7,190 results on '"SOCIOLOGY"'
Search Results
2. A Parcel Level Housing Conditions Survey in Academic and Civil Context.
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Wilson, Neal J. and Bowles, Douglas
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HOUSING surveys , *URBAN economics , *HETEROGENEITY , *ENVIRONMENTAL management , *PUBLIC administration - Abstract
There is a growing awareness that the condition of the built environment has a substantial impact on health. Systematic housing conditions surveys are a method for developing information about the physical condition of housing. This paper introduces the Center for Economic Information's (CEI) Neighborhood Housing Conditions Survey (NHCS). We discuss the history and implementation of the NHCS in light of other academic and civic housing conditions surveys. The paper also reviews the history and method of the NHCS. We find that housing conditions surveys are generally designed from scratch for each new research program, translating survey results into policy remains underdeveloped in the scholarly literature, and heterogeneity between surveys reduces the ability to compare observations across space and time. The NHCS may address some of these issues, suitable as an "off the shelf" template, adjustable to suit programmatic needs, and providing a baseline consistency across space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Bikeability Disparities in Orange County, California: Intersection of Place and Demographics.
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Gritton, Jeanette, Martinez, Maria Cristina, Bostean, Georgiana, and Strong, Megan Thiele
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DEMOGRAPHIC surveys , *ACTIVE biological transport , *CYCLING , *SOCIOECONOMIC status , *RACISM - Abstract
Active transportation modes such as walking and biking are gaining popularity for their extensive health and environmental benefits, yet scholars know little about how place-based accessibility varies by area sociodemographic composition. This study is among the first to examine sociodemographic disparities (by both race and socioeconomic status) in bikeability while allowing for heterogeneity in disparities. Consideration of bikeability disparities is particularly critical within the framework of urban planning concepts that promote equitable accessibility and reduced dependency on automobiles, such as the 15-minute city. Geographically Weighted Regressions examined associations between census tract-level bikeability (using an index that combines five components), socioeconomic status, and percentage non-White residents (controlling for age of structures in tracts). Findings showed that the strength and directionality of associations between bikeability and race/socioeconomic status varied throughout the county, providing targeted information on where greater concentrations of low socioeconomic status and non-White residents were associated with lower bikeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Crossing the Rivers by Touching the Stones: Alternative Approaches in Technical and Vocational Education and Training From the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea.
- Author
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Ha, Wei, Yang, Po, Choi, Youngsup, Ra, Sungsup, Hayashi, Ryotaro, and McCutcheon, Conor
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COMPARATIVE education ,VOCATIONAL education ,OCCUPATIONAL training ,POLICY sciences ,SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to answer the following questions: (1) Why have attempts to transplant Western vocational education models failed? (2) Is there anything we can learn from the experiences of Eastern Asian countries when developing their own vocational education models? Design/Approach/Methods: This study reviews the history of transplanting Western skill formation schemes into developing countries, an often-failed die-hard practice supported by both bilateral and multilateral donors. Findings: Our findings suggest that developing countries should design their technical and vocational education and training systems based on their unique cultural, sociological, and economic contexts. It offers two alternative pathways based on the experiences of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea. Originality/Value: These East Asian examples could broaden the perspectives of policymakers in developing countries aspiring to develop functional skill formation schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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5. How Much do Education, Experience, and Social Networks Impact Earnings in India? A Panel Data Analysis Disaggregated by Class, Gender, Caste and Religion.
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Hussain, Yasser Razak and Mukhopadhyay, Pranab
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SOCIAL networks , *EARNINGS management , *RELIGIOUS groups , *HUMAN capital , *PANEL analysis - Abstract
We estimate the returns (measured by hourly earnings) to education, experience, and social networking in India using individual-level panel data from the India Human Development Surveys. We combined the two latest waves of this survey using individual-level identifiers to generate a balanced panel and merged it with various household characteristics. We provide estimates of private returns for an additional year of education and experience by consumption quintiles, gender, caste, and religion in a fixed-effects Heckman model that controls for selection bias. This methodology improves upon estimates of all earlier studies on earnings in India, as most of the literature has relied on cross-section data or pseudo-panel data. We also examine the impact of social networking on earnings, which is under-explored in nationwide studies in India. We find that education significantly and positively affects earnings for all consumption quintiles, gender, caste (except schedule castes), and religious groups. Among economic groups, the highest returns are observed for the third quintile above the poverty line. Returns to females for an additional year of education are nearly double that of males but the difference in starting earnings keeps earnings of males higher for long periods. Among the castes, scheduled castes have the highest returns to education and other minorities among religious groups. Social networking positively impacts males, Hindus, and the quintile just above the poverty line. Experience positively impacts women's earnings, general caste and scheduled caste, Hindus and Other minorities and two consumption quintiles (two and five) above the poverty line. Plain Language Summary: Impact of Education, Experience, and Social Networks Impact Earnings in India by Class, Gender, Caste and Religion Purpose: Enhancing human capital is critical for India's development. It would help overcome existing labor market hierarchies based on economic class, gender, religion, and caste. We study the impact on private earnings of (a) an additional year of education and experience, and (b) social networking. Methods: We use an individual level panel dataset assembled from the two latest rounds of the Indian Human Development Survey (I&II). Our Heckman type earnings equation controls for selection bias. Results: An additional year of education increased earnings between (a) 2.4% and 8.8% among different consumption quintiles (b) 3.7% for males to 5.2% for females, (c) 1.5% (STs), to 5.9% (SCs), and (d) 2.3% (Muslims), to 9.9% (Other Minorities). Experience increased earnings of two economic groups, females, the General and Scheduled castes, and of Hindus and Other Minorities. Social networking increased earnings of males, Hindus, and one economic quintile. Conclusions: Higher marginal returns to education for females justifies greater investment in women's education. Lower returns on education among STs and Muslims indicate the need for affirmative action for these groups. The positive returns to education for the poor suggests that anti-poverty programs in combination with educational opportunities for the less privileged would meet the goals of social justice. Implications Better education (SDG4) would help achieve gender equality (SDG5), and social justice for marginalized (economic, caste and religious) groups (SDG1, SDG10). Limitations: We were unable to account for ability bias. Stratification by state and sector would provide better estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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6. Part-Time Workers' Employment Trajectories by Length of Hours and Reason for Working Part-Time: An 8-Year Follow-Up Study.
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Mäkinen, Niklas, Tanskanen, Jussi, Ojala, Satu, and Pyöriä, Pasi
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PART-time employment , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *BUSINESSPEOPLE , *INDUSTRIAL relations , *CAREER development - Abstract
Using the Finnish Labour Force Surveys merged with register-based follow-up data, we analyzed how different characteristics of part-time work predict employees' and entrepreneurs' employment trajectories in an 8-year follow-up. We analyzed careers by the length of weekly working hours and the reason for part-time work, that is, childcare, studies, health, part-time pension, other voluntary choice, or if full-time work was not available (involuntary part-time). We applied sequence analysis to define work career clusters based on the continuum of spells spent in different labor market statuses, that is, in upper and lower white-collar, manual, or entrepreneurial employment, unemployment, studying, pensioned, or inactivity. According to the results, involuntary part-timers have a significantly higher probability of entering the unemployment trajectory than full-time workers. Those working part-time hours due to care responsibilities were also more likely to face frequent periods of unemployment, whereas part-time work combined with studies was associated with stable white-collar trajectories. Our results also show that weakened labor outcomes following marginal part-time jobs associate with disability retirement instead of unemployment later in time, most probably determined by ill health. Therefore, we suggest further studies to consider marginal part-time workers' health as the determinant of weakening career outcomes. Overall, our results highlight the need to improve part-time working conditions, a concern that organizations like the OECD have also raised. This improvement could reduce the risk of unemployment, promote health, extend work careers, and consequently increase the employment rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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7. Self-Definition and Evaluation of the Term "Childfree" Among Hong Kong Women.
