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The process of medical scientific journal publishing merits further explanation for authors and readers. Prospective authors need to understand the scope of the journal and the article types that are published. We give an overview of the editorial process, including selection of reviewers, peer review and decisions regarding revision, acceptance and rejection of papers for Australasian Psychiatry. We encourage authors and readers to submit papers, and volunteer as peer reviewers, working together with the journal editorial team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern research often involves the collection or analysis of data and the use of specialized computer algorithms. Traditional text articles thus provide only partial documentation of a research study. Readers have limited ability to reproduce or utilize work if the source data are not available or if it relies on an algorithm that is described, but code is not provided. Fortunately, a wide variety of tools are now available to support the publication of research data and code. The effort required to publish data is now relatively small, and the benefits can be immense. This opinion article discusses trends toward increased sharing in academic publishing. It describes opportunities and resources to support data and code sharing and describes the benefits for both authors and readers. Finally, it discusses how Earthquake Spectra is providing resources and enhancing its policies to establish the sharing of data as the default procedure when publishing in the journal, and encourage the sharing of code and other resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an editorial from the Journal of Orthodontics, welcoming new members to the Editorial Team and discussing the role of the Editorial Board. The new members include individuals from various locations, increasing the diversity of the team. The main role of the new members will be to assist in the handling and peer review of submitted papers. The article also explains the peer review process and the different decisions that can be made regarding the acceptance or rejection of a paper. The author emphasizes the importance of reviewers and invites readers to become reviewers for the journal. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the importance of respectful scientific debate in the field of psychiatry. The journal, Australasian Psychiatry, welcomes correspondence from readers and authors who have views about papers published in the journal. The correspondence should focus on evidence and reasoned arguments, avoiding personal attacks or offensive language. The journal encourages the submission of letters to the editor, which are subject to peer review, and limits further rounds of correspondence to avoid repetition. The goal is to challenge the evidence and arguments within a paper to promote independent assessment by readers. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Coding Intensity through Health Risk Assessments and Chart Reviews in Medicare Advantage: Does It Explain Resource Use?" The authors discovered an error in the programming used for the analysis, which affected the values of resource use. However, this error did not significantly impact the main result of the study, which focused on the relative contributions of risk scores from different diagnosis sources to resource use. The authors provided the correct numbers for the affected sections of the paper, and the journal editor confirmed that these changes do not alter the study's conclusions. The authors apologize for the error. [Extracted from the article]

This article is based on a 2007 conference presentation that used Research-Based Theater (RbT) to identify and articulate the ethical questions facing playmakers and audiences, not to provide answers, but to challenge the participants to address them. The authors pose issues of purpose, power, ownership, permission, and audience participation, addressing ethical problems of RbT for performers, audiences, and informants. In the second part of the article, the authors refer readers to the literature to further explore how these issues have been addressed in a range of contexts worldwide... and the further questions they raise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhang, X. (2024). Labor Market Reentry Among White-Collar Female Ex-Prisoners in China: A Feminist Desistance Perspective. Feminist Criminology, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/15570851241238469Post-publication of the above article, the author noticed error in the article and contacted Sage to correct Table 1. The authors provided an updated Table and the references related to Table 1 in the article.The table and its references are updated to reflect the corrections.The journal editor confirms that these changes do not alter the conclusions.The author apologizes to readers for this inadvertent error. [Extracted from the article]

