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Severe congenital impairments in one child will affect the whole family, possibly for a generation if the child remains at home as an adult. Disability acquired in adult life will affect both partners as roles are gained or relinquished. For children this may result in a loss of parenting. The adjustment process to any psychological or personality changes may be very painful, particularly if children have no one outside the family to provide informed support. Acquired illness or disability in children may have enormous consequences for siblings, the health of the parents and the whole fabric of family life, often resulting in family isolation. In some Asian families, the feeling that the extended family unit is self sufficient and able to provide care may conflict with the ideal of increasing independence fostered by the professionals, and limit the possibility of support from social workers or psychologists. The extended family may reduce the need for statutory support. The expectation that care will be provided to old people by their daughters or daughters-in-law may be frustrated if the younger generation of women are disabled or otherwise engaged, resulting in possible family strife or rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Behavioral Scientist (ABS) was one of the first significant journals to publish a special issue on environmental justice (EJ). The influential volume, published in 2000, bore the title Advances in EJ: Research, Theory, and Methodology. The volume contained classic EJ theoretical essays such as Taylor's "The rise of the EJ paradigm" and Pellow's "Environmental inequality formation." ABS has published other influential EJ scholarship since then. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has produced an upsurge of interest in affect and emotion. The classic theorists always recognized the important motivating force of affective response. In the late 1970's, sociologists challenged the popular view that emotions were a private, biological or psychological phenomenon by expressing the insight that most emotions originate in social events. Much debate has centered on the dispute between positivist autonomic and social constructionist positions. There are many signs now that the fast-growing research on emotions is maturing into a more highly developed substantive area. Having successfully declared the sociological relevance of the new subfield. Researchers interested in the new social analyses of emotions have formed their own community to a large extent. Quantitative work in the emotion area seems to be focused on stable aspects of affective response. Some surveys use traditional questionnaires to assess cultural beliefs. Others measure sentiments, the relatively enduring affective features of ongoing relationships.

This special issue addresses the science and imagination of living generously. Generosity is investigated from multiple disciplinary approaches, across the seven articles included in the issue. The first article engages an economic approach to address heterogeneity and generosity for adult Americans, analyzing charitable giving before and after the great recession of 2008. The second article engages a psychological approach to investigate later life-course generosity by studying mortality salience – concerns over the end of life – and age effects on charitable donations. The third article engages sociological and management approaches to study how social science data impacts generosity, by investigating an interaction with data analytics during the life-course stages of emerging and young adulthood. The fourth article engages a psychological approach to examine earlier life-course dynamics, by studying whether and under what conditions children exhibit generosity of affection towards religious out-groups. The fifth article engages a psychological approach to investigate generosity, religion, and moral foundations for adults. The sixth article engages an economics approach to probe millennial generosity, challenging popular notions of greater selfishness in younger generations. The seventh article engages an educational approach to theorize connections between global and local ecological generosity in children's stories, finding that creating stories together can be a tool to foster intergenerational transmission of care for the environment. Cumulatively, these seven article contribute new knowledge on generosity throughout complex and important life-course dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A funny thing happened to the author as he read the November 1979 Contemporary Sociology issue on sociology journals, especially its negative assessment of reviewing process and its outcomes. On the one hand, as the most recently retired editor of Social Psychology Quarterly(SPQ), the author disagrees with the negative conclusions: a surprisingly high proportion of the social scientists who have reviewed SPQ have responded to the requests conscientiously and carefully, and only an editor provided with two, or preferably three, reviews, is ordinarily in a good position to make a wise decision with regard to acceptance, rejection, or revision, though of course there are some dilemmas and undoubtedly some mistakes. On the other hand, reviews of authors own submitted papers often strike him as having missed the main contributions and to have fastened too hastily on unessential or peripheral points a reaction regardless of whether the paper was accepted or rejected. Is there something going on here more than exaggerated regard for one's own work combined with insensitivity to unfairness toward others.