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Gietel-Basten, Stuart and Yeung, Andrea Sze Wing
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CONNOTATION (Linguistics) , *LIBERTY , *SOCIOLOGY , *DEMOGRAPHY , *UNMARRIED couples - Abstract
The term "childless" is highly problematic. Attempts to split it into "voluntary" and "involuntary" may appear to give more detail on context, but the differentiation can be misleading. The condition of "-less" has negative connotations and implies "missing" something; possibly something which is "natural." The term "childfree" has been employed as an alternative expression which denotes active choice, freedom, and emancipation. Few studies, however, have explored how individuals refer to themselves, or how they interpret—or even care—about these distinctions. Such existing studies only explore the use of these English expressions among speakers of English as their primary language. This exploratory qualitative study explores how women without children define themselves in their native language in an Asian setting—Cantonese in Hong Kong. It also explores how such women interpret the various terms developed in English to describe their circumstances. Respondents refer to themselves in neutral, factual terms—literally "without children." Others make an explicit link between being unmarried and childless status. While respondents find the English expression of "childfree" positive, they do not express a strong need to either deploy it in English, nor "develop" a Cantonese equivalent. The study provides further evidence that "labels" generated and applied by academics in one context and in one language may not be universally applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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8. Developing a compassionate community: a Canadian conceptual model for community capacity development.
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Kelley, Mary Lou
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SOCIOLOGY , *MATHEMATICAL models , *COMMUNITIES , *THEORY - Abstract
The purpose of this article is to share a Canadian model called Developing a Compassionate Community (DCC) in which aging, dying, caregiving, and grieving are everyone's responsibility. The model provides a research-informed practice guide for people who choose to adopt a community capacity development approach to developing a compassioante community. Based on 30 years of Canadian research by the author in rural, urban, First Nations communities, and long-term care homes, the DCC model offers a practice theory and practical tool. The model incorporates the principles of community capacity development which are as follows: change is incremental and in phases, but nonlinear and dynamic; the change process takes time; development is essentially about developing people; development builds on existing resources (assets); development cannot be imposed from the outside; and development is ongoing (never-ending). Community capacity development starts with citizens who want to make positive changes in their lives and their community. They become empowered by gaining the knowledge, skills, and resources they need. The community mobilizes around finding solutions rather than discussing problems. Passion propels their action and commitment drives the process. The strategy for change is engaging, empowering, and educating community members to act on their own behalf. It requires mobilizing networks of families, friends, and neighbors across the community, wherever people live, work, or play. Community networks are encouraged to prepare for later life, and for giving and getting help among themselves. This Canadian model offers communities one approach to developing a compassionate community and is a resource for implementing a public health approach to end-of-life care in Canada. The model is also available to be evaluated for its applicability beyond Canada and is designed to be adapted to new contexts if desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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9. The New Labor Activism, a New Labor Sociology.
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Cornfield, Daniel B.
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SOCIOLOGICAL research , *LABOR movement , *SOCIOLOGY , *WAR , *LABOR unions - Abstract
This symposium issue of Work and Occupations on "The New Labor Activism" develops a new generation of labor sociology research for comprehending and sustaining the contemporary labor mobilization in the U.S., the largest labor mobilization since the 1930s. The symposium responds to the question raised in the June, 2022 report of the Worker Empowerment Research Network about the sustainability of the new labor activism. The symposium essays focus on the themes of "history," "intersectionality," "worker agency," and "hierarchy" and continue the post-World War II transition of the field from a union-centered toward a worker-centered labor sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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10. Household Vulnerability and Childhood Immunization Status in Nigeria.
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Kolawole, Ojewumi Titus, Akinyemi, Akanni, and Solanke, Bola L.
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IMMUNIZATION of children , *COST effectiveness , *HEALTH surveys , *PSYCHOLOGICAL vulnerability , *CHILDBEARING age - Abstract
Immunization is considered one of the most cost-effective public health interventions for reducing childhood morbidity, mortality, and disability globally. However, while global achievement of over 70% coverage rates was sustained in 1990s, wide variations exist between and within countries. In some developing countries, immunization rates increased substantially, but in sub-Saharan Africa, immunization rates plummeted, leaving millions of children vulnerable to life-threatening diseases. In Nigeria, coverage rates for routine immunization for all antigens still fall below 50%. The study examined the overall influence of household vulnerability dimensions, maternal health practices on childhood immunization status in Nigeria. The study used secondary data from 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS). The analytical weighted sample size was 5,824women of reproductive ages (15-49 years) with a live birth in the past 3 years, whose children were within age 12 to 23 months at the time of the survey. The data was analyzed using frequency distribution, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression. The results showed a decreasing regional variation in the proportion of fully immunized children from high of 23.6% in South-West, to a low of 9.1% in North-East. The overall household vulnerability status showed that children in more and most vulnerable households were 62% (OR = 0.38; p<.001; CI [0.32-0.46]) and 89%less likely (OR = 0.11; p <.001; CI [0.08-0.14]) to receive full vaccination compared with their counterpart in non-vulnerable households. The study revealed significant relationship between mothers': (i) number of antenatal visits (OR = 1.66; p<.05; CI [0.25-1.77]); (ii) quality of antenatal care (OR = 2.61; p<.05; CI [1.45-4.67]); (iii) place of delivery (OR = 0.62; p<.05; CI [0.45-0.86]); (iv) assistance during delivery (OR = 0.41; p<.001; CI [0.28-0.57]); (v) time of postnatal check (OR = 1.81; p<.001; CI [1.49-2.19]) and full childhood immunization status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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11. The Centrality of Work: A Comparative Analysis of Work Commitment and Work Orientation in Present-Day Societies.
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Haller, Max, Klösch, Beate, and Hadler, Markus
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WORK orientations , *COMPARATIVE studies , *SOCIAL factors , *SOCIOLOGY of work - Abstract
This paper aims to comprehensively examine the effects of societal and individual characteristics on work-related attitudes, specifically work commitment and work orientations, using a single dataset and comparable models. It also seeks to relate these attitudes to classic theories and understand how societal factors shape work-related attitudes. The analysis is based on data collected by the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) in its work orientations survey. Data is analyzed using factor analyses, correspondence analyses, and multilevel regressions. The paper provides an overview of work-related attitudes at the country level and a detailed analysis of societal and individual variables that shape these attitudes. The results indicate that individual attitudes reflect large societal trends and developments, which are discussed with reference to current studies and classic theories. This paper contributes to understanding work-related attitudes by offering a comprehensive analysis of the effects of societal and individual characteristics, using a single dataset and comparable models. It also relates these attitudes to classic theories and discusses how societal factors shape work-related attitudes. The findings also have policy implications, particularly in the recruitment and retention of highly qualified and motivated workers in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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12. How Relational Publics Become Scandal Audiences: Values and the construction of scandal.