This article contributes to the practice of coding in meta-analyses by offering direction and advice for experienced and novice meta-analysts on the "how" of coding. The coding process, the invisible architecture of any meta-analysis, has received comparably little attention in methodological resources, leaving the research community with insufficient guidance on "how" it should be rigorously planned (i.e., cohere with the research objective), conducted (i.e., make reliable and valid coding decisions), and reported (i.e., in a sufficiently transparent manner for readers to comprehend the authors' decision-making). A lack of rigor in these areas can lead to erroneous results, which is problematic for entire research communities who build their future knowledge upon meta-analyses. Along four steps, the guidelines presented here elucidate "how" the coding process can be performed in a coherent, efficient, and credible manner that enables connectivity with future research, thereby enhancing the reliability and validity of meta-analytic findings. Our recommendations also support editors and reviewers in advising authors on how to improve the rigor of their coding and ultimately establish higher quality standards in meta-analytic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Late Modernism and the Poetics of Place" by Neal Alexander explores how modernist aesthetics continued to be expressed in Anglophone literature during the second half of the 20th century. The book focuses on six poets, including David Jones, Basil Bunting, and W.S. Graham from the UK, and Lorine Niedecker, Charles Olson, and Gwendolyn Brooks from the US. Alexander analyzes how these poets represent and experience specific places, emphasizing the cultural significance of peripheral and non-metropolitan locations. He also examines the relationship between memory and place in their work. Overall, the book offers a nuanced understanding of late modernism and its connection to diverse geographical perspectives. [Extracted from the article]

Millions of users write and read freely accessible texts every day on online literary platforms (OLPs). Intra-platform surveys aside, only very few studies have considered the demographics of digital readers and authors. Our exploratory study of avid OLP users helps to close this research gap. We requested an international sample of OLP users (13 years and above) to complete an online questionnaire. Our survey gathered demographic data and information about participants' OLP usage, motivation, (communicative) relationship with other users, and perceptions of the positive effects of OLP usage (Nmax = 315). Among others, our results not only reinforce the theoretical concept of wreading but also indicate that OLPs are likely to enhance the pleasure derived from writing and reading. Our data show that OLP usage is not limited to adolescent users. Reportedly, for participants from Generation Y as well as from Generation Z, the experience of creative freedom and the possibility to get direct reader feedback are major motivational factors to write on OLPs. Also, our data indicate that our surveyed writers on OLPs prefer short stories. We call for more longitudinal investigations and for a common theoretical framework, in order to strengthen future research on digital literature practices and to be able to implement the didactic potential of OLPs in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We would like to announce a new vision of the Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders. Thanks to the contribution by former Editors-in-Chief, Associate Editors, and Editorial Board members, as well as all Readers we have a stable base and our journal is still growing. Today, it is safe to say that the journal has already matured and that it has a specific goal, specific groups of authors and readers—each of them is unique. The audience of our magazine mostly includes clinicians and scientists dealing with the subject of broadly understood gynecology with an emphasis on minimally-invasive gynecology, as well as the issues of pathophysiology, particularly comprising the topic of endometriosis, pelvic pain, reproduction, uterine fibroids, or some parts of endocrinology or gynecological oncology. Currently, our journal publishes a high quality peer-reviewed basic and clinical original research articles and critical reviews focusing specifically on the diagnosis, medical, and surgical treatment of endometriosis, adenomyosis, and associated disorders in all their multidimensional aspects. In our strategy for the forthcoming years, we will especially keep place for the most important current problems, controversial or unresolved topics in particular, which are not lacking in case of such a poorly understood pathology as endometriosis, pelvic pain, or uterine fibroids. To sum up, we believe that our journal will surely continue developing in all most important areas of clinical and scientific publishing—these mean standards, basic research, translational medicine, and clinical concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Have you ever been overcome with a profound feeling of humility? Perhaps this moment was unexpected or surprising, giving itself as an insight, reverence, or awe. You feel humbled. But now it seems that this feeling itself has strangely turned into some kind of opening, a sensibility, a method even. For a text, we may consider humility as a quality, recognizing it goes beyond the pairing of author and reader. The focus of this article is to explore humility as a method for qualitative inquiry that moves the temporal moment of writing to the meaningful core of a textorium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education professionals are critical to undocumented students' educational success as their access to higher education is heavily dependent on being able to interpret and navigate policies. This study presents an analysis of policies that impact higher education access for undocumented students coupled with a qualitative case study that examines how anti-immigration policy affects the experiences of higher education professionals who worked directly with undocumented students in the state of Indiana. The authors help readers understand the experiences and challenges facing these "pathfinders" as they attempt to navigate the mazes of federal, state, and institutional policy to help their undocumented students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corpus stylistics Corpus and corpus-assisted approaches to the analysis of fictional and non-fictional language seem to be growing in prominence annually and there are several important contributions to both camps in 2020. London: Bloomsbury, 13-32. 103 Lugea J (2020) The pragma-stylistics of "image macro" internet memes. Analysis of telecinematic discourse has been at the forefront of the adoption in stylistics of multimodal methods of analysis and I Telecinematic Stylistics i ([84]) is another major collection in Bloomsbury's Advances in Stylistics series this year. The major contribution from corpus-assisted linguistics to the analysis of non-fictional language in 2020 is the collection I The Discursive Construction of Economic Inequality i ([65]), part of Bloomsbury's Research in Corpus and Discourse series and comprising nine chapters which undertake corpus-assisted discourse studies of public discourse in Britain. London: Bloomsbury, 39-62. 5 Bednarek (2020b) The sydney corpus of television dialogue: designing and building a corpus of dialogue from US TV series. [Extracted from the article]