Sociology faces a peculiar paradox: Every general sociological proposition is both true and false. On the one hand, one can easily find exceptions to most of the propositions which are advanced as genera! sociological principles. Yet, there are many instances in which genera! sociological principles are supported by empirical findings. As a consequence, it is not clear when some sociological principle is to be counted as false. This paper argues that a proper assessment of the state of sociological knowledge and the possibility of cumulative growth in sociology depends on resolving the true-false paradox. We argue that the paradox can be resolved if sociologists make the scope of their theories explicit. We offer a formulation of scope restrictions, demonstrate how the formulation resolves the true-false paradox, and illustrate the differences between the method proposed here and other strategies for making sociological theories conditional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This issue of the American Behavioral Scientist brings together seven contributions that explore different facets of the two overarching themes connected to digital automation. The first section of the issue delves into the complex ways in which digital automation interacts with preexisting social and economic institutions, specifically professions, markets, and formal organizations. The second section includes contributions that explore the cultural side of digital automation in terms of time and humanness. The issue concludes with an examination of the complex entanglement of digital automation and the covid-19 pandemic as they reshape the post-automation/post-pandemic economic landscape, including labor markets, jobs, consumption, and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents authors' reply to Michael A. Malec in response to his comments. Professor Malec takes issue with the authors over the presentation and interpretation of certain data reported in their paper "The Reward System in Science." It appears that the authors are being criticized principally for failing to report tests of significance for their measures of association. The authors ask themselves whether the association coefficients, and the partial gamma of .33 between industrial Involvement and Recognition calculated for them, affect their major conclusion, that "an industrial orientation is not an important source of internal reward." It suggests that social control in science is based on the exchange of professional recognition for contributions to science, and that scientists are accorded recognition to the extent that their contributions advance basic scientific knowledge. However, the coefficients of Table are not negligible; and the authors must account for this. The paper indicates their dissatisfaction with the index of industrial involvement, which they used as a surrogate for the social significance of a scientist's work.

This article introduces a special issue of the American Behavioral Scientist in which scholars of public deliberation address the theme of "Deliberative Play" from different conceptual and empirical approaches. Here I introduce the concept of deliberative play against a background of philosophical accounts of deliberative action, the theory of metacommunication, and trends in the study of public deliberation that are endeavoring to reduce the gap between normative theories and the empirical realities of deliberative democratic practice. Articles in the special issue address several aspects of deliberative play: how storytelling activities accomplish deliberative play in online forums (Black, Wolfe, and Han); how facilitators can cue and maintain the deliberative play frame during facilitated deliberative discussions (Sprain); how playful exchanges are enabled by the structure of New England town meetings and what they accomplish (Townsend and Milburn); how alternative scenarios for action presented with pros and cons by expert consultants influence deliberative play in online discussions in Poland (Przybylska, Bucholc, and Mazur); and how online discussion interfaces would benefit from applying principles of game design (Gastil). The concluding section reflects on the results of these studies and their implications for further investigations of deliberative play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of course, psychology is a diverse discipline and not all psychologists think alike. Both in terms of theory and in terms of strategies for investigation, there are several schools of thought or "paradigms." The purpose of this paper is not to argue the merits of one psychological paradigm for labor education—most labor education programs are too limited in time to explore any single paradigm in depth. If the goal is to enhance the "psychological thinking" of workers in a way that will improve their collective lives at work, it must be done quickly and without great reliance on unfamiliar material. What is needed is a metaparadigm that will throw the worker into the world of psychology by shortcut, bypassing the typical content-ladened route. What follows is a metaparadigm for psychology that I have found useful in my experience with labor education. It is not intended nor does it qualify as a type of psychology, but it is offered merely as a metaphor for what psychology is like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents a speech by Herbert J. Gans, president of the American Sociological Association (ASA), delivered at the annual meeting of the ASA in 1988. Sociology has established a presence in many kinds of policy analysis and is moving into large numbers of other practice areas, even if sociologists' ideas continue to be largely absent from U.S. political thinking. Too many people still dislike sociology or are not interested in it. Many sociologists find nothing wrong with this state of affairs. The author believes that these feelings are mistaken. Maintaining some relationship with the American public is part of sociologists as members of society and as recipients of its funds, public or private. This essay has three major parts. The first describes some of the research needed to analyze sociology's roles in the U.S. The second part discusses some ways in which sociologists can improve relations with the public. In the last part of the paper, the focus is sociology itself, offering some ideas on what sociologists can do better for themselves even as they do better by the public.