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Pozner, Jo-Ellen and Hannigan, Timothy R.
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CORPORATE culture ,SOCIOLOGY ,EVALUATION ,SOCIAL constructionism ,SOCIAL epistemology - Abstract
We are interested in examining the process of scandal creation through the lens of the audience. Extant work tends to address either the effects of organizational scandal, or the role of the media and social control agents in scandal creation, neglecting the audience. To address this gap, we draw on the sociological concept of the relational public to explore how individual or small group assessments become widely held social evaluations among scandal audiences. We develop a threestage model of organizational scandal creation: first, scandal entrepreneurs and the media frame an organization's behavior as transgressive to media consumers who react within the relational publics they constitute; next, members of those relational publics judge the act in light of their values; finally, as relational publics spread their judgment to adjacent groups, they aggregate and assemble into a scandal audience, activating the scandal. Our model adds to media-centered theories of scandal construction by highlighting the role of heterogeneous audiences and their values, building a nuanced understanding of the process of social evaluation in scandal creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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13. An inspired collaboration with Russian sociologists: An interview with Simon Clarke.
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Ashwin, Sarah and Yakubovich, Valery
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SOCIOLOGISTS , *HOUSEHOLD employees , *ECONOMIC reform , *ECONOMIC impact - Abstract
In 1990, Simon Clarke inaugurated two decades of research of the former Soviet Union through an international collaboration with Russian sociologists that examined a society in the throes of transformation. Along with his colleague Peter Fairbrother, Simon developed a network of Russian researchers in the Institute of Comparative Labour Relations Research. Together they produced a corpus of work that meticulously analysed the impact of economic reform on workplaces and households and the response of workers and their organisations. This piece is an extended version of a published interview with Simon conducted by two of his former students, Sarah Ashwin and Valery Yakubovich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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14. Sociology, labour and transition in post-Soviet Russia: A view from within.
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Morrison, Claudio, Bizyukov, Petr, Ilyin, Vladimir, Kozina, Irina, and Petrova, Larisa
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SOCIAL conflict , *SOCIOLOGY , *FAMILY-owned business enterprises , *EDUCATIONAL sociology , *INDUSTRIAL relations - Abstract
For almost 20 years, since the early 1990s, Professor Simon Clarke led multiple international research projects in Russia, China and Vietnam studying labour relations, enterprise restructuring and household economics under post-socialist transition. Breaking out of post-socialist scholarship's narrow confines, both social and ideological, he led an exploration of the void opened by former Soviet Union disintegration reconnecting with those who brought the brunt of it. Equally unique among western scholars was his promotion of a vast network of former Soviet Union researchers and activists, later formalised in the Institute for Comparative Research in Labour Relations. Here, for the first time, some of its leading scholars reflect on his legacy, methods and ever-lasting contribution to the advancement of sociology and social activism in Russia. Their accounts convey the radically alternative character of the overall project, returning both achievements and limitations. In substantive terms, the emerging picture confirms the indeterminacy and complexity of Clarke's original findings: no linear development from 'the subsumption of labour under capital' to 'familiar patterns of class conflict' has occurred. Instead, growing labour protests follow labour degradation and restructuring, a strong state becoming the arbiter in the stand-off between neoliberalism and workers' resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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15. Towards a historical sociology of associations and dissociations between food, food events and alcoholic drinks: A reply to Warde et al.
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Inglis, David
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HISTORICAL sociology ,ALCOHOL drinking ,PEOPLE with alcoholism ,FOOD chemistry - Abstract
This commentary reflects on the strengths of the paper by Warde et al. entitled "Situated drinking: the association between eating and alcohol consumption in Great Britain". It suggests that practice-theoretical approaches towards studying contemporary connections between foods, food events and alcoholic drinks provides an excellent basis for overcoming the analytical limits of fields such as food studies, drinks studies, alcohol studies and related areas. This is especially so if Warde et al.'s quantitative methodology were to be yoked to two further sources of inspiration, namely Mary Douglas's structuralist analysis of food combinations within food events and Stephen Mennell's utilisation of the concepts and concerns of Norbert Elias to produce a systematic historical sociology of food. An extended inter-paradigmatic approach to the study of how alcoholic drinks relate to foods and eating practices emerges as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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16. "You haven't gone out and done anything": Exploring Disabled Veterans Experiences in Higher Education.
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Cassidy, Steven P. and Albanesi, Heather
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EDUCATION of veterans (Higher) , *VETERANS with disabilities , *SOCIAL anxiety , *SELF-contained classrooms , *MILITARY service , *SOCIAL disabilities - Abstract
Through the analysis of 24 in-depth, semi-structured interviews, this study explored the process through which disability affects veterans' experiences in the university classroom and their social relations with traditional students. Using inductive-exploratory qualitative methods, this study builds upon the sociological understanding of veterans' experiences in higher education. Findings from this study tentatively suggest that while disability related fear/hypervigilance, stigma, and anxiety significantly impact veterans' comfort levels when engaging with traditional students, veterans also externalize the impact of their disability as a social artifact of their military service. More research is needed to determine if the interaction of disability and artifacts of service decreases veterans' ability to integrate well with traditional students in classroom settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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17. A shelter from the abyss: exploring Cicely Saunders' vision of hospice care through the concept of worldview.
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Metzger, Gaudenz Urs
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HOSPICE care , *SOCIOLOGY , *TERMINALLY ill , *INDIVIDUALITY , *HOLISTIC medicine , *PHILOSOPHY , *PALLIATIVE treatment - Abstract
Over the past two decades, a debate has arisen concerning the history and philosophy of hospice and palliative care. This critical essay extends this debate by linking the analysis of Dame Cicely Saunders' writings with the concept of worldview, exploring the modern hospice movement vis-à-vis Saunders' approach to terminal care. Worldviews as cultural classifications of reality provide groups and individuals with meaning to navigate everyday and liminal situations. Using this concept in connection to the discipline of the sociology of knowledge, it is possible to grasp how the origins and principles of modern hospice care, from which current palliative care practices evolved, relate to the sociocultural environment of the postwar era in the West. The analysis focuses on a selected body of Saunders' writings, mainly written in the 1960s and 1970s, and discusses different components and functions of her revolutionary care paradigm. In this essay, I show that Saunders' vision of hospice care entails much more than a set of health care practices; it is a complex construct of knowledge and ideas that offers distinct procedures to shelter the dying from pain and loss of meaning. Her vision builds on medical advances and incorporates norms and attitudes related to secularised Protestant and New Age culture, which fostered privatised types of religion and individualistic ideologies and theodicies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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18. Introduction to the Symposium on National Security and Social Science.
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Travis, Donald Stuart and Shields, Patricia M.
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NATIONAL security , *SOCIAL sciences , *SOCIAL influence , *ACTIVISM , *CONFERENCES & conventions , *POLICY sciences - Abstract
This Symposium on the role of social science in security policy responds to Michael Desch's 2019 book Cult of the Irrelevant: The Waning Influence of Social Science on National Security. Four articles consider Desch's position that the social sciences are becoming increasingly irrelevant in security policy. Yagil Levy and Peter Feaver challenge Desch's perspective. Alan Okros and Rebecca Jensen largely concur with Desch's perspective. Rebecca Schiff asserts that Desch's analysis fell short by overlooking the divisive role of university activism and political narratives in his discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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19. Big semiotics: Beyond signs and symbols.