Toxicologic Pathology is the official journal of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP), the British Society of Toxicological Pathology, and the European STP (ESTP). Toxicologic Pathology publishes articles related to topics in various aspects of toxicologic pathology such as anatomic pathology, clinical pathology, experimental pathology, and biomarker research. Publications include society-endorsed Best Practice/Position and Points to Consider publications and ESTP Expert Workshop articles that are relevant to toxicologic pathology and scientific regulatory processes, Opinion articles under the banner of the STP Toxicologic Pathology Forum, Original Articles, Review Articles (unsolicited/contributed, mini, and invited), Brief Communications, Letters to the Editor, Meeting Reports, and Book Reviews. This article provides details on the various publication categories in Toxicologic Pathology and will serve as a reference for authors and readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary, I share my perspective on the goals of assessments in general, on linking assessments that were developed according to different specifications and for different purposes, and I propose several considerations for the authors and the readers. This brief commentary is structured around three perspectives (1) the context of this research, (2) the methodology proposed here, and (3) the consequences for applied research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to make sense of Brexit, or otherwise, from a group attachment perspective. It provides a historical analysis of the fluctuating and highly ambivalent relationship of the United Kingdom (UK) with the European Union (EU), so far the most ambitious supranational and transnational group project in the world. But the EU has failed to keep up with some of its founding principles of openness, solidarity and compassion, in the handling of immigration—which has been the most determinant factor in the Brexit vote of June 2016, against a background of financial and migratory crises, as well as unacceptable inequality, nostalgia of sovereign British Empire and rise of English nationalism. The article aims to engage the reader to explore with the author some of the complexity of Brexit thinking and feeling, in the context of a developing EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article expresses gratitude to Dr. Dawn Rowe for her contributions to the TEACHING Exceptional Children (TEC) journal and announces the new editor team. The author reflects on the need for social justice and inclusivity within the organization and highlights the efforts of Project 20/20 to address systemic barriers. The article also mentions the reestablishment of the Diversity Committee and the initiatives they are working on, while emphasizing the importance of becoming an anti-racist organization. The author invites readers to get involved in these efforts and mentions other opportunities to support inclusion and equity within CEC. [Extracted from the article]

