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It is important to use evidence-based programs and practices (EBPs) to address major public health issues. However, those who use EBPs in real-world settings often require support in bridging the research-to-practice gap. In the US, one of the largest systems that provides such support is the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) Technology Transfer Center (TTC) Network. As part of a large external evaluation of the Network, this study examined how TTCs determine which EBPs to promote and how to promote them. Using semi-structured interviews and pre-testing, we developed a "Determinants of Technology Transfer" survey that was completed by 100% of TTCs in the Network. Because the study period overlapped with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we also conducted a retrospective pre/post-pandemic comparison of determinants. TTCs reported relying on a broad group of factors when selecting EBPs to disseminate and the methods to do so. Stakeholder and target audience input and needs were consistently the most important determinant (both before and during COVID-19), while some other determinants fluctuated around the pandemic (e.g., public health mandates, instructions in the funding opportunity announcements). We discuss implications of the findings for technology transfer and frame the analyses in terms of the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of march-in rights to lower drug prices in the United States. March-in rights, which were established by the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980, allow the government to license patents to others if the recipient of federal funding fails to make reasonable efforts to use the patented technology. The Biden administration has proposed a framework for considering the exercise of march-in rights in situations where drug prices are deemed unreasonable. The draft guidance does not specify what prices are considered reasonable, but it provides a hypothetical scenario to illustrate the considerations involved. The article acknowledges the challenges of balancing access to affordable treatments with the promotion of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The proposed framework has received criticism, and the debate on this issue is ongoing. [Extracted from the article]

DNA profiling has become a culturally ubiquitous technology. Its use, whether in forensic investigations, genetic databases, biomedical research, international border-making, or popular genealogy, has been familiarized through political debates, media and cultural representations and commercialization. DNA profiling has also attracted considerable scholarly attention across this terrain. However, scant attention has been paid to the key role played by legal migration in driving DNA profiling's initial translation from lab bench discovery to "truth machine" and identity token. Here, I discuss the first state-sponsored use of DNA profiling as a tool for establishing kinship relations among legal but racialized migrants on Britain's borders in the mid-1980s. I argue that this early "experiment" conditioned the commercialization and future uses of the technology at and beyond border zones. Reinstating migration as the origin context for DNA profiling, and retracing the postcolonial routes by which it entered the biopolitical sphere, sheds light on the conjoined naturalization and racialization of genetic technologies of identity and identification, whether at or beyond national borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A decade after the 1955 Bandung Conference, China and Japan engaged in a competition for technological exports to Burma. 1 During this process, technocrats in Beijing and Tokyo mobilized non-governmental collaborators—local Chinese industrialists and Japanese businesses seeking overseas expansion—as proxies to maximize their technological output to Burma. The Burmese, on the other hand, used the competition between Beijing and Tokyo as a bargaining tool, and pressed the two regional powers to provide at Rangoon's request. The technical aid Burma received was also affected by its shifting visions for development. Factionalist struggles between 1958 and 1962 changed not only Burma's political landscape but also its leadership's mind-set regarding the economy: the nation moved away from aid-driven industrial modernization towards a self-reliant, agricultural economy based on limited foreign technologies. Consequently, the meaning of the term 'technological aid', though used throughout the decade, became flexible and indistinct, carrying vastly different connotations at different stages of the Burmese state-building process. In this way, Burma's experience as an aid-receiving country in Cold War Asia may speak to the flexible power dynamics between the aiding and the aided countries, and shed light on the diversified means through which states employed science and technology as diplomatic tools in Cold War competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the development of Sierra Leone's ship repair cluster, particularly focusing on the period 1780 to 1860. It argues that several factors contributed to the colony's ability to develop a ship repair cluster. The first was the local environment, which provided both a safe harbor for ships and boats, and local materials that could be used on European and American ships. Secondly, the port's increasing commercial role and its unique position as the site of the Courts of Mixed Commission for the adjudication of condemned slaving ships after the abolition of the slave trade gave ship's carpenters access to a wide and varied range of both customers and supplies. Finally, these material effects were enhanced by the cluster's effect on knowledge spillover and on-the-spot tacit knowledge creation as disruptions in the supply chain, competition with slave traders, and other local circumstances fostered innovation in Freetown's repair cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology flows are becoming increasingly diverse in the twenty-first century, calling for an update of concepts and frameworks. Reflecting on the inherent tensions of