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Modeling is a challenging occupation because employment is irregular, the physical demands are great, and competition is fierce. Success as a model requires the careful management of bodily capital and the performance of emotional labor. Drawing on participant observations and interviews with models in the Atlanta fashion industry, the authors examine how they do the former and why they do the latter. They manage their bodily capital by subjecting themselves to intense self-regulation. Models perform emotional labor to sell themselves to clients and agents, to create illusions for observers and the camera, and to find dignity in a job that is often degrading and humiliating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a call for papers for an issue of the periodical "Human Relations" on the topic of job quality.

Objective: To determine age-related risk factors for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with asthma. Methods: Data were obtained from a national survey of non-hospitalized civilians conducted by the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. CRS diagnosis was based on the guidelines of the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Asthma was judged based on whether the patient had been diagnosed with asthma in the past. Of the 45,811 survey participants, 26,335 were included in the cross-sectional study. Participants included in the study were divided into the control, CRS, and CRS with asthma groups. Age-related risk factors were analyzed in patients aged < 60 or > 60 years. Univariate logistic analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between groups. Risk factors included age, sex, household income, residence, education level, occupation, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Education level (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.342, P =.0003), BMI (OR: 1.09, P =.0082), and total IgE (TIgE) levels (OR: 5.582, P =.003) were significantly different between the control and the CRS with asthma group. Education level (OR: 0.478, P =.0016) and TIgE levels (OR: 4, P =.0218) were significantly different between the CRS and CRS with asthma groups under 60 years of age. BMI (OR: 1.087, P =.0443; OR: 1.104, P =.0224) showed a significant difference between all three groups with age > 60 years. Conclusion: Progression to CRS with asthma is influenced by education level, occupation, and TIgE levels in patients under 60 years of age. BMI was the only influencing factor associated with the progression to CRS with asthma in those aged > 60 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the relationship between genre and knowledge in the dynamics of occupational resistance to genre change. Using critical genre analysis, we investigate the response of French diplomats to the introduction of modifications in a key institutionalized communicative practice, the diplomatic telegram. As the organization modified genre rules for knowledge distribution, the perceived loss of control over audience and purpose threatened the elite occupational community values of autonomy and secrecy. In response, diplomats subverted the new organizational communicative practices by invalidating its content through knowledge fragmentation, repetition and depletion. At the same time, they enhanced the content of the hybrid new genre of the 'political email', through knowledge integration, differentiation and amplification. Our work contributes to critical genre analysis by revealing the political dimension of organizational genre change for elite occupational communities. Also, in examining the relationship between genre and knowledge, we identified genre resistance mechanisms that (de)authorized communicative practices by (in)validating knowledge. Our work suggests that genre resistance is an essential tool for elite occupational communities, whose power depends on control over esoteric knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction There have been calls for the occupational therapy profession to realign with its values around occupation. However, the profession faces challenges in practice areas that have historically been underpinned by a biomechanical approach, such as hand therapy. The aim of this scoping review was to describe what is known about an occupational perspective in the hand therapy literature. Method This scoping review utilised a recognised five-step approach. A search was conducted in four databases for papers published between 2005 and 2016. Numerical and thematic analyses were employed, using the Canadian Practice Process Framework as a theoretical framework. Results Fifty papers were included in the scoping review. Six themes were identified: the centrality of occupation; inconsistencies in terminology; where in the occupational therapy process?; informal discussion as a key occupational strategy; occupational therapists’ expectations of patients; and a bottom-up approach focusing on biomechanical strategies to implementing the plan. Conclusion Whilst there has been some integration of an occupational perspective into hand therapy literature, there are still challenges. Inconsistent terminology, the lack of an occupational perspective throughout the occupational therapy process and a bottom-up approach to interventions all demonstrate the continuing tensions between the biomechanical approach and an occupational perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Approximately 50% of women in all workplaces experience sexual harassment. Women who work in male-dominated occupations may be more susceptible to sexual harassment than those who work in non-male-dominated occupations. Research on factors contributing to workplace sexual harassment in male-dominated occupations is limited. This paper reviews the known antecedents that put female workers at risk of sexual harassment in select male-dominated occupations and to identify gaps in the literature and opportunities for future occupational health nursing research. Methods: A search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Included articles addressed sexual harassment of female workers in male-dominated occupations such as law enforcement, firefighting, truck driving, and construction. Results: The search yielded 25 relevant research articles. Antecedents to sexual harassment in the workplace included lower rank, shorter tenure, physicality of the job, job insecurity, negative relationships with peers and/or supervisors, treating women as outsiders, exaggerated gender differences, unequal gender ratios, and promotions based on gender. Common antecedents to sexual harassment in the workplace identified in the literature include organizational culture and gender composition. Conclusion/Application to Practice: Workplace sexual harassment of women is a problem in male-dominated occupations. Research is needed to better understand the organizational antecedents of sexual harassment in male-dominated occupations within community settings to prevent workplace sexual harassment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a letter from the editors in which they discuss a call for papers on the topic of understanding job quality. An overview of the purpose of a "Human Relations" special issue on job quality is presented, which includes information on the deadline for submissions and contacts for queries related to potential submissions.

