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While previous studies report that individuals with higher levels of grit are more likely to experience positive life outcomes, much less is known about whether grit can be used to understand individual differences in criminal justice involvement. This study addresses this gap by analyzing self-report data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to assess the longitudinal relationship between grit, first-time arrest, and re-arrest in young adulthood. Results from a series of multivariate logistic regression models reveal that higher levels of grit are associated with decreased odds of both first-time arrest and re-arrest. The reported findings are some of the first to indicate that grit is an individual-level factor worthy of further empirical investigation in criminal justice and criminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the George Floyd effect on depolicing. Police misdemeanor and felony arrests by the Houston Police Department (HPD), with these police actions serve as the primary measures of law enforcement behavior. Specifically, we break down police misdemeanor and felony arrests among Hispanic, Black, and White residents. An Interrupted Time Series Analysis model is used in the analysis. The primary findings suggest that there was an initial steep drop of police arrests immediately after the Floyd incident for both misdemeanor and felony arrests. The long-term effect, however, remains present in only misdemeanant arrests. Police felony arrests went back to pre-incident levels within a short period of time. In addition, it is noted that the pattern of arrests between Blacks and Hispanics is similar. Some policy implications and the limitations of the study are discussed in a concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of pretrial incarceration is not punishment. Yet, research demonstrates that pretrial detention elicits similar consequences as punishment. The goal of this study is to advance theory and policy discussions by enumerating the experiences and harms that emerge during pretrial detention and how closely they align with punishment. The analyses use the National Inmate Survey, 2011–2012 to compare the experiences of those held in pretrial detention to those incarcerated in jail or prison after a conviction. Individuals in pretrial detention report more disorderly environments than people in prisons, but also report more access to external social support and better views of staff legitimacy. The self-reported experiences of people in pretrial detention and those in jail as punishment are generally indistinguishable. The results provide considerable support for the argument that pretrial detention is inextricably punitive and, especially at its current scale, likely undermines system objectives of justice and public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a large literature interrogates the causes and consequences of declining political trust in democracies, considerably less work has considered the everyday leadership strategies that might arrest this trend. I tackle this gap as I ask: what can politicians do to build trust? Going beyond the performance perspective current in political science, I suggest that all politicians can build trust by (1) increasing occasions for political contact and (2) utilising authentic political communication. These arguments are developed out of interviews with national politicians in five democracies (N = 51) and tested empirically with observational and experimental survey data gathered from a longitudinal sample of the UK public (N = 705). Attesting to academic work on the contact hypothesis and 'authentic trust', as well as the testimony of politicians themselves, these analyses suggest that both strategies carry appraisive potential. These findings contribute conceptually and practically to our understanding of both trust and leadership in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Accumulating research finds that immigrants are less likely to offend compared to their native-born counterparts in the United States. Less understood are the factors that help account for this disparity in offending. Because there are reasons to believe that immigrants weigh the costs and benefits of crime differently than their U.S.-born peers, we explore the utility of a rational choice perspective to explain the disparity in offending across immigrant generations. Methods: Utilizing data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, multilevel mixed effects models are employed to assess if perceptions of rewards and costs of crime help explain differences in offending trajectories and desistance across immigrant status. Results: Rational choice-related variables emerge as significant predictors of offending and help to explain, in part, why first-generation immigrants are less likely to offend. In particular, the perceived risk of arrest appears to play a key role and interacts with immigrant status. Conclusions: The results from this research suggest that first-generation immigrants with a higher perceived risk of arrest reported lower offending compared to second- and third-plus-generation youth. We consider the theoretical implications of the rational choice perspective to explain the divergence in offending across immigrant generation groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial legal and policy debates, whether immigrant arrest rates changed during the Trump presidency remains surprisingly understudied. This is partially because immigration status is rarely available in crime data. We address this gap by applying difference-in-differences (DD) and difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) estimations to detailed arrest data from Texas and California from 2015 to 2018. We find little evidence, descriptive or otherwise, to suggest that the transition from the Obama to the Trump administration had a meaningful impact on immigrant arrests, whether measured as violence, property, drug, or traffic offenses. These results suggest that the immigration enforcement initiatives under President Trump did not deliver on their crime reduction pledges, but they also provide little evidence of over-policing of immigrants in discretionary actions such as traffic arrests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates factors related to the decision to (a) arrest or (b) mediate in domestic violence (DV) situations—nonmutually exclusive but highly differing decisions chosen a priori as being outcomes of interest. The sample included three types of professionals handling domestic violence cases in China: (a) Women's Federation (WF), (b) police, and (c) judicial personnel. The participants (n = 817) responded to a vignette describing a DV incident. Logistic regression revealed that legal, organizational, and