technology transfer, including its technocratic dreams, insensitivity to technological materiality, and narrow focus on certain human actors, we propose technology translation as a complementary conceptual framework to understand traveling technologies. Taking a socio-technical approach, technology translation views artifacts as socially shaped with distributed agency, which makes technology flows unstable and unpredictable. In so doing, we develop a typology to explain five technology flow scenarios, shedding new light on the mechanisms of technology traveling by foregrounding the role of translators. Last, we discuss the politics of translation and elaborate how technology translation opens new space to engage with the complexity and uncertainty of technology flows, especially in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies some ways to effectively transfer complex and gender-biased technology information and knowledge (TIK) to both men and women by analyzing the diffusion of Smart-valleys technology in West-Africa. ANOVA and Fisher's exact tests were applied to data collected from 1120 lowland rice farmers in West Africa. Results confirm the general gender inequality in TIK communication with male farmers having more access to Smart-valleys TIK than female lowland farmers. Only few female communicators were used in Smart-valleys TIK transfer even if they were found to be as efficient as men at communicating and teaching. However, opposite results obtained in Togo in particular reveal that it is possible to ensure gender equality in agricultural TIK communication, even in case of complex and gender-bias technologies, if specific gender mainstreaming and gender equity actions are undertaken during technology diffusion. Women-to-women communication improved female farmers access to Smart-valleys TIK confirming that involving female communicators will reduce gender inequality in TIK diffusion. On-farm demonstration was identified as the most effective approach, not only in Smart-valleys TIK communication, but also in ensuring gender equity in access of both male and female farmers to the TIK. Therefore, on-farm demonstration combined with oral explanations should be adopted as the main approach in complex and gender-biased technologies diffusion in general, and in Smart-valleys diffusion in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several scholars have recently recommended a transition from focusing on Internet access (access divide) and Internet use (use divide) to the tangible outcomes of Internet use (outcome divide). This study evaluates the utility of this perspective in China for investigating digital inequalities across provinces. Despite having the world's largest ICT market, digital disparities persist at the provincial, city, and county levels. This paper establishes an explanatory conceptual model of the digital divide (DD) at the provincial level and applies mapping through ArcGIS software to investigate spatial agglomeration. Spatial autocorrelation (Moran-i) is used to reveal high significance and multivariate analysis is used to investigate the key correlates. Among the provinces, a significant DD was found, which shows that provinces that are administratively sophisticated (such as Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing, Jiangsu, Shandon, and Zhejiang) having a high digital development index score (IDI). Concomitantly, poverty-stricken regions and rural areas, mostly in southwest, central, and western China, have low IDI values. The factors found by this study to be most influential for improved ICT usage and outcomes are residential income (urban), e-government, literacy rate (secondary gross enrollment), and the working-age population. This indicates that socio-economic problems should be addressed first instead of institutional and innovational considerations. This study is the first to develop a conceptual model of the third-level digital divide (3-LDD) (ICT outcome) at the provincial level and utilize spatial analysis and mapping to supplement traditional methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is generally regarded as critical to long-run economic growth. Recent work, at different spatial scales, suggests economies that develop more complex technologies that are related to their existing knowledge stocks enjoy a growth premium. Thus, "smarter" forms of innovation may accelerate growth. These claims are examined using Chinese patent data distributed across 286 cities over the period 1991–2015. Fixed-effects panel models report that city-level GDP growth in China has a significant and positive relationship with diversification into more related and complex technologies, after controlling for the overall pace of innovation and other covariates. Robustness checks focusing on spatial autocorrelation and endogeneity affirm the core findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to IEA (2018), there is a huge gap between the first-best social optimal utilization of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies to lower global CO2 emissions and the current, negligible diffusion of this technology. This calls for a financial support mechanism for CCS. We study to what extent promotion of CCS in Europe should be through subsidizing development and production of CCS technologies—an upstream subsidy—or by subsidising the purchasers of CCS technologies—a downstream subsidy. This question is examined theoretically in a stylized model and numerically by using a new approach that integrates strategic trade policy with an economic model of the European energy markets. The theory model suggests that upstream subsidies should clearly be preferred, and this is confirmed by the numerical simulations. For the European power market, the numerical simulations suggest that subsidies to CCS coal power should exceed subsidies to CCS gas power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the development of university technology transfer operations at the Research Triangle region's three universities. Organized to commercialize university-based scientific inventions, this expertise was essential to university engagement in the region's long-term development. Early collaborative