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While social distancing measures are essential in limiting the impact of a pandemic, such measures are often less feasible for low-income groups such as precarious workers who continue to travel on public transit and are less able to practice social distancing measures. In this paper, based on in-depth remote interviews conducted from April 2020 through June 2020, with more than 130 gig and precarious workers in New York City, we find that precarious workers experience three main hurdles in regard to accessing unemployment assistance that can be broadly categorized as knowledge, sociological, and temporal/financial barriers. Drawing on worker interview responses, we have named these responses: (1) Didn't Know, (2) Didn't Want, and (3) Can't Wait. These challenges have led workers to turn to gig and precarious work, further highlighting the inequities of the pandemic. As a result, for some workers, so-called "side hustles" have become their primary social safety net. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the wage earnings of refugee immigrants in Sweden. Using administrative employer–employee data from 1990 onward, approximately 100,000 refugee immigrants who arrived between 1980 and 1996 and were granted asylum are compared to a matched sample of native-born workers. Employing recentered influence function (RIF) quantile regressions to wage earnings for the period 2011–2015, the occupational-task-based Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach shows that refugees perform better than natives at the median wage, controlling for individual and firm characteristics. This overperformance is attributable to female refugee immigrants. Given their characteristics, refugee immigrant females perform better than native females across all occupational tasks studied, including non-routine cognitive tasks. A notable similarity of the wage premium exists among various refugee groups, suggesting that cultural differences and the length of time spent in the host country do not have a major impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Community engagement is key to improving the quality of primary health care (PHC), with asset-based interventions shown to have a positive impact on equity and health outcomes. However, there tends to be a disconnect between community-based interventions and PHC, with a lack of evidence on how to develop sustainable community—primary care partnerships. This paper reports on the formative phases of 2 studies exploring the feasibility of embedding community assets, namely places of worship and barbershops, into the PHC pathway for the prevention and control of NCDs in deprived settings. It describes the participatory approach used to map and gather contextual readiness information, including the enablers and constrainers for collaborative partnerships with PHC. Methods: Grounded in community-based participatory research, we used elements of ground-truthing and participatory mapping to locate and gather contextual information on places of worship and barbershops in urban and rural communities. Local knowledge, gathered from community dialogs, led to the creation of sampling frames of these community assets. Selected places of worship were administered a 66-item readiness questionnaire, which included domains on governance and financing, congregation profile, and existing health programs and collaborations. Participating barbershops were administered a 40-item readiness questionnaire, which covered barbers' demographic information, previous training in health promotion, and barbers' willingness to deliver health promotion activities. Results: Fourteen barbershops were identified, of which 10 participated in the readiness survey, while 240 places of worship were identified, of which 14 were selected and assessed for readiness. Contextual differences were found within and between these assets regarding governance, accessibility, and reach. Key enablers for both include training in health promotion, an overwhelming enthusiasm for participation and recognition of the potential benefits of a community—primary care partnership. Lack of previous collaborations with the formal health system was common to both. Conclusion: The participatory approach extended reach within underserved communities, while the readiness data informed intervention design and identified opportunities for partnership development. Contextual differences between community assets require comprehensive readiness investigations to develop suitably tailored interventions that promote reach, acceptance, and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the question of whether and how restrictive immigration policies affect the earnings of Latinxs who are not the target of these policies—that is, Latinx citizens. Focusing on policies at the state (E-Verify) and county (287(g)) level, we investigate possible spillover on Latinx citizen earnings from 2006 through 2016. We use multiple sources of data, merging policy and census data with two national probability samples of Latinx citizens. Our results show that E-Verify and 287(g) affect earnings similarly. Laws leave wage-employed workers unaffected and instead exclusively shape the earnings of self-employed respondents. Among self-employed, policy effects depend on the type of county respondents live in. Once laws like 287(g) or E-Verify go into effect, Latinx self-employed see dramatic earnings losses when living outside of ethnic enclaves, while seeing earnings gains when living within predominantly-Latinx counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the concept of collective housing, notably the North American model of purpose-built cohousing, to understand better the functions of space and time at the neglected scale of collective (colocated) interhousehold collaboration. The defining features of this form of intentional community typically include the clustering of smaller-than-average private residences to maximise shared open spaces for social interaction; common facilities for shared daily use; and consensus-based collective self-governance. This paper critically examines the infrastructures of daily life which evolve from, and ease, collective activity and the shared occupation of space. Discussion draws on observations from eight communities in the UK and USA, using selected ethnographic vignettes to illustrate a variety of alternative temporalities which