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Lawes, Rachel
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MARKETING ,SEMIOTICS ,TELEVISION advertising ,POSTMODERNISM (Philosophy) - Abstract
This article is for marketers who use semiotics. It argues that semiotic analysis is not complete until signs and symbols are meaningfully connected to society, culture, and ideology. The unique qualities of top-down semiotics are explained. The implications for semiotics of structuralism and post-structuralism are discussed. Research questions are suggested and various kinds of analysis are demonstrated: diachronic, synchronic, and ideological analysis. Key concepts in analysis are explored such as power, simulation, and reading against the grain. Readers are directed to Foucault, Baudrillard, and Derrida as leaders in postmodern and post-structuralist thought. Theory is applied to examples likely to be of interest to marketers such as celebrity merchandise, smartphone accessories, and the TV advertising of a British department store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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20. Theory toolbox for historical explanation: An essay in analytic sociology.
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Willer, David and Emanuelson, Pamela
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SOCIOLOGY , *STRUCTURAL analysis (Engineering) , *SOCIAL structure , *MODEL theory , *SOCIOLOGISTS - Abstract
Merton proposed middle range theories, not as ends in themselves, but as bases for a consolidation to explain broader phenomenon. More than a half century has passed since Merton's consolidation proposal and in that time a number of experimentally tested middle range theories have been developed. Certainly, the next step should be a consolidation. Yet, to our knowledge, no one has previously offered a consolidation of experimentally tested theories and applied it for explanation. This paper offers a consolidation of middle range theories formulated to explain the rise of the pristine state. Two theories of this consolidation, Status Characteristics Theory and Elementary Theory, form the core of what Analytic Sociologists have called a toolbox of theories. Our toolbox forms an integrated consolidation in two ways. First, the social structures modeled by the theories form a path-dependent process of increasing benefits gained by the elites of the structures. Second, the end conditions of each step of the process are the initial conditions of the next. Whereas the theories in our toolbox have previously been seen as applying exclusively to microstructures, we have encountered no difficulties in scaling them up to apply to macrostructures. While we hope the consolidation has validity in explaining the occurrence of pristine states, this paper's significance lies in its demonstration that today social theories can be consolidated and applied for explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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21. Sexual Assault Case Attrition: The Voices of Survivors.
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Murphy-Oikonen, Jodie, Chambers, Lori, Miller, Ainsley, and McQueen, Karen
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SEXUAL assault , *CRIMINAL justice system , *VICTIMIZATION rates , *POLICE communication systems , *WOMEN'S studies - Abstract
Sexual assault case attrition is pervasive within the criminal justice process. Despite initiating a police report following sexual victimization, many survivors make the decision to withdraw their police report and do not proceed with charges. Attrition of sexual assault cases at the point of entry to the criminal justice system is problematic for survivors as justice is not achieved and connections to support services are lacking. As such, the purpose of this research was to explore the first-hand account of sexual assault survivors who withdrew their report of sexual assault after disclosing the victimization to the police. Qualitative research was used to explore the experience of 14 sexual assault survivors who met the inclusion criteria for the study. Data collection included open-ended interviews that were audio-recorded, transcribed, and entered into NVIVO for analysis. Colaizzi's analytic method was used to analyze the data and resulted in the identification of three themes related to the decision not to pursue charges and a fourth theme describing the overall essence of the decision-making process. These themes included: (1) Overwhelming Police Process, (2) Police Communication about Charging/Process, (3) Loss of Faith in Justice System, and (4) No Hope. These findings provide insight from survivors supporting the saliency of the disclosure experience and the power of police communication. A trauma-informed police response during sexual assault disclosures is recommended based on the critical importance of supporting survivors, improving the investigative process, and holding perpetrators accountable. This approach may decrease attrition and improve justice for victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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22. Depressive Symptoms of Chinese Rural-to-Urban Migrant Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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Yan, Lixia, Wang, Siyuan, Yuan, Yang, Zhang, Yu, and Zhang, Junhua
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RURAL-urban migration , *CHILDREN of migrant laborers , *DEPRESSION in children , *META-analysis , *APPLIED psychology - Abstract
There are many contradictions in previous studies of the status of depressive symptoms among Chinese migrant children, the number of which in the compulsory education stage is about 13.9 million. This systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to compare depressive symptoms among migrant children and their urban children. Around 2,710 papers were retrieved from PubMed, OVID, the Web of Knowledge, CNKI, Wan Fang, Chongqing VIP, and Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index on January 27, 2020. Thirty-Two studies met study criteria with 14,906 migrant children and 10,792 urban children. Migrant children scored significantly higher for depressive symptoms score (SMD = 0.307, 95% CI [0.222, 0.393]). Region significantly influenced the difference of depressive symptoms between migrant children and urban children. Large effect sizes came from studies using scales that focus on depressive mood while studies using scales that focus on depressive behavioural symptoms had small effect sizes. Future research should focus on treatments to decrease depressive mood of migrant children. Future studies can add information about the length of their current stay in the urban location to improve the quality of study. PROSPERO registry: Systematic review registration no. CRD42018090676. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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23. Living Liminal Lives: Army Partners' Spatiotemporal Experiences of Deployment.
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Long, Emma
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MILITARY life , *LIFE partners , *MILITARY dependents , *DEPLOYMENT (Military strategy) , *MILITARY research - Abstract
The emotional cycle of deployment theorized by Logan and adapted by Pincus, House, Christenson, and Alder is often applied by academics and military support agencies to define, explain, and provide advice on the experiences and possible emotional reactions of military families during phases of deployment. Interviews with army partners showed that spatiotemporal experiences and perspectives are more complex than those afforded by the emotional cycle of deployment. This article argues that applying the concept of liminality uncovers some of this complexity, illuminating the in-between times experienced during deployments that are otherwise hidden. Army partners move through and between deployments and deployment phases haunted by specters of past and future deployments. By disrupting seemingly chronological and discrete spatiotemporal narratives, which often frame research on military families and deployment, this article demonstrates how army partners move through and between deployments and deployment stages negotiating past and future deployments. It shows how they continuously adapt and evolve practices while negotiating interpreted pasts and imagined futures in pursuit of becoming "ideal." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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24. Qualitative Research Studies Online: Using Prompted Weekly Journal Entries During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
- Author
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Rudrum, Sarah, Casey, Rebecca, Frank, Lesley, Brickner, Rachel K., MacKenzie, Sami, Carlson, Jesse, and Rondinelli, Elisabeth
- Subjects
- *
COVID-19 pandemic , *BLOGS , *QUALITATIVE research , *TELECOMMUTING , *PUBLIC health research - Abstract
Solicited journal entries are a qualitative research method with a fairly strong tradition in sociological research and particularly in qualitative health research. However, the practices and strengths associated with solicited journal entries have not been explored as frequently or comprehensively as more conventional qualitative research methods, such as interviews. During the COVID-19 pandemic we carried out two online studies employing solicited written journal entries and photos. One study focused on pregnancy and health care experiences during the pandemic and the other on everyday life while working from home due to public health restrictions. Here, we discuss solicited online journal entries as a qualitative method and reflect on the strengths and challenges we encountered, including those related to using the online survey tool LimeSurvey for a qualitative diary-based study. The richness of data and the ability to solicit participants' contemporaneous reflections over the course of a set length of time, the ability to reach people across time zones and in multiple places, and the ability to adapt prompts in a quickly changing research context are major strengths of online journaling. The level of commitment required by participants, the potential for attrition, the need for literacy and technology access, and the large amount of data from each participant are potential limitations for researchers to consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Technical Support or Symbolic Threat? French Military Technicians Versus Private Providers.