efforts to jump-start technology transfer in the region were promoted via a joint licensing consortium. Those early efforts—and their eventual devolution to the universities—are critical to understanding the region's subsequent development. We document a process of competing institutional logics and institutional interpretation, with officials from each campus continually interpreting the collaborative's value against their own institution's evolving needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patent transfer provides an important indication of technology flows and knowledge diffusion across space. Drawing on patent transfer data, we modeled intercity technology transfer networks in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area, a city region special for its "one country, two systems" structure, in the periods 2007–2011 and 2012–2016. We then explored the evolutionary characteristics of the networks and further examined the impact of, and interaction between, different forms of proximities in relation to technology transfer over time. Our results show that some kinds of proximities (institutional, cognitive, and social) are able to promote technology transfers, while others (geographical and cultural) do not exert significant impacts. Of the latter category, geographical proximity can, however, indirectly affect technology transfer by acting on the proximity of other dimensions (institutional, cognitive, and social). For instance, cognitive proximity can compensate for the lack of geographical proximity and social proximity frequently accompanies geographical proximity—and both relationships are reinforced over time. In contrast, the interrelatedness of geographical and institutional proximities have transformed from a relation of substitution to complementarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this project was to implement long-read sequencing for BCR-ABL1 TKI resistance mutation screening in a clinical setting for patients undergoing treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia. Materials and Methods: Processes were established for registering and transferring samples from the clinic to an academic sequencing facility for long-read sequencing. An automated analysis pipeline for detecting mutations was established, and an information system was implemented comprising features for data management, analysis and visualization. Clinical validation was performed by identifying BCR-ABL1 TKI resistance mutations by Sanger and long-read sequencing in parallel. The developed software is available as open source via GitHub at https://github.com/pharmbio/clamp Results: The information system enabled traceable transfer of samples from the clinic to the sequencing facility, robust and automated analysis of the long-read sequence data, and communication of results from sequence analysis in a reporting format that could be easily interpreted and acted upon by clinical experts. In a validation study, all 17 resistance mutations found by Sanger sequencing were also detected by long-read sequencing. An additional 16 mutations were found only by long-read sequencing, all of them with frequencies below the limit of detection for Sanger sequencing. The clonal distributions of co-existing mutations were automatically resolved through the long-read data analysis. After the implementation and validation, the clinical laboratory switched their routine protocol from using Sanger to long-read sequencing for this application. Conclusions: Long-read sequencing delivers results with higher sensitivity compared to Sanger sequencing and enables earlier detection of emerging TKI resistance mutations. The developed processes, analysis workflow, and software components lower barriers for adoption and could be extended to other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast pace of advances within the Industry 4.0 era has had a direct impact on the process of technology transfer, as well as brought forth new and hitherto unknown challenges. This study pursues the goal to delineate the challenges and/or limitations of the I4's process of technology transfer in terms of anthropotechnological aspects. For this purpose, the combination of two methodologies, PRISMA and Methodi Ordinatio, was carried out. The final portfolio analysis was divided into quantitative and qualitative sections. As a result, the current and recurring challenges of this interaction were reported in an overlap. Moreover, it was demonstrated that most studies have been focusing their attention on what involves a more holistic issue of the whole scenario, be they in the organizational, educational, cultural, governmental, security, human capital, technologies, innovations, or sustainable development issues. Finally, this research can serve as a starting point for further researches, as well as contribute to the understanding of industries during the implementation of the Industry 4.0 and their challenges regarding processes of technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of commitments made under the UNFCCC Paris Agreement and Glasgow Climate Pact, trillions of dollars are needed to fund climate mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. However, few studies have investigated the effectiveness of climate finance or how it impacts barriers to renewable energy development in recipient countries. This article contributes to the literature by investigating climate finance effectiveness through comparative case study analysis of its impacts on geothermal development in Indonesia and the Philippines. The article finds that three mechanisms of climate finance—utility modifier, social learning and capacity building—work interdependently in impacting the financial, regulatory, and technical barriers to geothermal development in Indonesia and the Philippines but are individually insufficient to scale the industry; political will and energy shocks play a significant intervening role. This paper raises policy implications for climate finance effectiveness and renewable energy technology deployment in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide population aging and rapid diffusion of digital technology have converged to