coincide with a shifting and blurring of privatised dwelling. The resulting analysis exposes multiple temporal scales and innovative uses and meanings of time and space. The paper concludes by speculating on the contemporary significance of collective living arrangements and the role this might play in future sustainability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Occupational scientists have offered various theoretical propositions regarding the dimensions of meaning derived from engagement in occupations, and empirical studies have explored the personal meaning of engaging in a wide range of occupations. Purpose. The study aimed to distil the dimensions of personal meaning from existing research, with a view to informing theory in this area. Method. A qualitative metasynthesis of research studies was conducted, focusing on research reporting individuals' accounts of the personal meaning of an occupation to them. Twenty papers met the search criteria and were reviewed, rated for quality, analyzed, and synthesized following a process of meta-aggregation. Findings. There were four common dimensions of personal meaning: a sense of fulfilment; a sense of restoration; social, cultural, and intergenerational connection; and identity shaping. Implications. This review provides occupational therapists with sound evidence of the link between engagement in a meaningful occupation and a sense of personal and social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Census data on women's wages and occupations from the years 1940-80 to examine long-term trends in black women's relative economic status. The paper links black women's increased relative wages after 1940 to their entry, especially after 1960, into occupations and industries in which they were previously unrepresented, most notably factory jobs and clerical work. The authors find little evidence that convergence in the characteristics of black and white women (increasingly similar education, for example) is responsible for black women's increased relative wages and occupational status and conclude that black women's improved economic status after 1940 was largely due to decreases in racial discrimination by occupation and industry. They also find that in the South racial discrimination had greater adverse effects on black women, and began to decrease later, than in the rest of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational therapy is based on the belief that people can influence the state of their health through what they do. However, there appears to be a shortage of evidence to support this belief. This paper describes a review of selected literature on the effects of occupation on health. The aims were to review how occupation and health are defined in the occupational therapy literature; to find synonyms for these two terms to enable a search for relevant literature; to review evidence for a relationship between what people do and their health; and to identify factors that mediate the relationship between occupation and health. The review had five main findings: occupation and health are defined in a variety of ways by occupational therapists; there is a wealth of literature, representing a number of disciplines and a wide range of research, that explores the relationship between occupation and health; engaging in occupation carries both potential health benefits and risks to health; there is limited knowledge of the ways in which occupation influences health; and the impact of occupation on health is mediated by a complex range of factors. These findings have implications for occupational therapy research, practice and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of sexual assault varies based on the characteristics of the victim, perpetrator, and event. However, most studies focus on the individual characteristics of participants asked to classify the assault, the victims' characteristics, or the event; few have examined variations in the perpetrator. Therefore, this study examined whether the occupation of the perpetrator affected the classification of the event as sexual assault. Participants included a primarily White female sample of undergraduate students (n = 401) at a south-Atlantic university. They completed a paper-and-pencil survey containing an ambiguous sexual assault encounter where the occupation of the perpetrator (athlete, reporter, college student, or politician) was randomly varied. Participants were asked to classify whether the encounter was sexual assault and what an appropriate punishment might be. Additional measures included the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMA) and questions about personal experience with sexual assault. Overall, most participants labeled the encounter as sexual assault, indicating that college students are aware of the legal parameters for providing consent. However, this classification occurred differentially based on the occupation of the perpetrator. Participants were most likely to label the athlete as committing sexual assault, followed by the college student, politician, and reporter, respectively. Females and those who reject rape myths were more likely to label the scenario as sexual assault. A "personal apology" and a "sexual rehabilitation program" were the most common punishments selected for the perpetrator. These findings highlight potential concerns and the need for additional training when college students adjudicate sexual assault reports and determine appropriate consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of specific human capital is often identified as a mechanism through which displaced workers might experience permanent drops in earnings after job loss. Research has shown that displaced workers who migrate out of their region of origin have lower earnings than those who do not. This paper extends the discussion on returns to migration by accounting for the type of jobs people get and how related they are to their skills. Using an endogenous treatment model to control for selection bias in migration and career change, we compare displaced stayers with displaced movers in Sweden. Results show that migrants who get a job that matches their occupation- and industry-specific skills display the highest earnings among all displaced workers. If migration is combined with a job mismatch, earning losses are instead observed. This group experiences the lowest earnings among all displaced workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on work hour mismatches has examined gender and occupational differences, but it has largely assumed that these factors work independently of each other. This paper combines insights from the stress of higher status hypothesis and the concept of the ideal worker to examine the intersections of gender and occupation in relation to inequalities in workers' abilities to control the amount of time they spend in paid work. I also offer a longitudinal and process-oriented analysis by examining how men and women in upper, middle, and lower prestige occupations differ in their chances of having hour mismatches, resolving mismatches, and in the methods through which they resolve them. Findings indicate that men and women experience different types of mismatches and men in upper level occupations are at greater risk of mismatches and least likely to find resolutions, yet outcomes are heavily influenced by the intersections of gender and occupation, illustrating the need for this type of analysis. There are few results to indicate differences in the mechanism of mismatch resolution by either gender or occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the recent resurgence of occupation-based practices across the globe, from the seizure of public space to the assembling of improvised protest camps. It re-examines the relationship between the figure of occupation and the affirmation of an alternative ‘right to the city’. The paper develops a critical understanding of occupation as a political process that prefigures and materializes the social order which it seeks to enact. The paper highlights the constituent role of occupation as an autonomous form of urban dwelling, as a radical politics of infrastructure and as a set of relations that produce common spaces for political action. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

From the 1960s, Minsky argued that implementing a decentralized job-guarantee policy funded by the federal government was a relevant way to promote full employment and price stability, and to alleviate poverty. This policy aims at providing a job to anybody willing to work and to pay a living wage. Over the past fifteen years, this idea has been subject to greater scrutiny and this paper contributes to that literature by estimating the gross cost of implementing a job-guarantee policy (JG). In order to calculate this cost, the paper uses the data available from the 1930s work programs. These work programs provide some interesting insights because enough data are available to determine the cost of JG under widely different rates of unemployment. The paper shows that JG would have been quite expensive during the early part of the 1930s when the unemployment rate was at 20 percent or more. Once unemployment receded to a usual level, the gross cost of JG would have been low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the existing sociological literature on the learned professions and on scientific occupations has developed in ways that are now theoretically unproductive. One symptom of this dead-end is the failure of sociologists of the professions to include research on scientists in their discussions and vice versa. A second symptom is the lack of attention to the implications of the work of Jamous, Peloille, and Bourdieu in both the sociology of scientists and of professions. The third symptom of the malaise is the failure to generate sociologically plausible explanations for the marginalisation of female entrants to science and the professions. The paper argues that a novel direction for sociological argument can be derived by remedying the three symptoms simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how the complexity of and everyday interactions within the criminal legal system sow confusion about the causes and consequences of low-level misdemeanor, or fine only, legal entanglements. Drawing on data from 62 interviews with people assessed legal debt and 240 hours of ethnographic observation in courtrooms, we describe inconsistencies between the design of the criminal legal system and the organization of defendants' lives that undermine the ability of defendants to satisfactorily or summarily resolve their legal cases. We also consider how interpersonal interactions within courts undermine the power of defendants to challenge legal authority, court norms, and established criminal legal processes. These findings illustrate a mismatch between expectations about and experiences with misdemeanor charges that place undue burden on disadvantaged defendants and highlight the scale and impact of fine only misdemeanors as a central inequality generating feature of the contemporary criminal legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Occupational justice is cited throughout the occupational science and occupational therapy literatures despite little scholarly attention either to its definition or to how situations of occupational justice are identifiable. Purpose. This paper aims to contribute a critique of occupational justice, explore the concepts of justice and (occupational) rights, and support a capabilities approach to inform rights-based occupational therapy practices. Key Issues. No clear definition of occupational justice or differentiation from social justice exists despite the longevity of the concept, and theorists frequently confuse the concepts of justice and rights. A rights-based focus provides an unambiguous mandate for occupational therapists, with the capabilities approach offering a cross-disciplinary framework to inform rights-based practices. Implications. The concept of occupational rights is consistent with the rights-based focus advocated by the disabled people’s movement, articulated by the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities, and affirmed by the World Federation of Occupational Therapists’ position on the centrality of occupation to health, well-being, and human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Although the idea of occupational injustice pervades the occupational therapy literature, there has been little scholarly debate concerning this construct or the parameters of the five identified forms of occupational injustice. Purpose. The aims of this paper are to highlight conceptual confusions, foreground some inherent questions that have been neither acknowledged nor addressed, and question the theoretical and practical utility of five manifestations of