Humanity is overwhelmingly in denial about the 'biological annihilation' facing the other species on the planet, heirs to a 13.8 billion year shared history. This paper argues that these questions can be addressed through action research, an ethical research practice, focused on issues of pressing concern to humans and the ecological communities of which they are part. At the heart of the paper is a story, which takes the reader on the author's 20-year journey to cross a threshold into empathy with the more-than-human world. The story is presented as a worked example of a first person practice demonstrating how, in the face of denial within us all, it is possible to stop, bear witness and to seek positive outcomes. Located within action research and its qualities, the characteristics of bearing witness are explored, resulting in a potential definition, description and critical appreciation. Finally the paper argues that first person inquiry into bearing witness needs to become a bedrock for practice across society and offers recommendations for how this might be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the future blossomed on both sides of the Atlantic after World War II (WWII). Formalized methods were developed in the defense sector but swiftly spread to the corporate world. Various groups, public, private, and governmental, became enthusiastic about reflecting on the future. The American and European approaches to reflecting on the future, to applying foresight and la prospective varied; however, there was cooperation. A chronological overview, this article follows the philosophical gaze of Bertrand de Jouvenel, the French writer and futurist who coined the term futuribles and founded a center that would become Futuribles International. Its current president, his son, Hugues de Jouvenel, outlines the background of this Paris-based center for foresight thinking and studies, which aims to integrate a sense of the long term into decision making and action. To this end, Futuribles performs various scanning functions, publishes reports plus a specialized journal, and trains a diverse clientele in foresight methodology. Moreover, Futuribles International honors the tradition of public intellectual discussions (roundtable series) in the spirit of serving an informed citizenry. The author reminds readers of the necessity of foresight today when unelected multinationals play an unprecedented role yet fall through the cracks of almost all national and international regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic writing is regularly criticized for its obscure and turgid prose, for its over-theoretical approach, and its reliance on jargon. In this essay, I suggest researchers and writers, especially qualitative inquirers, should move toward a more open and accessible style of "post-academic" writing. Put simply, post-academic writing is human writing for human readers and is at its best when it takes on a storytelling form. The essay features discussion of seven ways of becoming post-academic writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers some examples from the often overlooked genre of Elizabethan verse translations of Italian novellas, concentrating in particular on the poems where the flow of the narration is interrupted by interpolated speeches, namely letters. I consider how epistolary correspondence in these stories often brings about violent outcomes, how the rhetoric of letters can complicate the reader’s interpretation and how the poets describe the material actions of writing and reading. Paratextual epistolary material is also analysed to determine the authors’ purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I argue that translated texts and translational paratexts invite readers to read translated texts as if they were the originals, a hitherto widely ignored premise of translations. Although translations are produced by many agents in collaboration (authors, publishers, copy-editors and translators), they are generally presented as texts produced predominantly by one agent, the author. I therefore claim that there is a ‘translation pact’ at work in translated literature, a rhetorical construction through which readers are invited to read translated texts as if they were the originals. A narratological implication of the pact is that individual readers who accept the pact will reconstruct only an ‘implied author’ and not an ‘implied translator’. This view differs from earlier works on the implied translator (e.g. Munday, 2008: 11; O’Sullivan, 2003; Schiavi, 1996). The translation pact is most often constructed implicitly, but sometimes translators draw attention to themselves and manifest their agency, for example by discussing translational decisions in prefaces and notes. Against what one would assume from previous claims on the translator’s ‘visibility’ (Venuti, 1995), I demonstrate that the translator’s presence does not necessarily work against the pact but can rather strengthen it. The translation pact explains why readers, including critics, literary scholars and other professional readers, often talk and write about translations as if they were originals composed solely by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to continuously review the definition of the book moving from one bound by its material form to one determined by its function as a means of communication. The book’s social function as the high status vehicle for communicating new ideas and cultural expressions is being challenged by sophisticated systems of conveying meaning in other media. In this article, we report on two projects: electronic book (e-book) publication and reader forum for Nature Mage and the transmedia augmented reality (AR) fiction Sherwood Rise, which investigate these issues. Claudio Pires Franco’s work is based on the adaptation of a source work: Duncan Pile’s Nature Mage. The project aims to develop the book from e-book to a fan-produced enhanced digital book. Through this practice-based research, Franco investigates the definitions and classification of the e and i forms of the book and adaptation in new media; the role of the author in creative collaboration with readers through online forums; the extension of the story world through creative collaboration and reader participation while respecting and safeguarding creative properties. One remove from the traditional book, David Miller’s Sherwood Rise, research the user experience with AR to examine narrative problems and explore new storytelling aesthetics. These new media forms define the outer borders of the book system within which content is formed and moulded, and around which society is shaped. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The terminology écriture écran (screen writing) is often used in a sense similar to the one used by Annie Ernaux when she writes that fiction protects, which allows an author to express himself while keeping his distance from the reader. But, from Blanchot to Genette, many critiques have stressed that the text is in essence the space which only exists in and within that exchange and the reader, especially concerning fiction writings, should be invested and throw himself into the read text. Is fiction writing therefore a protective screen for whomever holds the pen and a projected screen for whomever holds the book? Based on writings from psychoanalyst Rachel Rosenblum and author and Shoah survivor Anna Langfus, we suggest that, for the author and the reader, fiction writings are both a protective and projected screen as those two functions are tightly connected and not contradictory. We will show that no genre is protective as it is the action of the reader or writing, which may transform itself into morbid repetitive compulsion when the memory of the reader or the author becomes pathological. [TRANSLATION]