The adolescent's experience in groups and institutions is determined in important ways by the nature of the authority in these settings. To study adolescent relationships with those in authority positions we have used methods of participant observation in small groups. In two different settings we served as consultants for regularly meeting groups of adolescents and adults. On an adolescent psychiatric ward, these groups included patients, the ward administrator, and the head nurse. In a comparison setting from a private day school the groups comprised students, a school administrator, and a teacher. In this paper we report findings from the school study, where one of us (S TN) met as a consultant with three groups over a total of 1½ years. The observations we discuss primarily concern the various coping strategies used by the `faculty members. Attempts to abandon school role behaviors were common among the faculty members of the groups. Our observations suggest that these repeated efforts to either abandon or blur their roles represented modes of coping with a highly stressful situation. Examples of these stresses and the coping strategies are detailed within the paper, together with illustration of how the consultant unwittingly participated in such role shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses sociological research. Inherent differences in the perspectives of editors and of authors will tend to create differences in their evaluations of the journal article review process. However, the negative assessments of the review process expressed in the November 1979 issue of Contemporary Sociology (CS) can be explained solely by biases inherent in the perspective of authors. The author did not base his negative assessment solely on his experiences as an author; rather, he based it to a large extent on examination of published articles and the comments by other referees of papers he has refereed. However, his experience as an author is relevant, especially since he has kept careful records of the results of his submissions over a twenty-year period.

The article discusses International Sociology. International gatherings have repeatedly played an important role in the social sciences. In London, England, in 1864, sociologist Karl Marx created the International Workingman's Association. The St. Louis, Missouri World's Fair in 1904 brought the world's leading sociologists together and one can easily trace the profound influence this American experience had on Sociologist Max Weber's subsequent writings. Today's vastly improved communications all year round make periodic face-to-face gatherings less momentous events. Still, they are important occasions and their impact can probably be increased further if one reflects on what functions they do or could perform. Recent observations suggest that a systematic study of such international events could be of real service to the profession of a sociologist. The origins of formal international organizations of sociologists can probably be traced back to the International Institute of Sociology which was created in 1893 with headquarters in Paris, France. It held yearly congresses until 1910, then changed to a triennial schedule. The congresses were interrupted by the first World War (1914-1918) and not resumed until 1927. The 1939 Congress was cancelled because of the second World War (1939-1945).

The article presents information on various research papers on the emotionally and socially handicapped. Many behavioral scientists have their turned attention to the area and numerous publications have resulted prescribing social action for the disadvantaged, the delinquent and the disturbed. Majority of publications on this subject have been prescriptions, subjective descriptions, and clinical case studies. In both the areas of major change there is great promise and great need for scientifically responsible research. No specific definition of the emotionally and socially handicapped has been widely accepted and consequently the figures on incidence vary according to the definition employed. An usually accepted but still controversial belief is that emotionally disturbed children as a group are deficient in school skills, particularly in reading. The evidence for the converse of this is that reading-disabled pupils show more maladjustment than pupils making normal progress, but the belief whether disturbed children are also disabled in school skills remains moot.

The article is a response from the author on the comments made by sociologist Earl R. Babbie. In his paper Babbie criticizes the design on the ground that it is not entirely suited to the problem in question and, more specifically, it provides too few cases of Jews. This problem was recognized in advance and the then-director of the Detroit Area Study, made arrangements with certain members of the Jewish community in Detroit to obtain the necessary funds. As a guide to future investigators, the author feel Babble misses one important point. Once a large scale project involving any number of people is underway, it acquires a momentum of its own and the investigator often finds that be can bait it only at the risk of total disaster. Like a juggler, he sometimes finds that be has to choose quickly between allowing one ball to get away or all,and faced with that choice will usually relinquish the one. The sample closely resembles the universe in terms of occupation, education, income, frequency of temple attendance, party preference and family size, to cite but a few of the more important instances.