- Author
-
Clouet, Hadrien
- Subjects
- *
LABOR costs , *CONTRACTING out , *PRIVATE companies , *MILITARY relations , *TELECOMMUNICATION - Abstract
Since the mid-2000s, French military telecommunications have been partially outsourced to private companies. This was justified by an intent for budgetary savings and efficiency. However, an interview survey conducted among military technicians shows that this transfer weighs upon their work and expectations. Outsourcing damages the profession's appeal, deprives staff of strategic resources, and places their time under the control of private providers. This represents a symbolic cost for the personnel committed to the institution but also grants symbolic benefits to officers who are hostile to the process. Although they were not designed for this purpose, market procedures closely regulate the activity of frontline military technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Classification of Urban Spaces: An Attempt to Classify Al-Baha City Urban Spaces Using Carmona's Classification.
- Author
-
Alzahrani, Abdulaziz
- Abstract
Due to an increasingly complex mixture of different types of public spaces and their functions in cities, the role of public spaces can be enhanced to serve users under certain circumstances. This paper examines Carmona's classification of urban spaces in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. Carmona introduces a classification that uses aspects of function, perception, and ownership to distinguish between space types. Twenty urban space types are recognized in four groups, representing a variety from clearly public to private space. The classifications of public spaces will be discussed to arrive at classifications for public spaces based on how public spaces are managed. The article builds an understanding of how such classifications relate to how real public spaces are provided today. In this case study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) map is created for Al-Baha Central District and includes the resulting classifications. From the 119 urban spaces selected to represent this study equally distributed across the study area, there are 12 types that public spaces match Carmona's classification. The classification of urban spaces for this case study revealed the complexity of public spaces' nature and the difficulty of distinguishing what is public. Public spaces tend to change and develop over time through other uses and activities. However, the classification of public spaces is a valuable tool that policymakers and planners can use to set comprehensive development plan programs and plan open space strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. “I do the she and her”: A qualitative exploration of HIV care providers’ considerations of trans women in gender-specific HIV care.
- Author
-
Lacombe-Duncan, Ashley, Berringer, Kathryn R., Green, Jennifer, Jacobs, Amy, and Hamdi, Amy
- Subjects
HIV infections ,HIV-positive persons ,SOCIOLOGY ,HEALTH services accessibility ,GENDER affirming care ,TRANS women ,ATTITUDES of medical personnel ,FEMINISM ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,MEDICAL care research ,INTERSECTIONALITY ,RESEARCH funding ,HEALTH equity ,GENDER specific care ,MEDICAL needs assessment - Abstract
Objectives: Women of all genders, including cisgender (cis) and transgender (trans) women, experience social and structural drivers of HIV inequities and pervasive barriers to HIV care. Yet, little is known about how HIV care providers address gender diversity in health care. Through a critical feminist lens informed by intersectionality theory, medical anthropology, and critical sociology, we explored (1) how do HIV care providers describe women living with HIV’s care needs and barriers; (2) what are their perspectives on optimal HIV care for women; and (3) to what extent do these conceptualizations include/exclude trans women. Methods: Utilizing a community-based exploratory qualitative study design, we conducted 60–90 minute semi-structured individual interviews from March 2019–April 2020 with eight HIV care providers (n = 4 social service providers; n = 4 physicians) practicing across seven counties representative of rural, suburban, and urban Michigan, United States. Data were analyzed utilizing a reflexive thematic approach. Results: Three overarching themes emerged: (1) Emphasis on (different) clinical needs: key considerations in cis and trans women’s HIV care; (2) Recognition of the structural: barriers to HIV care affecting women of all genders; and (3) Proposed solutions: piecing together individual, social, and organizational interventions to increase access to HIV care that may benefit women living with HIV of all genders but are disproportionately framed as being for cis women. While HIV care providers recognized both cis and trans women living with HIV’s clinical care needs and structural barriers to care, they rarely envisioned optimal HIV care inclusive of gender affirmation and structural interventions. Conclusions: Findings suggest that HIV care providers can avoid reducing gender to biology and making assumptions about reproductive care needs, endocrinological care needs, caregiving responsibilities, and other life circumstances; provide gender-affirming medical care; and address structural barriers to HIV care to enhance intersectional and structurally focused gender-affirming—that is, trans-inclusive—women-centered HIV care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Military Covenants and Contracts in Motion: Reservists as Transmigrants 10 Years Later.
- Author
-
Gazit, Nir, Lomsky-Feder, Edna, and Ari, Eyal Ben
- Subjects
- *
DEFENSE contracts , *COVENANTS (Law) , *MILITARY reserve forces , *MILITARY relations , *IDENTITY (Psychology) - Abstract
This article reexamines and develops the analytical metaphor of "Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants" in three directions. First, we advance the notion of transmigration by linking it to the explicit and implicit "contracts" or agreements struck between the military and individuals and groups within and outside of it. Second, we show that the "management" model of reserve forces is not just an administrative matter but that "negotiating" with reservists involves wider issues that include managing identity, commitment, and the meaning attached to military service. Third, we examine the institutional and political meaning of the reserves at the macro sociological level. The juxtaposition and interplay of two models—transmigration and multiple contracts—allows us to introduce structural elements into the movement of soldiers between the military and civilian society, and add a dynamic dimension to the contents of the implicit contracts that organize reservists' relations with the state and military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Military Loyalty as a Moral Emotion.
- Author
-
Connor, James, Andrews, Dia Jade, Noack-Lundberg, Kyja, and Wadham, Ben
- Subjects
- *
LOYALTY , *MILITARY personnel , *SEMI-structured interviews - Abstract
Loyalty between soldiers is idealized as an emotion that promotes cohesion and combat effectiveness. However, little empirical work has examined how military personnel understand, feel, and enact loyalty. We use a symbolic interactionalist informed frame to explore the lived experience of 24 retired Australian Defence Force members via in-depth semi-structured interviews. Our analysis revealed three core themes: (1) Loyalty as reciprocity, where there was an expectation that loyalty would be returned no matter what. (2) The importance of emotional connection for cohesion. (3) Loyalty as a prioritizing process, where a soldier's loyalties gave them a way of choosing between competing demands. Loyalty is a moral emotion that enabled sensemaking. Close interpersonal loyalties tended to trump wider/diffused loyalties. Respondents understood their loyalties to fellow soldiers within wider social constructs of mateship and professionalism. The findings show the risks that come from a reliance on loyalty for combat cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. What about school principals' well-being? The role of social capital
- Author
-
Philip Riley, Simon Beausaert, Andrea Gallant, Dominik E. Froehlich, Educational Research and Development, RS: GSBE Theme Creativity, Innovation & Entrepreneurship, and RS: GSBE Theme Learning and Work
- Subjects
STRESS ,SYMPTOMS ,TEACHERS ,Strategy and Management ,COPENHAGEN PSYCHOSOCIAL QUESTIONNAIRE ,empirical paper ,VALIDATION ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,well-being ,SELF-RATED HEALTH ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,health ,Public relations ,PERFORMANCE ,Mental health ,Variety (cybernetics) ,Threatened species ,Well-being ,BURNOUT ,School principal ,social capital ,LEADERSHIP ,business ,0503 education ,Social capital - Abstract
The well-being and mental health of principals is being threatened by changing working conditions such as a broader variety of roles and tasks. In this article, we argue that social capital might buffer against declining (mental) health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential influence of social capital, including both internal (bonding) and external (bridging and linking) social capital, on principals’ well-being. A longitudinal study was set up across three waves of data. Questionnaires were collected from 2084 Australian principals and 829 Irish principals, across six and two timepoints, respectively. The hypotheses were tested using a longitudinal path model approach using maximum likelihood estimation in lavaan for R. In line with our hypotheses, the results indicated that principals who reported higher levels of either internal or external social capital also reported higher levels of well-being. More specifically, support from colleagues outside the school and supervisor support (external social capital) and collaboration and trust in management (internal social capital) predicted well-being positively across time. The results of this study highlight the importance of having social support from colleagues and supervisors and possibilities for collaboration to maintain well-being as a school principal.