occupational injustice. Key Issues. Few theorists have contributed to the occupational injustice literature. Significant definitional confusion exists concerning the five forms of occupational injustice with some forms described as subsets of others. The inherent problems of judging occupational injustice have not been addressed. Implications. If occupational injustice were understood as a violation of occupational rights—human rights to achieve well-being through occupation—many of the problems of identifying a situation of occupational justice or injustice would be resolved. Using the capabilities approach to human rights would facilitate this endeavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shifts discussion on social diversity from ethnic diversity to broader social diversity. We explore spatial social diversity and assess opportunities to encounter diversity in an urban context. In doing so, we prepared a description of diversity in the residential communities of two cities, Leeds and Warsaw, using census data for small areas (UK 2001, Poland 2002). Selected variables were used to represent the key social dimensions of difference: demographic, socioeconomic, ethnic, and disability. A cluster analysis using a k-means algorithm was implemented for each city separately and for the two cities combined using harmonized indicators. We selected eight cluster solutions for each city which had diff erent profiles and spatial distributions. A combined cluster analysis showed that there was little overlap in community types across the two cities. The paper illustrates that Leeds and Warsaw residents experience very different opportunities to encounter difference which need to be taken into account when local diversity policies are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an inductive account of how two divisions of the same corporation sought to standardize their engineering work. Although both groups achieved ISO 9000 certification, each was guided by historical antecedents and internal processes that left different legacies: a culture of cynicism and chaotic work practices in one division vis-a-vis a system of standardized work practices that are voluntarily (and often enthusiastically) followed in the other. The contrasting cases shed light on what happens when an external standard is adopted by an organization, converted into a formal directive, and then confronted by the norms and practices of an existing occupational community. More generally, the paper articulates how three common modes of social regulation—standards, directives, and norms—are interconnected in the process of implementing a standard in an organization, and the conditions under which institutional exigencies are either decoupled from or tightly coupled to technical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because agriculture is the livelihood base for the majority of people affected by AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, the interactions between AIDS and agriculture, and their implications for policy and programming, are of fundamental importance.Objective: This paper summarizes evidence from three RENEWAL (Regional Network on AIDS, Livelihoods, and Food Security) research studies and one policy review on the interactions between AIDS and agriculture in Zambia and their implications for future policy and programming.Methods: The unit of analysis adopted for each study varies, spanning the individual, household, cluster, and community levels, drawing attention to the wider socioeconomic landscape within which households operate. Results. This paper identifies the ways in which livelihood activities, within the prevailing norms of gender, sexuality, and perceptions of risk in rural Zambia, can influence susceptibility to HIV and how the nature and severity of the subsequent impacts of AIDS are modified by the specific characteristics and initial conditions of households, clusters, and communities.Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the importance of studying the risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts of the AIDS epidemic in the context of multiple resource flows and relationships between and within households-and in the context of other drivers of vulnerability, some of which interact with HIV and AIDS. The paper addresses several factors that enable or hinder access to formal support programs, and concludes by highlighting the particular importance of engaging communities proactively in the response to HIV and AIDS, to ensure relevance, sustainability, and scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the extent to which gender and racial-ethnic segregation in healthcare occupations changed from 1983-2002. Although gender segregation was sizably reduced during this period, men and women in healthcare were still substantially segregated in 2002, to a greater extent by gender than by race and ethnicity. Blacks and nonblacks were more segregated than Hispanics and non-Hispanics. Over the last two decades, the index of segregation of blacks compared with non-blacks remained fairly stable while segregation of Hispanics compared with non-Hispanics markedly increased. Although women made progress entering the big best-paying healthcare occupations, they remained substantially underrepresented. Women and blacks were extremely overrepresented in the lowest-paying occupations. Blacks and Hispanics were underrepresented in better-rewarded occupations. This paper also examines the implications of the findings for policy and union practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoperformance curves are contour lines or surfaces that trace all combinations of two or more determinants that suffice to produce a specified level of performance hence the term isoperformance. When the determinants are aptitude and training time or time on the job, an isoperformance curve allows one to identify individuals who have sufficient aptitude for the work that they can be expected to reach a specified standard of performance in a specified length of time. This paper discusses isoperformance in the personnel selection and classification literature and then develops and illustrates the uses of isoperformance curves in personnel decisions. The idea of aptitude sensitivity is introduced, and the relationship between this idea and predictive validity is explained. The paper also indicates how isoperformance can be used to detail trade-offs among training