produce an age-related digital divide in the adoption of technology, as seen in use of the Internet and ownership of smartphones. Given the centrality of these technologies for full participation in modern society, reducing that gap is an important challenge for psychologists. We outline more and less malleable factors associated with the adoption of technology and argue that interventions that can change both the aging user and the design of products will be necessary. Adaptive technology systems that incorporate artificial intelligence and extended reality are promising new approaches to reducing the age-related digital divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storage, processing, and transfer of huge matrices are becoming challenging tasks in the process analytical technology and scientific research. Matrix compression can solve these problems successfully. We developed a novel compression method of spectral data matrix based on its low-rank approximation and the fast Fourier transform of the singular vectors. This method differs from the known ones in that it does not require restoring the low-rank approximated matrix for further Fourier processing. Therefore, the compression ratio increases. A compromise between the losses of the accuracy of the data matrix restoring and the compression ratio was achieved by selecting the processing parameters. The method was applied to multivariate chemometrics analysis of the cow milk for determining fat and protein content using two data matrices (the file sizes were 5.7 and 12.0 MB) restored from their compressed form. The corresponding compression ratios were about 52 and 114, while the loss of accuracy of the analysis was less than 1% compared with processing of the non-compressed matrix. A huge, simulated matrix, compressed from 400 MB to 1.9 MB, was successfully used for multivariate calibration and segment cross-validation. The data set simulated a large matrix of 10 000 low-noise infrared spectra, measured in the range 4000–400 cm−1 with a resolution of 0.5 cm−1. The corresponding file was compressed from 262.8 MB to 19.8 MB. The discrepancies between original and restored spectra were less than the standard deviation of the noise. The method developed in the article clearly demonstrated its potential for future applications to chemometrics-enhanced spectrometric analysis with limited options of memory size and data transfer rate. The algorithm used the standard routines of Matlab software. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the Work/Technology 2050 study of the global Millennium Project and its main results. The article highlights how (invited) experts from different countries see the development of work and technology until 2050 and how they assess the three featured scenarios based on these views. In terms of technology, the study focused on the potential effects of artificial intelligence, while the role of basic income was given special consideration in the development prospects of work. In connection with the scenarios, the study produced hundreds of proposals for action under five different themes. Besides presenting and evaluating these scenarios and proposals for action, the Finnish authors of the article provide their own reflections and some critical remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This focused issue entitled "Universities and Regional Development" contains three papers. All three papers focus on universities and their involvement in translating research for commercialization, which in turn supports economic development that often extends beyond the local region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community detection is a major issue in network analysis. This paper combines a socio-historical approach with an experimental reconstruction of programs to investigate the early automation of clique detection algorithms, which remains one of the unsolved NP-complete problems today. The research led by the archaeologist Jean-Claude Gardin from the 1950s on non-numerical information and graph analysis is retraced to demonstrate the early contributions of social sciences and humanities. The limited recognition and reception of Gardin's innovative computer application to the humanities are addressed through two factors, in addition to the effects of historiography and bibliographies on the recording, discoverability, and reuse of scientific productions: (1) funding policies, evidenced by the transfer of research effort on graph applications from temporary interdisciplinary spaces to disciplinary organizations related to the then-emerging field of computer science; and (2) the erratic careers of algorithms, in which efficiency, flaws, corrections, and authors' status, were determining factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the practices of the repair, maintenance, and appropriation of locomotives on Russian railways at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, exemplified by a case study of the Ryazan–Uralsk railway. Particular attention has been paid to the function of repair and maintenance in the railway context. Repair and maintenance have therefore been considered complex phenomena bringing together infrastructure, things to be repaired or maintained, and people involved in these actions on the one hand, and field research, innovation and business on the other. Based on a broad range of sources regarding the legal prescriptions, statistics, reports of railway employees to their superiors, financial documentation, and drafts of repaired locomotives, the diversity of the repair and maintenance of locomotives in late imperial Russia is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconstructs the design history of the Ayalon Crosstown Expressway in Tel Aviv, a project that initiated the technology transfer of American and European transport planning methods to Israel. It examines the unstable, evolving dynamics between agents pushing the technology such as the World Bank and international traffic planning firms, and local institutions pulling or opposing it such as the city, the highway company, and various competing governmental departments. The five successive plans developed for that highway