- Published
- 2023
31. Too Red for Crowdfunding: The Legitimation and Adoption of Crowdfunding Across Political Cultures.
- Author
-
Lewis, Alexander C., Cordero, Arkangel M., and Xiong, Rachael
- Subjects
POLITICAL culture ,CROWD funding - Abstract
Institutional change is typically studied at the organizational field level; we leverage political culture to examine how the context in which these fields are embedded influence processes of institutional change within such fields. Specifically, we look at the effect of conservative political culture on legitimation and adoption of crowdfunding in the United States. We find that crowdfunding is less popular and more slowly legitimated in conservative regions. However, we also find that crowdfunding's legitimacy is more important in these regions and that once a legitimacy threshold is reached, the adoption of crowdfunding in conservative regions surpasses that in liberal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Elusive Domination and the Fate of Critique in Neo-participative Management: A French Pragmatist Approach.
- Author
-
Daudigeos, Thibault, Edwards, Tim, Jaumier, Stéphane, Pasquier, Vincent, and Picard, Hélène
- Subjects
EMOTIONS ,SOCIOLOGY ,ENCOURAGEMENT ,ARGUMENT - Abstract
In this theoretical paper we investigate how domination has adapted to the new social settings of a flexible and pluralist economy. Building on French pragmatic sociology, we propose an understanding of organizational domination whereby workers are enabled and encouraged to overtly express critique, yet work is nevertheless effectively obtained from dominated actors. Domination is here mainly understood as a system through which workers are engaged in action despite critiquing that action. We propose the concept of elusive domination as a combination of three mechanisms that undermine critique's capacity to influence organizational power arrangements. First, ideological plasticity allows elusive domination to disarm critique by depriving it of its argument. Next, a combination of fast-changing rules and sacrosanct conventions prevents critique from settling, and thus deprives it of its object. Finally, emotions displayed in the workplace are filtered. The encouragement of positive and constructive critique coupled with the repression of uncomfortable feelings deprives critique of its source of indignation. The consequences of such developments for current debates on organizational domination are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants—Two Decades On: A Research Note.
- Author
-
Ben Ari, Eyal, Lomsky-Feder, Edna, and Gazit, Nir
- Abstract
The choice of our article—Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants—for the 50th anniversary of
Armed Forces & Society special issue indicates heightened interest in reserve forces and recognition of their organizational and social uniqueness. At base of our previous publications was animplicit assumption that reservists belong to diverse and representative social and cultural groups. In other words, we did not explicitly address the issues of the social distribution of reservists. In this short piece, we turn that assumption into a variable so that the key questions that arise for further research are “Who serves in the reserves?” and “What are the implications of the social distribution of reservists?” While these questions have been addressed in regard to conscripts and regulars, there is a dearth of relevant studies on reserves. We suggest that this line of analysis further illuminates the complexity of contracts and dynamics between reservists, the military, and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Diversity Management and the Postdiversity Vision: An Applied Pragmatist Approach.
- Author
-
Galvin, Thomas P. and Allen, Charles D.
- Subjects
- *
DIVERSITY in organizations , *PRAGMATISM , *DON'T Ask, Don't Tell (Military policy) , *REPEAL of legislation , *TRANSGENDER military personnel ,UNITED States armed forces - Abstract
The U.S. Military institutionalized diversity management to ensure equality of treatment and opportunity for members while eliminating discrimination in all its forms. But progress toward diversity goals has been inconsistent. For example, the U.S. Military's implementation of the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell law was less successful in integrating transgender soldiers. Meanwhile, recent sexual harassment scandals show that progress is similarly fleeting in gender relations. In this article, we argue that while the aims of diversity management are important, they need an accompanying vision of what the future looks like after achieving those aims. The postdiversity vision includes more than the elimination of discriminatory behaviors; it describes what the defense establishment looks like and how it functions when diversity management is no longer required. Expressing this vision allows for more reliable and durable measures of performance and effectiveness of inclusion efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Self-Definition and Evaluation of the Term “Childfree” Among Hong Kong Women
- Abstract
The term “childless” is highly problematic. Attempts to split it into “voluntary” and “involuntary” may appear to give more detail on context, but the differentiation can be misleading. The condition of “-less” has negative connotations and implies “missing” something; possibly something which is “natural.” The term “childfree” has been employed as an alternative expression which denotes active choice, freedom, and emancipation. Few studies, however, have explored how individuals refer to themselves, or how they interpret—or even care—about these distinctions. Such existing studies only explore the use of these English expressions among speakers of English as their primary language. This exploratory qualitative study explores how women without children define themselves in their native language in an Asian setting—Cantonese in Hong Kong. It also explores how such women interpret the various terms developed in English to describe their circumstances. Respondents refer to themselves in neutral, factual terms—literally “without children.” Others make an explicit link between being unmarried and childless status. While respondents find the English expression of “childfree” positive, they do not express a strong need to either deploy it in English, nor “develop” a Cantonese equivalent. The study provides further evidence that “labels” generated and applied by academics in one context and in one language may not be universally applicable.
- Published
- 2023
36. Hormonally Active Contraceptives, Part II: Sociological, Environmental, and Economic Impact.
- Author
-
Williams, William V., Brind, Joel, Haynes, Laura, Manhart, Michael D., Klaus, Hanna, Lanfranchi, Angela, Migeon, Gerard, Gaskins, Michael, Šeman, Elvis I., Ruppersberger, Lester, and Raviele, Kathleen M.