time, the minimum qualifying score, attrition rate, quotas, and the specified level of criterion performance, Isoperformance finds direct application in the multiple-job assignment problem, exemplified by the choice of which recruit to send to which training school in the military services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines covariates of the occupational age structure and the openness of jobs to older workers. Using a large number of data sets, which together span the years 1983-98, the authors focus on the structure of compensation, job skill requirements, and working hours and conditions as the principal determinants of occupational access. Older male and female workers, they find, face substantial entry barriers in occupations with steep wage profiles, pension benefits, and computer usage. In addition, union coverage is associated with limited access for older men, while older female hires are concentrated in occupations where flex-time, part-time work, and daytime shifts are common. Segregation across occupations among older new hires exceeds that for younger workers, but there is no evidence that it has worsened over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impact of a new IT system on the knowledge claims and occupational boundaries made by professional groups within a hospital laboratory setting. Within organizational settings professional groups enjoy considerable power and status through the specialised knowledge claims they make, deploying a variety of material and discursive resources to secure these. However, when organizations introduce new technologies to manage information needs, professional boundaries and claims to expertise may be threatened. This paper examines the strategies deployed by two key professional groups -- Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers and medics -- to secure their knowledge claims and statuses within the new organizational context shaped in part by an IT system. Though medics were more successful here, they had to accommodate to new demands within the organization. The professional identity and organizational space of the MLSOs were also redefined but, in contrast, by being narrowed. The different experiences and strategies of the two groups reflect their unequal holding of cultural capital and their differential capacity to define their status relative to the organization itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several recent papers have studied women's intergenerational occupational mobility as movement from father's to daughter's occupation. This paper suggests that mother's occupation also is an important dimension of this mobility process. Analysis of data from a national sample of women 30 to 44 in 1967 shows that, when controlling for age and race, a necessary and sufficient model of women `s intergenerational occupational mobility includes mother's as well as father's occupation. Whether or not the mother had an occupation outside the home and what occupation she held, given that she was employed, both affect daughter's occupational destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to illustrate the utility of regarding the census more as a 'narrative source'[10] than as a statistical one. Attention is paid to the character of the classificatory devices employed, not for the ambiguities contained in them and consequent levels of error, but for their substantive character and what they reveal about the contemporary social setting. The paper starts from the assumption that the census is a social product, both arising from and reflecting the social concerns of an era. As such it may be said to mirror the dominant values of the time, among which will be values concerning occupations, their legitimacy, their boundaries and their social worth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the ideologies which surround one form of property ownership--the ownership of agricultural land. Least attention will be devoted to the extent to which owning land is to hold an economic power resource--in rural areas, where the range of occupational choice is almost by definition restricted, this may be treated as 'given'.[1] More specifically, this paper will be concerned with data on landed property collected in East Anglia.[2] The central concern will be to illustrate how justificatory theories concerned with the legitimacy and the domain of the distribution of property, once they have entered our stock of knowledge and vocabulary of understanding, retain their essence and are transmitted down the generations and across classes, to reappear as unthinking common-sense 'statements of fact' decontexmalised from the initial situation in which they originated, and to which they were originally addressed. For example, those who have never heard of Hume and never paid heed to the writings of Locke, nevertheless pay such philosophers tribute when unknowingly they. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do new forms of organizations legitimate themselves? Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have emerged as a dominant form of civil society organization in the past 35 years, often in societies undergoing social and political transitions. This paper analyzes legitimation processes for NGOs in postwar and postcommunist Croatia using interview and archival data. Starting from a principle that legitimation is a process involving multiple audiences, I examine the mechanisms NGOs use to legitimate themselves to different audiences. I find that Croatian civil society organizations adopted the NGO organizational form to legitimate themselves to international actors, who in turn pressured the Croatian government to accept these organizations as legitimate. However, the actions NGOs took to legitimate themselves to international actors undermined their legitimacy with the Croatian public. This case demonstrates that legitimation is a challenging prospect for a new type of organization, especially given the fragile nature of mediated legitimacy and the conflicting priorities of different audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of video methods in study and research of human actions. Topics discussed includes use of video methods for research by occupational therapists and researchers, difference in video data and literature for understanding occupational behavior, advantages of using video data and challenges faced in employing use of video methods for research.