This article presents an introduction to articles, published in the September 2004 issue of the periodical "Organization and Environment." The articles on the treadmill of production in this special issue are all based on papers presented at the symposium "Environment and the Treadmill of Production," held October 31 through November 1, 2003, and sponsored by the Departments of Rural Sociology and Sociology of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin and cosponsored by the Environment and Society Research Committee, International Sociological Association. The treadmill of production stands out as one of the first attempts in sociology to develop a political economy of environmental crises, complementing the work of other foundational environmental sociologists, questioning the growth paradigm that lies at the heart of modern societies. The other contributions to this issue represent both assessments and applications of the treadmill perspective.

The article presents the author's response to the comments made by sociologists H. Warren Dunham and David Mechanic, to his article "Societal Reactions As an Explanation of Mental Illness," published in the October 1970 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." According to the author, while he feel the societal reaction explanation of mental illness is largely incorrect, he is in agreement with Dunham that the social expectations of others are important in determining behavior, including deviant behavior. Moreover, according to the author, regarding Mechanic's comments, he would like to note that he does not consider patient flow as static, and he doubts that anyone familiar with the recent history of psychiatric hospitalization would. Probably the most drastic change in patient flow has been the recent increase in the admission rates that has been associated with the marked improvements in psychiatric treatment. According to the author, Mechanic's clarification indirectly gives further support for his position that the societal reaction perspective does not provide an adequate general explanation of mental illness.

The purpose of this special issue is to offer new perspectives on fan cultures which respond to changes and controversies that have happened since the last American Behavioral Scientist special issue on fandom was published, in 2005. But the aim of my contribution is to argue that, sadly, derisive-gendered discourses like 'fangirls', 'groupies' and 'shippers' are still alive and well. Returning to the kind of research conducted in the 1980s – when women's experiences of feminized popular cultures began to be taken seriously – reminds us that their pleasures are no less derided or controversial four decades on. My findings also suggest that the enduring presence of older stereotypes within teen drama fandoms – particularly the 'groupie' – signals the agility of sexism, as the term can now be understood as more of a generational designation rather than a medium-specific one. This article is the product of three years of qualitative empirical research with 'teen girl' fandoms of three popular television shows: Pretty Little Liars, Revenge and The Vampire Diaries. The data it discusses includes Skype audio and video interviews, written interviews conducted via email and Facebook Messenger, along with overt social media observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humour and laughter have been regarded as suitable topics for research in the social sciences, but as methodological principles to be adopted in carrying out and representing the findings of research they have been neglected. Indeed, those scholars who have made use of humour – wit, satire, jokes etc. – risk being regarded as trivial and marginalised from the mainstream. Yet, in literature the idea that comedy can tell us something important about the human condition is widely recognised. This neglect of the potential of humour and laughter represents a serious omission. The purpose of this article is to make a sensible case for the place of humour as a methodology for the social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Behavioral science has witnessed an explosion in the number of biases identified by behavioral scientists, to more than 200 at present. This article identifies the 10 most important behavioral biases for project management. First, we argue it is a mistake to equate behavioral bias with cognitive bias, as is common. Cognitive bias is half the story; political bias the other half. Second, we list the top 10 behavioral biases in project management: (1) strategic misrepresentation, (2) optimism bias, (3) uniqueness bias, (4) the planning fallacy, (5) overconfidence bias, (6) hindsight bias, (7) availability bias, (8) the base rate fallacy, (9) anchoring, and (10) escalation of commitment. Each bias is defined, and its impacts on project management are explained, with examples. Third, base rate neglect is identified as a primary reason that projects underperform. This is supported by presentation of the most comprehensive set of base rates that exist in project management scholarship, from 2,062 projects. Finally, recent findings of power law outcomes in project performance are identified as a possible first stage in discovering a general theory of project management, with more fundamental and more scientific explanations of project outcomes than found in conventional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the author's comment on researcher David Sciulli's paper about the continental sociology of professions. Sciulli has criticized the social history of the professions, claiming that it is not able to provide a definition of a professional that distinguishes it from that of an expert. He instead suggests a return to a sociology, able to produce a concept of profession applicable in any historical configuration. Providing a definition of profession that remains valid outside the temporal dimension requires a person to look into its essence. Sciulli argues that it was the painters and sculptors of the French monarchs, assembled in an academy founded by Henri IV, who drew up the first curriculum of learned instruction in Western history, which were based on examinations and merit-based standards for entry and advancement in any occupational field. Traveling back in time in search of the genesis of particular forms may provide crucial analogical results that induce research to move in unexpected directions.