by Canadian, American, French, and British planners offer themselves to comparative analysis of national design philosophies of urban highway systems. Through a close reading of the different geometric plans of one bifurcating interchange, the paper analyses how the technology was adapted to fit the Israeli political, administrative, and economic environment, and identifies a shift in highway planning rationality and techniques for governing mobility at the American source of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the consumer information search behavior of households in San Diego County with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. We focus on whether solar PV households financing the technology through third-party ownership (TPO) versus host-ownership (HO), which is equivalent to leasing or buying goods in other markets, have heterogeneous preferences as reflected by information search. Conditional on adoption, we find that TPO households tend to seek more information on home modifications required for solar installation whereas HO households seek more information on the financial returns of solar investments. These preferences may be correlated with the consumption of other goods and services, and thus, if used to inform marketing strategies, our results could help reduce solar PV customer acquisition costs and accelerate technology diffusion. They also have indirect implications for marketing goods and services in other contexts where consumers exhibit similar preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increased agricultural trade liberalization, high productive inefficiency in agriculture has kept Africa as a net importer of agriculture products. Empirical studies have focused on the trade liberalization–productivity growth nexus and overlooked the efficiency linkage. Also the role of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and institutions in reducing inefficiency in agriculture have been sidelined. We use a stochastic frontier approach and single-stage maximum likelihood estimation of a true fixed-effects panel data model for our analysis. Using maize and rice data, we provide evidence that through technology transfer, agricultural trade statistically improves technical efficiency. Moreover, results suggest that RTAs provide favourable technical efficiency effects, which varies across products and membership. Furthermore, we document that while regulatory quality reduces technical inefficiency, control of corruption increases it. Our findings call for increased role of RTAs in promoting agricultural trade liberalization. This should be complemented by further strengthening of institutions involved in the agriculture value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart home products continue to rise in popularity but have yet to achieve widespread adoption. There is little research on how the general population perceives benefits of different smart home devices beyond general surveys. Using a living laboratory of five solar houses that we equipped with a range of smart home devices, we assessed how university student residents learn about, use, and gain interest in adopting this smart home technology. Analysis of data confirms that users find lifestyle benefits to be the most important motivators for adopting smart home technology. Yet without training in using that technology, these benefits do not outweigh the risks associated with learning to operate that technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I test how the concept of sites of knowledge – originally developed by Christian Jacob for scholarly work – can be applied to technologies. I analyse how acquisition, transmission and transformation of knowledge work in the construction and use of technologies. The two railway lines built with German participation in China at the turn from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, the Shandong Railway and the Tianjin-Pukou Railway, are taken as an example. By investigating what knowledge for building and operating the railroad as a whole and the trains as a part of it was needed and available and how it relates to space, I demonstrate how technical and non-technical knowledge interact in the practices of the actively involved and passively affected individuals. The article thereby examines the complexity of different forms of knowledge necessary for a site of knowledge to take shape and to exist in relation to its surrounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to articles published within the issue is presented, including one by Philipp Mahltig et al on the German technical and knowledge transfer to railway development in China, another by Thomas Spain on the building of the Canton-Hankou railway line and the British cooperation on the project, and one by Linda Tjia on the organizational restructuring of the railway organization beginning in the 1980s.

In the analysis of vibration systems, classical transfer functions are used. Usually, it is the ratio of Fourier or Laplace transforms. The wavelet transfer function is proposed in this work. In this paper, the wavelets transfer function is the ratio of output and input wavelet transforms. It is considered as a distinctive correlation of the output and input system signals. The wavelet transform consists of coefficients, where the first is a scale and second time shift. To get input and output signals in the human body–seat system the dedicated test stand was made. The stand consists of a seat, moved by special shaker, which is used as a mechanical vibration device. The control program included in the source file is taken to imitate angular position of the engine. Motor shaft is connected with exciter's moving parts and stand base, which influences directly on the seat position. The disturbance signal usually simulates a horizontal road influence on a driver. It can be considered as a low-frequency signal. It is measured by accelerometers called inertial sensors, which are placed on the platform of the shaker. The output signal is measured by an accelerometer placed on a seat and on the human head. Both signals are recorded by the Inertia Studio software wireless in the real time. After the