- Subjects
CROHN'S disease ,ULCERATIVE colitis ,MULTIPLE sclerosis ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors ,ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring ,VEINS ,MEDICAL care costs ,CONTRACEPTIVES ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,OSTEOPOROSIS ,ATHEROSCLEROSIS ,PRIMARY health care ,THROMBOEMBOLISM ,MENTAL depression ,CERVIX uteri tumors ,SYSTEMIC lupus erythematosus ,BREAST tumors ,INTERSTITIAL cystitis ,BONE fractures - Abstract
To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with deleterious effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and incarceration, among others. The environmental impact is discussed briefly and includes the feminization and trans-gendering of male fish downstream from the effluent of city wastewater treatment plants with declining fish populations. The potential economic impact of most of these side effects is estimated based on epidemiologic data and published estimates of costs of caring for the diseases which are linked to the use of hormonally active contraceptives. Hormonally active contraceptives appear to have a deleterious impact on multiple aspects of women's health as well as negative economic and environmental impacts. These risks can be avoided through the use of nonhormonal methods and need to be more clearly conveyed to the public. Summary: Hormonal contraceptives have wide-ranging effects. The potential economic impact of the medical side effects is estimated. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage and an increase in divorce with negative effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality and incarceration among others. The environmental impact includes hormonal effects on fish with declining fish populations. Women seeking birth control have a right to know about how to avoid these risks by using effective hormone-free methods like Fertility Awareness Methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The Military Scandal: Its Definition, Dynamics, and Significance.
- Author
-
Andrews, Dia Jade, Connor, James, and Wadham, Ben
- Subjects
- *
CIVIL-military relations , *SCANDALS , *SOCIOLOGY , *MASS media , *MILITARY science - Abstract
Military scandals are disruptive episodes that can have long-lasting organizational consequences for military institutions. Recently, scholars who study military institutions have sought to understand this phenomenon and its significance. However, given their complexity and empirically opaque nature, military scandals are difficult to study, and a general account of this phenomenon has remained elusive. This article addresses this problem by drawing upon the growing field of scandal research to present a definition and account of the military scandal. We argue that military scandals are episodes of mediatized public moral conflict concerning transgressions involving the military institution, its members, and/or associated actors. We employ Ari Adut's theory of public attention as a core explanation of scandal dynamics and effects and use this to argue that the military scandal phenomenon can be employed to simultaneously examine interactions and relationships between the military, the state, news media organizations, and civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. "I'm Not Your 'Typical' Military Wife": The Construction of Gender and Agency Through Stereotypes.
- Author
-
Ziff, Elizabeth and Garland-Jackson, Felicia
- Subjects
- *
MILITARY culture , *MILITARY dependents , *FAMILIES of military personnel , *STEREOTYPES , *MILITARY spouses , *GENDER - Abstract
Within the institution and military community, civilian wives of service members occupy complicated roles. On the one hand, wives are undisputedly crucial to the functioning of their service member husbands. However, wives are simultaneously considered subordinate to their husbands within the military and extended community. Indicative of this attitude are the divisive stereotypes of military wives that range from lazy and irresponsible, to overly rank-conscious and entitled. Based on combined in-depth interviews from two samples of military wives, this article investigates how the women navigate the military spouse role within the institutional, community-oriented context of the military. Specifically, we ask, how do these women construct gender and exercise agency when drawing on the stereotypes of wives within the community? By utilizing such mechanisms as symbolic boundary work, gender policing, and stereotyping, women both reify stereotypes of the military spouse and exert agency in creating the military spouse identity for themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Full-Spectrum Social Science for a Broader View on Cohesion.
- Author
-
Käihkö, Ilmari and Haldén, Peter
- Subjects
- *
UNIT cohesion (Military science) , *SOCIAL sciences , *EUROCENTRISM , *SOCIOLOGY , *SOCIAL cohesion - Abstract
In October 2018, Armed Forces & Society published a special issue dedicated to broadening the perspective on military cohesion from the narrow focus on 20th and 21st Western state militaries and the microlevel. The special issue emphasized the need for a theoretical and methodological broadening of the study of cohesion: In order to understand the majority of armed groups in the world, it is necessary to investigate macro- and mesolevel preconditions of microlevel cohesion. Such preconditions include the existence of states, nations, and modern military organization. These are specific to modern, Western contexts, and rarely feature in historical or non-Western cases. In many cases, investigating these preconditions requires qualitative methods. In a critical response, Siebold contested some of the arguments of the special issue, claiming that our argument was exaggerated and our methodologies inadequate. In this reply, we seek to clarify some of the issues and arguments at stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Reading and Leading: Interviews With RBPE Editors About the Past and the Future of the Review.
- Author
-
Coleman, Major G.
- Subjects
BLACK political candidates ,RACISM ,SOCIOLOGY ,FINANCE ,PRACTICAL politics - Abstract
The Review of Black Political Economy has been a leader on issues of race and economics, politics, sociology and area studies. After half a century of shaping minds, critical ideas and arguments, the time has come to look back and ask the editors of the Review what they saw when they were at the helm, and what they see ahead. While all their views are different, common themes emerged: 1. The need to embrace new technologies, 2. Making the Review the first pick for top scholars, 3. Relevancy in the post-civil rights era, and 4. Finance for the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Intermarriage and the U.S. Military.
- Author
-
Houseworth, Christina A. and Grayson, Keoka
- Subjects
- *
INTERRACIAL marriage , *MILITARY culture , *MILITARY sociology , *CIVIL-military relations , *FAMILIES of military personnel , *AFRICAN American military personnel - Abstract
This article uses a comprehensive descriptive analysis to examine the determinants of racial intermarriage for native-born men and women using the 2012 American Community Survey. A comparison between military and civilian samples is the main focus of the article. We improve upon the existing literature by identifying the proximity of the respondent's current residence to a military base and including an analysis of anti-miscegenation laws by state. Further, we provide a cohort analysis to parse out generational differences. We find that military members are more likely to intermarry, regardless of cohort, and that non-White military members have higher rates of education than their civilian counterparts. Black females in the military are more educated and have a significantly higher rate of intermarriage than their civilian counterparts. Additionally, the difference in intermarriage rates between civilian and military members is 31 percentage points higher for Black women than Black men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Concrete Culture: The Planning Hearing as a Stage for Cultural Debates
- Author
-
Neil Thomas Smith, RS: FASoS MUSTS, and Philosophy
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,ARCHITECTURE ,General Social Sciences ,concert hall ,cultural policy ,MUSIC ,culture ,Politics ,materialities ,DESIGN ,Aesthetics ,Stage (stratigraphy) ,Sociology ,Architecture ,POLITICS ,Cultural policy - Abstract
This article is an investigation into how cultural debates are staged within the planning hearing for a new concert hall in Edinburgh. Through an analysis of the hearing and interviews with protagonists, it shows how the material, in this case the proposed concrete cladding, functions within a cultural controversy, providing an excellent example of how materials are socially mediated. The findings suggest that the debates over cultural impact and elitism rehearsed in the hearing are inextricably tied to two opposing ontologies of concrete, one very fixed, the other far more open. It is argued that planning hearings are an under-explored area in which cultural policy is effected, though the entwinement – indeed co-constitution – of material and cultural issues shows that the course and eventual conclusion of these debates are highly complex.