Despite frequent references in the sociological literature to Durkheim's theory about the division of labor, sociologists have made few attempts to test it. The paucity of attempts and the very debatable outcomes thereof are due largely to Durkheim's use of the traditional discursive mode of theory construction. A discursively stated theory's logical structure is likely to be obscure, and for that reason alone tests of it are difficult and controversial. Rather than perpetuate the exegetical tradition in sociological treatments of the subject, this paper restates Durkheim's theory in accordance with a particular formal mode. That restatement identifies the theory's shortcomings and problems. But the eight premises imply only one testable theorem, and the theorem's predictive accuracy appears minimal unless “population concentration” is substituted for “density” in the first axiom. Nonetheless, the restatement clearly shows how extension of the theory (additional postulates) could further its testability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was originally delivered as a British Sociological Association Presidential Address at the end of the Annual Conference at the University of Surrey in April 1990. In the style of Presidential Addresses it was written as a lecture that would cover a range of issues and themes. In revising it for publication I have tried to keep much of the style of the lecture as well as the range of contemporary themes that were covered: training for `practising' sociologists, employment questions, and the role of the British Sociological Association in debates about research training. It is intended to illustrate some of the major concerns of British sociologists at the start of the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical sociologists who suggest that some form of interactional control can be seen to operate in medical consultations frequently relate 'control' to the doctor's use of strategies which resist challenges to his professional authority and prevent patients from increasing their influence on decisions affecting treatment and disposal. This paper argues that much of the interactional 'work' discernable in the encounter is concerned less with the management of conflict than with accomplishing the production of orderly and topically relevant sequences of talk in a situation in which one co-participant has only limited competence in relating talk to a body of specialist knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores some of the main strands in the development of the sociology of leisure. The nineteenth century founding fathers, with their synoptic theoretical approaches, found space for leisure, although not labelled as such, as an integral part of their work. Veblen introduced the concept of leisure into sociology, but was himself committed to values of efficiency from which standpoint he criticized the drone-like character of the leisure class. His views were more consonant with industrial sociology which emerged as a strong well-funded sub-discipline dedicated to humanize the labour process while also maximizing productivity. It was from among industrial sociologists seeking a fuller explanation of work-place behaviour by looking beyond the factory that a sociology of leisure was developed. It emerged as a satellite to the sociology of work. The sociology of leisure was dominated, in the post-Second World War period, on the one hand by post-industrialism, and on the other hand by data collection, often on a psychologistic and individualistic basis. The reaction has been to return to more synoptic approaches, often combining elements of marxism, culturalism, history and literary criticism. These approaches have also redressed the balance against the notion that leisure is always a symbol of freedom and progress by re-introducing notions of constraint and social control. In conclusion, it is pointed out that leisure, deriving from the latin `licere', properly incorporates both of these meanings, and therefore raises in another form a fundamental problem of sociology itself. The problem concerns the balance between the individual and the social and between freedom and constraint. In this sense, leisure should be treated as an important and integral part of sociology, and not peripheral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent discussion and policy have tended to separate the problem of procuring research competence from consideration of the nature and purposes of sociology and to pursue it with close reference to the presumed needs of various possible users of research. This paper argues that sociologists should set their own consideration of the issue firmly within the framework of a commitment to the intellectual problems and purposes of sociology as a disciplined And that if that is done suitable educational strategies for promoting competence can be devised; a possible strategy focussed on undergraduate work and the Ph.D. is outlined. It is suggested that the real problem is not that of competence but certain unrealistic expectations hidden in the demand for usefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier attempts to define visual sociology have acknowledged that there is no real need to define visual sociology other than for bureaucratic legitimization: heads of departments want to see on paper what their staff members are teaching and what their students are studying; chairmen of research committees want to feel comfortable that research money is well spent. In a world of words, visual sociologists can do their work only to the extent that visual sociology is recognized by men of letters. This description is at least imaginative, but it limits the label of visual sociologists to those interested in photography. Michael Hill takes a broader view. He accentuates the relationship between sociologists and the visual arts, by defining the field as: "Exploration of the reflexive relationships between social structures, on the one hand, and the choice, apprehension, perception, cognition, and creation of visual imagery, on the other." There is no doubt that many other definitions and descriptions can be formulated and will be formulated in the future. It should be clear, however,that definitions, besides being instrumental in the communication between scholars, may also have a stultifying effect.