measurement, the signals are transformed into wavelet coefficients by using Matlab package functions. The transfer function and its visualization are presented in two dimensions scale-time. The scale is related to frequency (pseudo-frequency). By the transfer function it is possible to analyze the systems, evaluate safety, compare the systems, and many more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we introduce the community-contributed command randcoef, which fits the correlated random-effects and correlated random-coefficient models discussed in Suri (2011, Econometrica 79: 159-209). While this approach has been around for a decade, its use has been limited by the computationally intensive nature of the estimation procedure that relies on the optimal minimum distance estimator. randcoef can accommodate up to five rounds of panel data and offers several options, including alternative weight matrices for estimation and inclusion of additional endogenous regressors. We also present postestimation analysis using sample data to facilitate understanding and interpretation of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The license agreement between the Italian Fiat and the Yugoslav Crvena Zastava, signed in 1954, was the first commercial arrangement and enterprise between a Western corporation and a socialist country in the post-war era. The Yugoslav side expected the establishment of the modern automobile industry to have a spin-off effect, helping to modernise the entire industrial sector. However, this ambitious plan failed to materialise, leaving the country with Western-type automobiles, which often fell below even East European quality standards. As it was linked to almost the entire industrial sector, the underperformance of the Yugoslav automobile industry can be understood as both a reason for and indication of a dangerously overstretched political and economic system. In particular, the ‘ethnic key’ policy and so-called workers’ self-management were bottlenecks in reaching successful outcomes, only further fuelling Yugoslav contradictions instead of helping to modernise the Yugoslav economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After summarising 1960s first Romanian industrial deals with the West countries, this paper explores the 1976–94 cooperation with the French automobile manufacturer Citroën to build a new automotive plant in Romania. The contract with Citroën established a joint venture in Romania to produce the Citroën Axel for Western markets (branded Oltcit in Romania, after the name of the Romanian company). The deal highlighted the importance of transport for state-building processes and for creating a modern society in socialist Romania through industrial capacity building. Citroën was instead looking for peripheral production centres to lower production costs and boost sales. Unmet production volumes and standards, and shaky supply lines, gradually undermined the project. The Oltcit–Citroën deal failed because, even with Citroën’s assistance, Romanian car manufactures proved incapable of producing flawless cars and of meeting delivery terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science communication makes science relevant to nonscientist audiences, but relevance and audience can be resolved at multiple levels. This study in the New Zealand wine industry suggests that written science communication can make science topically relevant without building relevant relationships with individual audience members. Paradoxically, winemakers and winegrowers describe research as relevant to industry generally but not to their own work in particular. Analyzing science communication documents shows rhetorical moves connecting research and industry but distancing research from individual readers. This case suggests the utility of attending to rhetorical relationships in science communication and the need for unique rhetorical strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preference of an innovation systems approach to development is based on its inclusiveness and the interactions of actors to co-influence each other, to learn and innovate and to bring about tangible benefits. As more actors with diverse interests engage, the innovation system becomes more complex and actors with higher influence power are likely to benefit more. Smallholder farmers in developing countries are the core actors of an agricultural innovation system, but their ability to influence other actors to maximize their benefits is questionable. This article applies a historical analysis of the progressive development and complexity of Malawi's diary innovation system through phased emphasis on technological, organizational and institutional development to illustrate the centrality of smallholder dairy farmers in the innovation system. A social network analysis is applied to assess the influence of smallholder farmers on other actors. The existence and growth of the diary innovation system in Malawi is founded on the resilience of smallholder dairy farmers to produce milk. Whereas the smallholder farmers are the most connected in terms of interaction, they have the least influence on other actors in the innovation system. To take advantage of their central position to maximize benefits, smallholder farmers can only rely on their collective power to influence others. Organizing farmers in groups and associations is a step in the right direction but deliberate interventions by innovation brokers as intermediaries need to focus on empowering these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines five surprising and historically contingent coincidences, pertaining separately to land, capital, labor, entrepreneurship, and technological innovation, whose concurrence and confluence go a long way toward explaining China’s remarkable record of development in the past thirty-five years. They also reveal the roots of the problems that have accompanied that development: gross social inequality, a persistent and oppressive bureaucracy, and a drastic environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of evidence-based interventions is increasingly expected within public health settings. However, there continues to be