attitudinal factors were associated with decision-making and varied by group. The findings suggest training and detailed instructions on handling DV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the extent to which cases of intimate partner violence were cleared by arrest, remained open, or closed by exceptional clearance. Incident and state-level factors associated with each outcome were examined for incidents submitted to the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) from 2000 to 2009. Using the 10 years of data, comprising 5,481 jurisdictions in 36 states and the District of Columbia, findings show exceptional clearance is more likely to occur in residences, incidents of lower severity, and with same-sex couples, while being less likely in states with preferred and mandatory arrest laws. Research and policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We retrospectively reviewed 41 Manske type IIIB and IV hypoplastic thumbs reconstructed with non-vascularized fourth metatarsal transfers with a mean age of 3.1 years (range 2–7) at the time of operation. These patients were observed for at least 5 years postoperatively. Of the 41 hands, 13 developed complications: type IV patients had significantly more complications (p = 0.014) although using an additional cerclage wire for bony fixation significantly reduced the complication rate (p = 0.045). Of the 31 hands examined with regard to growth, eight exhibited early physeal arrest of bone graft within 5 years postoperatively. The growth rate of the reconstructed first metacarpal bone was significantly lower than that of the second metacarpal bone 10 years after surgery (p = 0.041). Transfer of the non-vascularized fourth metatarsal remains an alternative for type IIIB and IV hypoplastic thumbs if parents desire to keep a five-fingered hand. Level of evidence: III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of therapeutic community programming and aftercare treatment completion on rearrest rates in the Southwest United States across 25 years. The asymptote of rearrest trajectories did not occur until 10 years post-release, although this varied by risk classification. Treatment receipt was not related to 25-year rearrest trajectories. However, people classified as higher risk were more likely to be rearrested than those classified a low risk while controlling for treatment receipt. Aftercare completion extended the time to arrest; individuals completing an aftercare program were less likely to be arrested, and high-risk participants that completed aftercare showed a similar rearrest trajectory as low-risk participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative justice diversion aligns with youths' developmental needs more than traditional approaches. However, there is a research gap regarding its effectiveness among diverse youth, and when initiated by police. This study evaluated misdemeanor cases that occurred in Minneapolis between September 2014 and December 2018 finding that youth who participated in restorative justice diversion after arrest were less likely to experience re-arrest in the following year compared to those processed traditionally. Positive program impacts for Black and American Indian youth demonstrate RJ diversion can be effective with diverse youth while differences in rates of successful diversion by participating community agency highlight opportunities for further study. This study demonstrates the importance of continuing to understand and expand restorative justice diversion with youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the conclusions of a workload-based assessment of patrol staffing needs conducted at a Canadian police force between 2012 and 2016, this article highlights the importance of capturing time spent on components of calls for service (CFS) that result in an incident report for police allocation and deployment analyses. Initial Computer-Aided Dispatch System (CAD) data analysis suggested that CFS that results in an incident report have a significantly higher completion time than other types of calls. In order to account for CFS handling phases that were not captured by CAD data, a survey was conducted to measure the time spent on the scene, the time spent by backup units on the call, the time spent with the person arrested or taken in charge and time spent on subsequent administrative duties. Research findings suggest that CFS that require the completion of an incident report generate most of the reactive workload of patrol officers, even if they frequently constitute a minority of calls. Results also reveal that the use of supplemental data to assess the workload generated by incidents reports may allow the use of a workload-based approach in police agencies that record less than 15 000 citizen-initiated calls for service per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work on deterrence demonstrates that high perceptions of formal sanctions (e.g., arrest) and informal sanctions (e.g., negative reactions from others) both relate to decreased offending behaviors. However, there are numerous contextual factors that influence the strength of formal and informal sanctions on crime. The current study uses the Pathways to Desistance data to explore how formal and informal sanctions relate to offending, and how legal cynicism moderates this process. Findings from a series of longitudinal models show that higher perceptions of both formal and informal sanctions are related to decreased offending, while higher legal cynicism is linked to increased offending. Legal cynicism moderates the relationship between formal—but not informal—sanctions and offending. Policy implications are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, same-sex intimate partner violence (IPV) was ignored, and victims often experienced high rates of harassment and intimidation from police, leading to low reporting of same-sex IPV incidents, victims' unwillingness to cooperate with the police, and common arrests in such incidents. Although the Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) legalized and legitimized same-sex marriages and relationships in the U.S., mandating the inclusion of same-sex partners in protective order laws and yielding collateral benefits for victims of same-sex IPV, it is unclear if the decision has had a positive effect on same-sex IPV clearance rates. This study uses National Incident-Based Reporting System data to compare IPV clearance (arrest, dual arrest, victim noncooperation, and prosecution declined) pre (2013/2014) and post (2016/2017) Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Regression results show no substantial changes in same-sex IPV clearance after Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Compared to opposite-sex IPV, same-sex IPV was less likely to be cleared by arrest but much