"Passive Voice Theories" include all sociological and psychological approaches which imply a passive human object influenced by impersonal forces. This paper argues that a sociology of religion which purports to take account of human intentions and do justice to individual beliefs can develop an active voice theoretical approach. A wide range of criticisms of sociology and psychology agree in protesting against mechanistic procedures and naive determinism. One form of complaint is that the theoretical apparatus treats the human agent as a passive arena in which impersonal forces are alleged to contend. "Sociological determinism" stands for an attitude on the part of sociologists. The sociologist's belief or attitude is itself is like a passive response to a theoretical framework which requires it. By using this theoretical framework, the sociologists expects to carry out an important sociological enterprise. But mud-slinging will not save the sociology of religion. Too many serious thinkers worried by these well-known problems have given up the sociological enterprise altogether and turned to a literary mode for thinking more profoundly on the human estate.

The ubiquity and the antiquity of such inequality has given rise to the assumption that there must be something both inevitable and positively functional about such social arrangements. Clearly, the truth or falsity of such an assumption is a strategic question for any general theory of social organization. It is therefore most curious that the basic premises and implications of the assumption have only been most casually explored by American sociologists. The key term here is "functionally important." The functionalist theory of social organization is by no means clear and explicit about this term. The minimum common referent is to something known as the "survival value" of a social structure. This concept immediately involves a number of perplexing questions. Among these are: (a) the issue of minimum vs. maximum survival, and the possible empirical referents which can be given to those terms; (b) whether such a proposition is a useless tautology since any status quo at any given moment is nothing more and nothing less than everything present in the status quo.

The article focuses on American sociological criminologist Edwin Hardin Sutherland. It discusses his contributions in the field of sociology and highlights the sociological and criminological theories propagated by him. His orientation has always been that of sociologist analyzing the criminal behavior and crime from the standpoint of social processes and the impact of social organization and the cultural heritage. Sutherland who passed an active academic career held his first teaching position at the age of 21 at Sioux Falls College, South Dakota and taught in various other universities in the U.S. before moving to the University of Indiana as head of the sociology department in 1935.

Sociologists attempt to extend the ritual of natural science into fields of human experience which heretofore have been regarded as not amenable to such treatment. Sociologists are simply trying to deal scientifically with the phenomena of social systems. These phenomena exist indubitably, whether they can be described scientifically remains to be seen. Sociologists think so, many physicists, biologists, priests, and politicians doubt it, or even assert that it cannot be done. Sociologists observe that this doubt, or assertion, itself is a kind of repetitive regularity in the behavior of man. Sociologists have good grounds for thinking a societal science is possible, though as yet they have not done enough scientific work, they have talked too much. However, they have produced more valid science than most of his scientific and lay brethren recognize or will admit. They themselves are not discouraged because they know that an established science is a cultural phenomenon of slow, accretionary growth.

Over the past 50 years, the American Behavioral Scientist has become one of the most representative journals within the social and behavioral sciences field. The journal has disseminated large amounts of knowledge, which has increased the complexity of having a global picture of its contributions. The aim of this research is to identify and visualize the intellectual structure of this journal in order to appreciate the changes that have taken place over the five decades since its establishment. Following a bibliometric methodology, the most active research areas of the journal, the main contributors, knowledge sources, dissemination paths, as well as the emerging tendencies are identified within this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses various events related to dentistry. University of Kentucky dental researcher Donald E. Knapp died. The International Association for Dental Research (IADR) has not scheduled any evening sessions during its meeting scheduled for March 23 to 26, 1972. The Behavioral Scientists in Dental Research (BSDR) is planning to work with the IADR to promote further research.