Following an overview of approaches to wit from the 17th to the late 20th centuries, I provide an account that focuses on the process by which witty effects are produced in the reader. I argue that witty effects arise as the result of a failure of interpretation, which forces the reader to pause momentarily and reprocess the utterance in an altered context, and recognize the interpretation intended by the writer. After reviewing three main causes of interpretive failure in relevance-theoretic terms, I contend that a crucial factor in the production of witty effects is the speed at which the reader goes through the process. I suggest applications of this model to considerations of structure and theme in literary texts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author reflects on the issue of desk returns, a case in which a submission is not being passed to the review process, but yet is not rejected. He explores why such case takes place and provides authors with tips on how to avoid having their papers desk returned. Meanwhile, a list of people, who are acknowledged by the author for reviewing the journal during 2010, is also presented which include Bill Carden, Shawn Carraher and Evelyn Chan.

This article presents the results of a study that investigated readers' perceptions of tone formality in online text passages. The study found that readers perceived text passages to be less formal when they contained personal pronouns, active voice verbs, informal punctuation, or verb contractions. The study reveals that professional communicators can impact their readers' perceptions of tone in online passages. This study provides useful guidance for writers who wish to understand the impact of their stylistic decisions on audience perceptions of passage formality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents his responses to several articles, published elsewhere in the same issue, which offer literary criticism of his book "To Kill the King." These include "Socrates Redux: A Roundabout Exegesis of David Farmer's To Kill the King," by O.C. McSwite, "Kill the King, Love Your Neighbor," by Thomas J. Catlaw, "Is Art the Weapon to Kill the King?" by Hindy Lauer Schachter, and "Killing the King in Public Administration: From Critical Epistemology to Fractured Ontology & Limited Agency. A Review Essay," by Alexander Kouzmin, Matthew T. Witt, and Kym Thorne.

The Journal of Health Psychology enters its 14th year of publication with a few new developments to bring to libraries', authors' and readers' attention. These include changes to the Editorial Board, a new web-based manuscript submission portal and an announcement of a new global special issue on Psychology and Poverty Reduction. Lastly, the content of the current issue is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an essay about what teachers come to know as they struggle to name their historically minoritized, non-normatively sexual and sexualized bodies as teachers in a variety of educational contexts. Regardless of one's opinion on the efficacy of "coming out" in the classroom-and the authors ask the readers to kindly consider the possibility that one might "come out" as heterosexual- it is certain that teachers' bodies are sexual and sexualized. Therefore, what the authors ask the readers to consider is not a question of if they name their sexual and sexualized bodies as teachers but rather how they name their sexual and sexualized bodies as teachers. And not naming counts, too. In this essay, the authors commingle their stories of doing the naming of their sexualized teachers' bodies with a collection of scholarly attempts to name sexual bodies in theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the perspectives of the editorial board chairs of "British Journal of Occupational Therapy" regarding the development of the journal. Lynne Goodacre claimed that the journal has been constant in her professional life for over 25 years. Fiona Nouri recalls that the journal published quiz in December 1990 to encourage readers to read more deeply than to answer the questions. Greg Kelly reveals that the editorial board improved the journal by making a review procedure with the introduction of a double-blind system and development of new guidelines for reviewers.