Previous research has documented the influence of overwork and inflexible hours on work-life conflict for working professionals. In this paper, we build on this literature and explore the novel theoretical concept of work-work conflict, a form of inter-role conflict analogous to work-life conflict. Drawing on 48 in-depth interviews with 42 physicians and survey data of 60 faculty at a prominent west-coast academic medical center, we find that work-work conflict is fueled by institutional structural characteristics. Institutional incentives, the extent of recognition for various work activities, and financial rewards are misaligned, causing physicians to experience competing demands across multiple organizational missions (research, teaching, clinical care, and administration/service). Other industries may face similar conditions leading to work-work conflict. We conclude that work-life interventions are necessary but not sufficient to increase employee satisfaction, and that mechanisms to alleviate work-work conflict must be incorporated in practical solutions to address burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dr Elizabeth Casson Memorial Lecture 2018, given on June 12th 2018 at the 42nd Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Royal College of Occupational Therapists, held at the Belfast Waterfront, Belfast, UK.This lecture aims to set out the potential for the global occupational therapy profession to exchange knowledge for social transformation practice. It identifies the profession’s concern with narratives as a vehicle for a socially critical approach to occupation, which can be used to negotiate intervention and action. Drawing on examples from literature, history and service users, the paper suggests that narrative provides a means for relating the value of occupation beyond professional boundaries to capture popular imagination and demand for the profession. Examples are given of the critical discussion of the everyday impact of health inequity, and in addressing diversity both in the profession and engaging service users.My lecture concludes that occupational therapy is a global network with the population of a city, and thus represents a community that can be a vibrant voice for social transformation through occupation through a reciprocal exchange of narrative. This is a collective and dialogical process which can draw on the experiences of both southern and northern hemispheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of pay and reenlistment bonuses on quit rates in the U.S. Army. A three stage least squares analysis of 1981 data shows that quit rates were negatively related to pay level and, even more so, to the size of the bonus offered. The effects on the quit rate were significantly greater, however, for soldiers in combat occupations than for those in noncombat occupations. The author speculates that the skills learned by combat soldiers are less marketable in the civilian labor market than the more general skills acquired by noncombat soldiers; he thus urges higher bonuses in noncombat occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the engineering profession has grown steadily over the past several decades, the labor market for engineers has exhibited marked cyclical fluctuation. A shortage of engineers in the late 1950s and early 1960s was followed by a surplus in the late 1900s and early 1970s. This paper uses a cobweb model — which focuses on the relatively fixed time; delay between the decision to enroll in engineering and entrance into the labor market — to explain the supply of new engineers and their starting salaries over the period 1948–72. Regression analysis indicates that the supply of new entrants to engineering is highly responsive to economic conditions, as measured either by salaries or by factors that determine job opportunities, such as spending on research and development and durable goods output. Forecasts of future engineering enrollments and degrees, using the cobweb model, produce quite different results from those based on extrapolation methods, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has developed a simple analytical framework to integrate those factors which have frequently been used to explain income differentials. The key to this exercise was found to be the explicit consideration of the operation of individual endowment constraints. The resultant earnings function was then estimated as part of a system of simultaneous equations. Because the data employed for this purpose are necessarily specialized, the generality of the results is limited to college-trained and other such high-status individuals. The sample does, however, demonstrate some commendable characteristics. With an average of nearly twelve years of labor market experience, career patterns in our sample are fairly well established; the results, consequently, should be superior to those of Ashenfelter, Mooney, and Gross. The ability measure, in that it considers learned habits of work as well as intellectual aptitude, appears more satisfactory than that used by Ashenfelter and Mooney. Labor market experience is separated into its comprehensive and job-particular components with some interesting results. Substantial detail is available in variables representing education, employment-type, work-activity type, and region of residence. Most important, we believe that this is the first econometric study to allow earnings and nonpecuniary job satisfaction to be simultaneously determined. While our finding that satisfaction is a positive determinant of income is provocative, perhaps the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn is that more work is necessary in order to understand fully this relationship and that such work should return to the mainstream of economic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For legislators without legislative experience, credibility can be vital to achieving legislative success, and expertise from one's professional background is a highly plausible source of such credibility. For example, when legislating in policy areas directly related to one's previous occupation, a legislator's colleagues may perceive policy instruments as more informed by expertise rather than ideological preferences. In this paper, I focus on several questions related to the linkage between professional background and legislative success, and specifically, the ability to guide authored bills through the legislative process. First, does a match between a legislator's professional background and the topic of legislation make that legislation more likely to advance in the legislative process? Second, if so, does the importance of professional background dissipate as length of legislative service increases? Third, does the relevance of professional background systematically differ across types of legislators and legislatures? I find strong evidence that having a relevant professional background does lead to legislative success for new members, but that this pattern persists later in the legislative career too. Moreover, I find that these patterns are especially strong for minority party legislators and in legislatures with higher levels of membership turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Currently, no evidence-based rehabilitation interventions are available for hyperkinetic movement disorders (HMD), including dyskinetic cerebral palsy (CP). Among these highly heterogeneous disorders, dystonia is the predominant disorder. The Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) Approach—a task-oriented, performance-based intervention to enable participation—is currently being evaluated for its potential as an intervention option. Purpose. This paper reports the protocol for the second of two studies designed to evaluate the potential of CO-OP to improve functional outcomes for individuals with HMD following deep brain