The objective of this article is to compare various ethical issues considered by social scientists and research ethics committees in the evaluation of mental health social research protocols. We contacted 47 social scientists and 10 members of ethics committees in Mexico with two electronic national surveys that requested information from both groups related to the application of ethical principles in mental health social research. The results showed no significant difference between these groups in the value placed on the ethical issues explored. Based on this finding, we make proposals to strengthen the collaboration between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social theory outlined by Patrick Geddes has been largely ignored in writings on the history of sociology and in contemporary discussions of social theory. This neglect reflects the fact that his contributions were scattered and incomplete and were never drawn together into a coherent statement. He and his followers failed to engage with other sociologists and their insights were lost. This article draws on Geddes’ published statements to present a systematic account and reconstruction of his theoretical ideas. It is argued that he built a strikingly modern system theory that is relevant to contemporary discussions in social theory and that his role in the development of sociology must be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the intention to illuminate a selection of key issues facing psychotherapy educators in Canada. Rational basis for recommendations on future discretion; Emphasis on several themes in training of post graduate psychiatric training; Relevance of education at both postgraduate and continuing educational levels of training.

Storytelling has long been recognized as central to human cognition and communication. Here we explore a more active role of stories in social science research, not merely to illustrate concepts but also to develop new ideas and evaluate hypotheses, for example, in deciding that a research method is effective. We see stories as central to engagement with the development and evaluation of theories, and we argue that for a story to be useful in this way, it should be anomalous (representing aspects of life that are not well explained by existing models) and immutable (with details that are well-enough established that they have the potential to indicate problems with a new model). We develop these ideas through considering two well-known examples from the work of Karl Weick and Robert Axelrod, and we discuss why transparent sourcing (in the case of Axelrod) makes a story a more effective research tool, whereas improper sourcing (in the case of Weick) interferes with the key useful roles of stories in the scientific process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visualization is a potentially powerful tool for exploration and complexity reduction of categorical sequence data. This article discusses currently available sequence visualization against established criteria for graphical excellence in the visual display of quantitative information. Existing sequence graphs fall into two groups: They either represent categorical sequences or summarize them. The authors propose relative frequency sequence plots as an informative way of graphing sequence data and as a bridge between data representation graphs and data summarization graphs. The efficacy of the proposed plot is assessed by the R2 and the F statistics. The applicability of the proposed graphs is demonstrated using data from the German Life History Study on women’s family formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1988, when I edited the first American Behavioral Scientist issue on the presidential campaign—for that issue, and for every presidential campaign cycle up to 2020, the first article of my American Behavioral Scientist issues has been Judi's "Ideal Candidate," based on the research she, you, and your colleagues collected surrounding the New Hampshire Primary. This year is different—there will be no article from Judi, given her health situation. As a tribute to Judi, I would like her colleagues to provide their recollections and stories about her leadership and impact on our discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on "Chemists in British Universities: A Study of the Reward System in Science," by sociologists S.S. Blume and Ruth Sinclair. The author finds many flaws in their study. Blume and Sinclair do not report tests for the significance of gamma. Such tests might have indicated a need to re-interpret the their conclusion that "when productivity is held constant the association between recognition and industrial involvement falls substantially. They might have tried an even more appropriate strategy to determine the effect of the third variable (Productivity). James A. Davis (1967) has suggested a procedure for computing a partial gamma, a statistic that has a "proportionate reduction in error" interpretation. When computed for the data this partial gamma has a value of .33. Again, although there has been a decrease in the size of the coefficient, the original relationship has by no means been destroyed. Statistical refinement mentioned would yield plausible alternate interpretations of the data.

This article deals with the difficulties encountered in the preparation of the book Sociological Records. The preparation of a Sociological Record has ever been in progress, from the earliest civilizations which have attempted to record their history to this morning's newspaper. It would be of great value to sociological workers of all kinds, from the most rhetoric to the most statistical, to have such a bibliography of summaries and the labour of compiling it might be greatly lightened by the cooperation which its author might secure on many hands. Contributions for all this on the concrete side might be gleaned by newspaper offices, and from current event clubs, from statistical bureaus, societies and congresses, while, towards general arrangement, every school of economics, every group of psychologists, must have its say.

