the family? The findings showed that the concept of home is a core organizing symbol in the discourse about the experience of coresidence with parents, linking the social, emotional, and physical dimensions of the domestic environment with the young person's developing sense of self. The meaning of home is connected to perceived rights to make decisions about how the household might operate, the division of labor within its confines, and the tenor of relationships between its members.

This article discusses the concept of danger in childhood and adolescence, from the perspectives of Eriksonian and attachment theory. Three questions are considered: (i) where is the danger in a young person’s environment; (ii) is the young person able to identify it; and (iii) does the parental protection provided safely support development and the growing maturity of adolescence? Such questions should provide a framework to inform clinical assessment, add insight to intervention, and ultimately facilitate the safe transfer of responsibility, for the identification and best management of danger, from parent to emerging young adult.

Adolescents with learning disability who have mental health problems often attract multiple diagnostic labels. The accretion of complexity in such instances increases with the number of diagnostic categories applied. We describe two case reports of adolescents with learning disability who developed acute psychiatric illnesses. We highlight the difficulties inherent in formulating such individuals’ problems. We also illustrate the difficulties in diagnosis in this population, the complexity of therapeutic interventions available and the particular need for consideration of the impact upon the young person and their family of diagnosing a psychiatric illness in addition to the learning disability. In our opinion, there may sometimes be a need for a highly specialized service for such individuals. However, much can be achieved by general child and adolescent mental health teams.

Although the nature of younger adults' attitudes toward older adults has been researched extensively, there are long-neglected questions regarding older adults' views of young adults. In the first phase of this three phase study, community dwelling seniors generated traits they believed characterized young people. In the second phase, a subsample of the original participants sorted the traits into groups that could be found in one and the same young person. Fifteen stereotypes appeared when these results were submitted to hierarchical cluster analysis. In the final phase, a subsample of the original older adult participants rated how typical each of the stereotypes was of younger people. As well, each of the stereotypes were rated using an abbreviated version of Kogan and Wallach's (1961) semantic differential scale. Results indicate that the stereotypes older people hold of younger people are generally more positive than negative. Further, the positive stereotypes are viewed as more typical of younger adults than are the negative stereotypes.