stimulation (DBS). This second study is a systematic replication across multiple treating therapists from multiple centres. Method. Systematic replications will be used across centres and treating therapists trained in the CO-OP, using a series of randomized multiple-baseline N-of-1 trials. Participants will be ages 6 to 21 years with HMD and DBS as indicated by the Manual Ability Classification System. Data collection will involve multiple data points collected at baseline, during intervention, and after intervention. The intervention will involve occupation-based goal setting followed by 10 individualized CO-OP sessions. The primary outcome measures are the Performance Quality Rating Scale and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Outcome data will be plotted over time for each participant and supplemented with graph statistical analysis and estimate size effect for N-of-1 trials. Implications. The results of this study will help to inform future training procedures and future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Hyperkinetic movement disorders (HMD) are a heterogeneous group of neurological conditions among which dystonia is the predominant disorder and dyskinetic cerebral palsy the largest secondary dystonia group. Currently, there are no evidence-based, non-medical management options for childhood HMD. The Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) Approach is a task-oriented, performance-based intervention that focuses on participation. Purpose. This paper reports the protocol for a proof-of-concept study to assess feasibility and preliminary evidence regarding efficacy of CO-OP for HMD following deep brain stimulation (DBS). Method. A series of N-of-1 trials with replications will be conducted with children, ages 6 and 21 years with HMD and DBS as indicated by the Manual Ability Classification System. Ten individualized CO-OP sessions, with multiple baselines before, during, and after, will be completed. The primary outcome measures are the Performance Quality Rating Scale and the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills. Outcome data will be plotted over time for each participant and supplemented with graph statistical analysis and effect size estimates. Implications. A written protocol will be developed based on evidence and feedback incorporating any changes to the CO-OP intervention for children and young people with HMD, as per the Medical Research Council’s Framework for Complex Interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to explicate a peculiar logic of government Israeli state apparatuses use to control the Palestinian population and colonize the West Bank; namely, the one of slowness, delay and waiting. To understand the operational logic of such governing, I suggest the conditions of recognizing Palestinian rights, their theatric performance by the Israeli state apparatuses, and the maintaining of precarity among Palestinians are the critical aspects to expand. By looking at the West Bank sites close to expanding Israeli settlements, I show how this mode of governing operates by recognizing the Palestinian right to claim justice, security and governance without actualization of these rights, therefore directing Palestinian resistance and sense of injustice to support the theatric functions of settler colonial state. Hence, theaters of recognition are created, the ones that ceremoniously keep administrative, legal and security processes functional, but through the slow processing, stalling and endless piling up of decisions, regulations, requirements and security exceptions do not alleviate the induced precarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Shift workers support critical 24-hr operations; their health can be impaired by disrupted circadian rhythms and dysfunctional sleep. Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) is a prevalent condition with significant psychological consequences. Nurse leaders have not yet implemented effective policies to prevent SWSD and optimize shift workers' mental health. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine research about SWSD within the context of neurobiological, sociological, and psychological perspectives that can inform policy changes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Policy Analytic Framework was used to determine the priority recommendations. A search of three databases provided 19 research articles about SWSD and mental health, which illustrated how SWSD is common around the world in many occupations. Backward-rotating schedules and quick returns were risk factors for SWSD. In addition, SWSD was associated with circadian languidity, sleep reactivity, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Collectively, the studies lacked objective measures of sleep and circadian rhythms, which has hindered the ability to devise interventions that will target the neurobiological causes of SWSD. The research also lacked attention to important sociological factors, such as workers' pay and benefits. Using these findings, nurse leaders can contribute to public policy reforms that increase funding for more rigorous SWSD research. Lawmakers should be advised by nurse leaders to enforce new regulations that provide incentives for employers to create healthier workplaces, such as prohibiting the overuse of schedules that make employees vulnerable to SWSD and providing funds for interventions to prevent SWSD and support mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing debate on the difficult relationship between management theory and practice, we still know little about what happens when academics and practitioners meet in liminal contexts, and how they deal with perceived differences. We study a corporate executive program where management academics and R&D managers draw on the 'knower-doer' stereotype to exchange knowledge about technology innovation management. We introduce the concept of dynamic stereotyping -i.e. using readily available occupational images to engage immediately in temporary and fluid exchanges with members of other occupations. Dynamic stereotyping (anticipation, reaction and reversal) can help reduce the relational insecurity experienced by academics and practitioners when they meet and promote the transition from abstracted to more embodied and realistic views of each other. We contribute to the theory-practice debate and to the literatures on stereotypes and occupations by providing a process-based view on stereotyping and the conditions favoring dynamic versus rigid stereotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The occupation of gardening has historically generated a wealth of literature.Although espousing its positive impact on wellbeing, evidence is typically anecdotal in nature, with only one major synthesis of reliable evidence to date. This study sought to explore people's experiences and personal meanings of gardening within the literature, from 2003-2010, in order to present a concise body of evidence and to inform occupational therapy practice. Procedures: A meta-ethnography was used in gathering high quality qualitative studies, synthesising through a process of translations, rather than aggregation, in order to preserve meanings from within a range of culturally specific contexts. Four papers, out of 214 initially identified, met the inclusion criteria employed. Findings: This study has identified processes within the occupation of gardening in a natural environment, which offer satisfying and meaningful methods of recovery for people who are marginalised within society. This has been shown on an individual and a community health level. Conclusion: This study has highlighted fundamental links between gardening and wellbeing, and how occupational therapists can broaden practice and have an impact upon health at a community level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]