Social psychologists tell us that much of human behavior is automatic. It is natural to think that automatic behavioral dispositions are ethically desirable if and only if they are suitably governed by an agent’s reflective judgments. However, we identify a class of automatic dispositions that make normatively self-standing contributions to praiseworthy action and a well-lived life, independently of, or even in spite of, an agent’s reflective judgments about what to do. We argue that the fundamental questions for the “ethics of automaticity” are what automatic dispositions are (and are not) good for and when they can (and cannot) be trusted. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Was Durkheim an apologist for the authoritarianism? Is the sociology founded upon his work incapable of critical perspective; and must it operate under the presumption that social agents, including sociologists themselves, are incapable of reflexivity? Certainly some have said so, but they may be wrong. In this essay, I address these questions in the light of Durkheim's revisionary . I elaborate on unfinished elements in Durkheim's abruptly concluded (because of his early and unexpected death) scholarship, pointing out Durkheim's recognition that co-present moral spheres always exist in an organically complex society, and explaining how these co-present spheres obligate social agents to untether from any absolute moral affiliations. Ultimately, then, the argument shows how the solidarity/social-order relationship is transcended within Durkheim's sociology, even by Durkheim himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint from "Small Group Behavior," by A. Paul Hare. It discusses theories of group development which can be traced in the writings of behavioral scientist in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. It notes several categories which become basis for interaction analysis including positive reactions, social-emotional behavior, and problem-solving attempts. It mentions the potential of the increase in reactions to be linked to the social-emotional problems of the group process.

This article examines the 'canonical' status achieved in recent British sociology by four writers: Zygmunt Bauman, Ulrich Beck, Pierre Bourdieu and Anthony Giddens. Along with other key thinkers of the later 20th century such as Foucault and Habermas, these four sociologists, from different geographical and theoretical bases, transformed the shape of British sociology and its relation to social theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has two broad objectives: (a) It reviews the theoretical and practical literature on the use of games to facilitate social and emotional learning (SEL). (b) Based on this review, it argues that games are a powerful way of developing social and emotional learning in young people. In addition, we draw on our collective experience as educational psychologists to identify effective practice when using games to teach SEL. The social and emotional skills needed to play successfully with others are those needed to succeed at work and in adult life. Prosocial skills involve regulating negative emotions, taking turns and sharing, support orientations to others that are fair, just, and respectful. The natural affiliation between children, play, and the desire to have fun with others makes games an ideal vehicle for teaching SEL. Circle Time games are used to support universal programs for teaching SEL to whole classes. Therapeutic board games provide an effective intervention for young people who have been targeted for further guided practice in small group settings. Verbatim quotations from students and teachers demonstrate ways in which SEL has generalized to real-life situations. The role of facilitator is crucial to the success of this approach, both in modeling appropriate skills and making the learning connections for students. In this article, facilitation and debriefing are deconstructed and the value of collaborative, rather than competitive, aspects of games highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we argue that, in order for white racial consciousness and practice to shift toward an antiracist praxis, a relational understanding of racism, the “self,” and society is necessary. We find that such understanding arises from a confluence of propositional, affective, and tacit forms of knowledge about racism and one's own situatedness within it. We consider the claims sociologists have made about transformations in racial consciousness, bringing sociological theories of racism into dialogue with research on whiteness and antiracism. We assert that sociological research on white racism and “whiteness” tends to privilege propositional and tacit/common sense knowledge, respectively, as critical to shifting white racial consciousness. Research on antiracism privileges affective knowledge as the source of antiracist change. We examine some of Perry's recent ethnographic research with white people who attended either multiracial or majority white high schools to argue that the confluence of these three types of knowledge is necessary to transform white racial praxis because it produces a relational understanding of self and “other,” and, by extension, race, racism, and antiracist practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article was written partly in response to the denunciation by social scientists, in recent years, of the essentialism of indigenous elites. It looks at the multiple and dialogically interconnected factors that have contributed to the present-day essentialist tendencies among indigenous peoples and particularly among indigenous leaders, taking the Maaori of New Zealand as a case study. The article shows that the 'problems' as well as the solutions relating to coexistence between Maaori and non-Maaori in New Zealand are mainly political, a fact that is often underestimated or minimized by social scientists and which seems relevant in rethinking many other cases of coexistence within nation-states around the world. The discussion is in part based on an article by Elizabeth Rata titled 'Rethinking Biculturalism' (2005), in which she examines the shifting meanings of biculturalism in New Zealand that have implied an ethnicization and essentialization of Maaori identity and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]