- Published
- 2022
43. Entrepreneurship Education at the Crossroads
- Author
-
Deema Refai, Fabrice Cavarretta, Alain Fayolle, Erwan Lamy, Elen Riot, Marcus Alexandre Yshikawa Salusse, Radi Haloub, Marco van Gelderen, Caroline Verzat, David Higgins, Michela Loi, and Management and Organisation
- Subjects
happiness entrepreneurship ,ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION ,Strategy and Management ,paradigms ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Entrepreneurship education ,Work (electrical) ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,values ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,positive stereotypes ,Engineering ethics ,Sociology ,entrepreneurship education - Abstract
This work presents a synthesis of a debate regarding taken-for-granted assumptions and challenges in entrepreneurship education, matured after a developmental workshop organized to increase the research salience of the field. From the five contributions selected, three challenges emerge. The first is recognizing that participants’ representations about entrepreneurship play a crucial role in defining goals and impact of entrepreneurship education; second, integrating new perspectives of conceiving entrepreneurship into the current models of teaching entrepreneurship; and, lastly, facilitating the integration of entrepreneurship knowledge into practice. These challenges opened up to a conception of entrepreneurship education as a dynamic concept reflecting personal values, societal changes, and cultural differences. As a result, learning places of entrepreneurship education promotes exploration and not adaptation to existing schemes, where personal models for practicing entrepreneurship have room to emerge. Defining knowledge priorities, instead of targeting knowledge exhaustiveness, becomes of greatest importance to make entrepreneurship education‘s impact more relevant.
- Published
- 2022
44. Musical pathfinders of the kindergarten.
- Author
-
Knudsen, Jan Sverre, Aglen, Gry Sagmo, Danbolt, Ingrid, and Engesnes, Nina
- Subjects
- *
CULTURAL pluralism , *CAREER development , *MUSIC & technology , *PROFESSIONAL identity , *KINDERGARTEN - Abstract
Based on an empirical study in selected Norwegian kindergartens, this article investigates the practice of musically active employees, with or without professional training. The overarching aim is to develop an understanding of early childhood music practitioners that may challenge dominant views of professional identity and provide some new images of what it means to work musically in a kindergarten. Departing from a sociological approach, five different 'musical pathfinders' are identified: the disc jockey, the facilitator, the choir leader, the caregiver and the performer. These 'ideal types' are discussed in the light of issues concerning cultural diversity, negotiations of professionalism, repertoire selection, the use of music technology, children's participation, and the relationship between formal and informal learning. The discussion raises critical questions concerning music activity in early childhood institutions, highlighting professionals' personal cultural experiences, preferences and practices as legitimate points of reference in the development of professional identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Military Service and Physical Capital: Framing Musculoskeletal Disorders Among American Military Veterans Using Pierre Bourdieu's Theory of Cultural Capital.
- Author
-
Hinojosa, Ramon, Hinojosa, Melanie Sberna, and Nguyen, Jenny
- Subjects
- *
VETERANS' health , *AMERICAN veterans , *MILITARY service , *MUSCULOSKELETAL system diseases , *CULTURAL capital - Abstract
There are 22 million veterans in the U.S. Armed Forces. Past research on the musculoskeletal health of military veterans has explored the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) but largely avoids situating findings within a theoretical framework. This article uses Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital to contextualize veteran's greater rates of MSDs compared to nonmilitary civilians. Cultural capital consists of objectified, institutional, and embodied capital that can be transubstantiated to capital in other areas. Embodied or physical capital is central to military service, and military veteran status is beneficial in accessing social and institutional capital. Using the 2012–2014 National Health Interview Survey, we show veterans are more likely to report activity-limiting MSDs, and at younger ages, compared to nonveterans. Physical capital is central to, and impaired by, status as a veteran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Student Veterans' Academic Performance Before and After the Post–9/11 GI Bill.
- Author
-
Bailey, Amy Kate, Drury, Madisen B., and Grandy, Hannah
- Subjects
- *
AMERICAN veterans , *ACADEMIC achievement , *COLLEGE curriculum , *LABOR market , *HIGHER education finance ,UNITED States. Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 - Abstract
This article uses student records from a nonselective public institution to assess whether student veterans' academic performance and preparation differed before and after the post–9/11 GI Bill. We find equivalent ACT scores between cohorts who were and were not eligible for this new funding source, suggesting similar academic preparation. Grade point averages are also invariant across cohorts. We identify a large decline in the probability that student veterans eligible for post–9/11 GI Bill funding pursue degrees in science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines. These results suggest that increased access to college funding had no effects on academic performance and distributed student veterans more broadly across the university curriculum, suggesting an important policy strategy to help recent veterans successfully transition to the civilian labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Social Entrepreneurship Research: Past Achievements and Future Promises.
- Author
-
Saebi, Tina, Foss, Nicolai J., and Linder, Stefan
- Subjects
SOCIAL entrepreneurship ,RESEARCH ,GROWTH ,SOCIOLOGY ,ETHICS - Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a surge of research interest in social entrepreneurship (SE). This has resulted in important insights concerning the role of SE in fostering inclusive growth and institutional change. However, the rapid growth of SE research, the emerging nature of the literature, and the fact that SE builds on different disciplines and fields (e.g., entrepreneurship, sociology, economics, ethics) have led to a rather fragmented literature without dominant frameworks. This situation risks leading to a duplication of efforts and hampers cumulative knowledge growth. Drawing on 395 peer-reviewed articles on SE, we (1) identify gaps in SE research on three levels of analysis (i.e., individual, organizational, institutional), (2) proffer an integrative multistage, multilevel framework, and (3) discuss promising avenues for further research on SE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Organized Armed Groups as Ruling Organizations.
- Author
-
Haldén, Peter
- Subjects
- *
UNIT cohesion (Military science) , *MILITARY sociology , *COMMAND of troops , *MILITIAS , *GUERRILLAS - Abstract
Previous studies of the cohesion of organized armed groups (OAGs) have made great progress, but they have mostly focused on units fighting for modern Western states. I argue that the study of OAGs that contain their own legitimacy requires a broadened theoretical framework. Such groups may be conceptualized as “ruling organizations” in Max Weber’s terminology. Examples of such groups range from early medieval warbands to modern militias and guerrillas. Members of ruling organizations obey commands for a combination of three reasons: rational, traditional, and charismatic—these in turn form the basis of the legitimacy of the organization. Pinpointing the foundations of obedience in a group provides us with another way of emphasizing weak points that we want to either target or reinforce. This study contributes theoretically to the study of cohesion by linking it to theories of legitimacy in political orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Soldiers Without an Army? Patronage Networks and Cohesion in the Armed Forces of the DR Congo.
- Author
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Verweijen, Judith
- Subjects
- *
UNIT cohesion (Military science) , *MILITARY personnel attitudes , *MILITARY sociology , *COMMAND of troops , *ARMED Forces - Abstract
This article analyzes the effects of patronage networks on cohesion in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It shows that while patronage networks provide support to individual military personnel, they undermine both peer and commander–subordinate bonding. They promote unequal service conditions and statuses and link these to extra-unit and extra-military forms of social identification, which are further reinforced by soldiers’ living and generating revenue among civilians. Furthermore, they impair meritocracy and frustrate the extent to which commanders live up to their subordinates’ expectations. As they fuel internal conflicts, often around revenue generation, and foster bad service conditions and distrust toward the political and military leadership, patronage networks also undermine institutional cohesion. The article concludes that cohesion formation in the FARDC follows different patterns than in well-institutionalized and well-resourced militaries. Given that cohesion impacts combat performance and norm enforcement, these findings are relevant for defense reform efforts and military cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Andreas Reckwitz Die Gesellschaft der Singularitäten - Zum Strukturwandel der Moderne [The society of singularities - On the transformation of modernity].
- Author
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Gümüsay, Ali Aslan
- Subjects
SOCIAL change ,SOCIAL theory ,SOCIOLOGY - Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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