The author, an employee of Routledge publishing company, explores the role of profit potential and marketability in publishers' decisions about texts. He outlines the three major categories into which most publishers place scholarly writing: "works of original scholarship," "trade' titles," and "textbooks." It is explained that most companies are guarded when it comes to publishing original scholarship, and he goes on to explore how this impacts the work of scholarly authors, noting in particular that in order to be published they should aim to write works that will be of interest to audiences beyond fellow experts in their discipline.

The article presents the results of an online survey conducted in the U.S. to determine the views of journalists and editors on the practice of including e-mail addresses of authors in their articles. Before the availability of e-mail, communication between readers and writers was limited to phone calls and letters and reader feedback was much less common. The study found that a majority of journalists and editors found reader e-mails to be helpful. The article presents some of the comments sent in by journalists and editors that discuss the advantages and disadvantages.

This article describes the results of a survey conducted via e-mail of readers of the three leading generalist, peer-reviewed scholarly journals in the field of nonprofit sector studies: Nonprofit Management and Leadership, Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, and Voluntas. The composition of the sample of respondents suggests that the readers of the journals include a substantial number of people relatively new to the field. Most identify themselves as academic researchers, although a significant minority represents practitioners or consultants. Results show that readers are generally pleased with the journals, giving them relatively high ratings on the quality of articles, readability of the research, and accessibility of the methodology. The results also show that consistent with their editorial missions, the three journals serve somewhat distinct niches and that the increased supply of journals has helped the field to grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which examined the computer documentation writers' tactics for conceiving of their audiences. Main concepts which intertwined in the study; How writers form images of audience; Impact of organizational constraints and resources on writers' audience-research tactics.

The distinction between general and specific deterrence is widely recognized and accepted by deterrence researchers, and is used commonly to classify deterrence studies. However; the logical and empirical grounds for the distinction are not as clear as they might appear; and the conventional conception has done more to obfuscate than to clarify the deterrence process. Following a discussion of these issues, the authors propose a reconceptualization of general and specific deterrence, and apply it to several current controversies in the deterrence literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses literary criticism of the 20th century, in particular criticism regarding the intention of the author and its application to biblical interpretation, proposing narratology as a method to tackle problems in accessing the authorial intention. Topics include the openness of the reader to the meaning of the author, the various ways that meaning can change depending on the cultural code of the audience, and the difference between the reception of Scripture and other texts.

Each age elects its own spokesmen and reinvents for itself the incumbents of the permanent literary pantheon. The literary historian defines the phenomenon of constant re-discovery as a continuing process of re-evaluation. But it does not seem quite as straightforward to those who find new gods or who look at old ones from a suddenly 'new' angle. What is true of generations is here true also of the individual reader who may feel perhaps several times over in his lifetime that he has entered into a particular personal relationship with Nikolayevich Tolstoy or Gustave Flaubert. The literary text is therefore a notoriously elusive and shifting object. A sonnet may be preserved within the pages of a book for centuries and yet have no existence: it exists only when the volume is opened and the lines are read. At that moment, there occurs an inter-reaction which is as unpredictable as it is fortuitous. A thought or an emotion is conjured and it is difficult to say whose thought, whose emotion it is. An author may speak, but people do not listen passively to his monologue. The act of creation may be autonomous, but the communication of a vision requires a reader and this reader is subject to endlessly changing perspectives which the text is required to match.