an evidence gap between what works in the literature and in practice. The current multiple case study focused on the adoption, adaptation, capacity building, implementation, and evaluation of healthy relationships (HR) in two demonstration project sites. Our lens for reflection and writing has been highly practical, with an aim of sharing experiences with others interested in adopting HR or another Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions in clinical settings with resource challenges. Although both sites recognized the powerful influence HR had on participants and staff, they reported that HR is resource-intensive regarding training, implementation, and evaluation, limiting the possibility of sustaining the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geography of knowledge sourcing has attracted much attention as firms increasingly rely on external knowledge to accelerate innovation. However, the existing literature has been silent about the way in which firms utilize external knowledge and has largely neglected firm heterogeneity in geographical knowledge sourcing. This paper established a geographical search model by combining geographical scales of knowledge sourcing with firm-level knowledge search strategies to investigate the differentiated knowledge search patterns and innovation dynamics between technological leaders and laggards with survey data from Zhejiang, one of the leading provinces in China. It is found that, while a broad search of local knowledge contributes to product innovation by technological laggards, it exerts no significant influence on technological leaders whose innovation depends more upon a nonlocal variety of knowledge sources. The findings highlight the uneven and selective knowledge flows within a cluster and question the importance of localized strong ties in innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the discusses the concepts of coinventorship and coauthorship in the legal and sociological literature, and journals' publication guidelines and technology transfer offices' recommendations. It also discusses the relative importance of social and legal norms in the allocation of scientific credit. The literature on inventorship and authorship in academic science is revised and derives some policy implications on the institutional mechanisms allocating scientific credit.

This article describes the technological trajectory of the Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals (Bio-Manguinhos) of a public institution (Fiocruz) linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, showing how it affected the learning process and the technological capabilities accumulation. It also tackled the government policies to stimulate the local production of similar biotherapeutics through the productive development partnerships, and the regulatory framework involved in this process. Bio-Manguinhos was created in the second half of 1976 aiming to supply the Brazilian National Program of Immunizatio (NPI) created in 1973, by organizing an incipient vaccine production done in several different research laboratories of Fiocruz. Since then, through different types of technology agreements and maintaining the investments on intrinsic technological development, the Institute had an extraordinary growth. Today it is responsible for more than 60% of the vaccines distributed to the Brazilian population, supplies diagnostic kits for several public programs and became an innovative organization launching high-tech kits intrinsically developed. In 2006, Bio-Manguinhos entered the biopharmaceutical field and is becoming the vanguard production in the country for different types of treatment covered by the government. This paper also shows the public health policies that focus to induce the local biological production by stimulating partnerships between public and private companies, the impact of the local production and the changes in the regulatory environment to follow the new scenario. Through different types of technology agreements, Bio-Manguinhos today produces more than 100 million doses of vaccines, including technologically complex ones as streptococcus pneumonia 10 valent. The technological trajectory of the in vitro diagnosis tests was similar to the vaccines, whereas the institute began supplying to the ministry of health programs tests produced in old technological platforms and then became an innovative organization launching high-tech products. Through this case it is possible to realize the learning process as well as the technological capabilities accumulation of Bio-Manguinhos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies documented 17 years of transfer time from clinical trials to practice of care. Launched in 2002, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) translational research initiative needs to develop metrics for impact assessment. A recent White House report highlighted that research and development productivity is declining as a result of increased research spending while the new drugs output is flat. The goal of this study was to develop an expanded model of research-based innovation and performance thresholds of transfer from research to practice. Models for transfer of research to practice have been collected and reviewed. Subsequently, innovation pathways have been specified based on common characteristics. An integrated, intellectual property transfer model is described. The central but often disregarded role of research innovation disclosure is highlighted. Measures of research transfer and milestones of progress have been identified based on the Association of University Technology Managers 2012 performance reports. Numeric milestones of technology transfer are recommended at threshold (top 50%), target (top 25%), and stretch goal (top 10%) performance levels. Transfer measures and corresponding target levels include research spending to disclosure (<$1.88 million), disclosure to patents (>0.81), patents to start-up (>0.1), patents to licenses (>2.25), and average per license income (>$48,000). Several limitations of measurement are described. Academic institutions should take strategic steps to bring innovation to the center of scholarly discussions. Research on research, particularly on pathways to disclosures, is needed to improve R&D productivity. Researchers should be informed about the technology transfer performance of their institution and regulations should better support innovators. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Faculty culture and communication networks are pivotal components of technology transfer on university campuses. Universities are focused upon diffusing technology to external clients and upon building structure and support systems to enhance technology transfer. However, engaging faculty members in technology transfer requires an internal diffusion of new ideas that are largely dependent upon faculty culture. New policies, structures, and support staff help to promote technology transfer ideologically, but are of little use if faculty researchers avoid involvement because of more intangible factors. The current study investigates this internal diffusion on one campus, using interviews with faculty members, administrators, technology transfer office personnel, licensees, and spin-off company administrators. Results show that faculty culture concerning technology transfer is dependent upon informal communication networks, principles of diffusion, history, and social interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian strategic thinking is a product of its historical, cultural, geopolitical, socio-economic compulsions; it sought a preservation of India’s strategic autonomy with a revisionist perspective that was structured to tackle the status quo created by the great powers. Today, given India’s technological and economic capabilities, it is demanding space in the decision-making circles of the world. India-US security dialogue began sometime in the late 1980s. It was only after September 2001 that India-US security ties gained real momentum. The new key word in India-US defence relationship is ‘inter-operability’. It signifies the mutual desire of both the countries to work more closely in the area of military cooperation and also portrays a possibility of sharing strategic doctrines and operations in the future to tackle new challenges. There are several issues that are likely to dominate the security dialogue. They include issues of terrorism associated with Pakistan and Afghanistan and American policies in that area; the question of technology transfer; nuclear non-proliferation; and the overall political discourse on non-military aspects like Human Rights and the ethnic nationalism based right to political self-determination movements that appear to elicit American attention at times. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The historical geography of the British motorcycle industry (its distribution over time and the rate at which motorcycle marques entered and exited) shows two major agglomerations or clusters (West Midlands and Greater London) to have been the driving force behind the industry. Motorcycle marque exits from the industry (shakeout) had a net positive effect on the West Midlands and a net negative effect on the Greater London area. Spin-off of new companies was primarily an internal process in the West Midlands and an external process in the Greater London area. The high level of spatial concentration, the rapid rate of technology diffusion, and large number of spin-off firms helped the British motorcycle industry to maintain a wide variety of marques over a long time. However, each successive shakeout period resulted in an industry that was increasingly innovation-averse and stagnant, eventually ending in its near total collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the material and social transformation of a German ambulance car into a Ghanaian minibus-called tro-tros in Ghana. We track the journey of a Mercedes Benz 310 from Winnenden in Germany to Kumasi in Ghana and examine the transformation of Rettungswagen 7/83-2 to tro-tro Dr.JESUS. Tracing the car's geobiography enables us to explore a specific material relation between Europe and West Africa. Considering debates on technology transfer and transformation, we argue for a nuanced understanding of 'fluid technologies' that includes opportunities but also emphasises the dangers implicated in the transfer and transformation of objects. Furthermore, by locating the reused bus within international trade in discarded objects, we introduce the notion of 'provincialising waste' to underline changing uses and values of objects. In this paper we suggest that careful attention needs to be paid to the ambivalent geobiographies of secondhand objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central theme for this article arises from conversation on how agricultural scientists can move from technology transfer to complementing development. Researchers may be willing to embrace developmental concerns while lacking enabling skills and perspectives. Agricultural researchers often choose agendas based on cost, efficiency and appropriate controlled input use. This is problematic for small-scale commercial agriculture in traditionally managed rural situations because it does not include the issues of authority, power and complexity found in situated contexts. This article describes researcher learning arising from participatory farmer–researcher activity that determined a mutually beneficial research agenda. The participatory nature of the research was determined by how relationships were developed and managed. Researchers came to understand that attitude, environment and relevant issues, not specific tools, achieved participation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hybrid corn is widely acknowledged to be the cornerstone of twentieth century breakthroughs in agricultural technology, an essential step toward achieving the “pushbutton cornucopia” to which modern agriculture aspires. This paper challenges this view by examining the social causes and consequences of technical change in corn production, and shows how the development and adoption of hybrid technologies has contributed to the perpetual crisis of corn farming, while sustaining the expansion of the seed corn industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]