Although social psychologists have studied how people form impressions of others either through viewing them, listening to them speak, or reading written descriptions of them, researchers have not looked extensively at the ways in which readers form impressions of writers' personalities while reading their texts. This article reports on a series of studies in which different groups of readers were asked to respond to essays written by high school students applying for college admission. Our findings suggest that independent readers' impressions of writers' personalities overlap far more than would be expected by chance, that readers' impressions of writers' personalities can have practical consequences for writers, and that texts can be revised so as to influence, in predicted ways, the types of personality traits that readers are likely to infer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is “the writer's audience always a fiction,” as Walter Ong contends, even when the writing is not poetry or fiction but scientific prose? To demonstrate the usefulness of Ong's approach to audience for analysts of nonfiction prose and for those who wish to empower student writers, we consider from a reader-response perspective two scientific articles on the same general topic written for the same discourse community in the same year. The authors of the two essays (prestigious scientists) directed their readers into two radically different roles. One makes his readers not only into “conventional” scientists but into willing novices who take note of his presentation but who do not take issue with it; the other creates disciplinary nonconformists, inquistive skeptics who have the perspectives necessary to understand the limits of scientific thought. The analysis elaborates the rhetorical nature of scientific discourse, demonstrates that even within the constraints of the journal article scientists have considerable freedom to exercise choices, and explicates how writers use cues to direct readers into fictional roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occasional dissent notwithstanding, “expository” prose—usually conceived as depersonalized and decontextualized—continues to be the main focus of most writing instruction at the secondary and college levels. This article critically examines the opposition of objectified exposition and personal narrative posited by rhetorical tradition and maintained by most composition texts and syllabi today. The liveliness of recent cross-disciplinary discussions regarding the narrative as a uniquely rich mode of thought and discourse contrasts rather sharply with the negative and often impoverished assumptions about storied prose held by most composition theorists and teachers. Unsupported by empirical evidence, such assumptions reflect a cultural bias that prefers abstractions to stories and fails to grasp their dynamic interplay. Where writing instruction is concerned, narrative and exposition are best perceived as poles of a dialectic, with personal experience informing one's interest in abstract knowledge beyond the self, the understanding self becoming enlarged as it “takes in” what is “out there.” The best thinking and writing, it is argued, are at once personal and public, both infused with private meaning and focused upon the world beyond the self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the effects of readers on writing development requires prior conceptualization of the relationship between writers and readers. Recently two major schools of thought have emerged concerning this relationship: social constructionism and social interactionism. Influenced by Saussure's structuralist concept of la langue as a set of language norms and Durkheim's concept of social fact, social constructionists emphasize normal, standard discourse: Their key principle is empirical consensus, their unit of analysis is the canon, and their level of social analysis is the community. By contrast, social interactionists, following Bakhtin, focus directly on situated, heteroglossic discourse and seek to characterize la parole, or language use, in useful terms: Their key principle is reciprocity between conversants, and their unit of analysis, as well as their level of social analysis, is the communicational dyad (writer-reader pairs; speaker-listener pairs). Because they focus on whole writer-reader communities, social constructionists deal with the effects of readers on writers in general terms, and they typically reify readers into “the Reader” when dealing with individual cases. By contrast, social interactionists, who concern themselves with describing actual, individual writers and readers, often in ethnographic studies, must articulate a principled analysis of writers and readers without analytic access recourse to group norms. This article first contrasts social constructionist and social interactionist approaches to the problem of discourse and then examines recent social interactionist studies concerning the effects of readers on writers' development, including investigations of word-segmentation skills, peer conferencing, and instructional discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the importance of being concise while writing any article and how it helps a reader in acquiring better knowledge about the subject in lesser time. The article also provides information on topics including how authors should be concise in their article, what they should focus on, and how to be clear about their implications.

The article offers information on the basic concept of in-text citation. It states that the in-text citations are designed as a guidepost for readers, for it allow readers to easily locate the full reference at the end of the manuscripts. Moreover, parenthetical citation is the most common form of in-text citation.