more likely to be cleared by dual arrest, victim noncooperation, and prosecution declined. Same-sex IPV involving Black couples and married partners were also less likely to be cleared by arrest but more likely to be cleared by dual arrest than Black/White same-sex IPV and incidents involving unmarried partners, respectively. Moreover, same-sex IPV victims experience unfavorable criminal justice outcomes in states with mandatory arrest policies but fare better in states that supported same-sex relationships prior to Obergefell. The implications of these findings for practice and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousands of children are arrested annually in the United States, and little is known about law enforcement policies regarding the arrest of children. The goal of this study was to examine the association between law enforcement policies pertaining to the arrest of children and arrests involving children in the state of Florida, the largest state in the U.S. that lacks a minimum age for juvenile court jurisdiction. Policies pertaining to the arrest of children were obtained from 215 law enforcement agencies, serving 95% of Florida's population. Results indicated policies were not associated with arrests involving children, suggesting less-discretionary policies may be needed to reduce arrests for children in states lacking minimum ages for juvenile court jurisdiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the literature largely recognizes adult drug treatment courts (ADCs) as beneficial to participants, with lower rates of recidivism and drug use, the question remains of how ADCs impact communities and how other institutions (e.g., law enforcement) react to their presence. This study extends previous work estimating higher arrests associated with ADCs, particularly for crimes involving higher degrees of law enforcement discretion. Results indicate lower drug possession arrest rates for White residents in rural communities, and higher in urban areas, generally, but especially for Black citizens. Though the exact source of these changes has yet to be determined, current analysis indicates larger effect sizes for arrests scaled per officer, as compared to per population, pointing toward changes in law enforcement behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Critical Race Theory and an intersectional framework, the present study focuses on the case processing of sexual assault (SA) incidents involving Black and Latina victims. Importantly, much of the prior literature assessing arrest and charging decisions have been whitewashed by failing to consider that the factors influencing the case progression of white victims' SA experiences may not appropriately apply to women of Color. Oftentimes, this scholarship merely controls for victim and suspect race without considering how legal and extralegal incident and case factors may operate differently for victims of Color. The present study addresses this oversight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most U.S. military service members are discharged routinely, but about 15% receive non-routine discharges. Little is known about how patterns of arrests prior-to and in-service relate to neuropsychological symptoms acquired through military service, or how these symptoms and patterns are associated with discharge type. We investigated latent group differences in post-9/11 era veterans' patterns of arrests; examined mental health-related predictors of subgroup membership; and modeled associations between latent class structure and non-routine discharge. Veterans with traumatic brain injury, alcohol misuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder, had greater odds of belonging to a high-risk vs. low-risk class with the highest probabilities of arrests in-service. The high-risk class had a 45% chance of non-routine discharge compared with 35% for a stable-risk class and 6% for a low-risk class. Veterans with increased probabilities of arrests in-service compared with pre-service showed the highest odds of mental and behavioral health problems and non-routine discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jail population sizes are determined largely by decision-making in the courtroom. The current study recognizes the police officer's influence in the courtroom and explores the impact of police officer decision-making on subsequent jail outcomes. Using administrative data on misdemeanor convictions processed in a mid-sized urban prosecutor's office in Florida, I examine the relationship between discretionary citations in lieu of arrest, pretrial detention stays, and jail sentences. Results show that citations are not used frequently, but they are associated with lower rates of both detention and jail sentences. These findings are evidence of a custodial inertia, where defendants who begin their cases in jail are progressively more likely to be there during and after case processing. This points to a potential role for citations in lieu of arrest as a tool to help reduce jail overcrowding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how "outsider" arrests (i.e., arrests that happen in neighborhoods where defendants do not reside) and other covariates impact community-level punishment outcomes. Using census tract-level data on drug, violent, and property crime arrests occurring in Miami- Dade County (Florida) between 2012 and 2015, we estimate negative binomial regression models across three key punishment stages (pretrial detention, conviction, incarceration). Our findings suggest neighborhoods with higher levels of "outsider" cases, concentrated disadvantage, and Black defendants experience significantly higher rates of pretrial detention, conviction, and incarceration, net of controls. These findings vary across crime types, implying that such factors may also shape court actors' focal concerns regarding neighborhood outsiders and other demographic factors. We discuss implications and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive body of research suggests that youth of color are more likely to experience an arrest than their White counterparts. Theoretically, these findings have been understood, at least in part, as the result of the differential deployment of law enforcement to areas with higher Black and Hispanic concentrations as well as stereotyped attributions of dangerousness and threat implicitly assigned to these suspects by police before and during encounters. However, previous studies typically have employed conventional racial/ethnic categorizations, which might obscure potential nuances in arrest disparities across subgroups. Using data on a statewide representative sample of adolescents from the 2018 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (N = 54,611), these analyses reveal that the likelihood of a self-reported arrest is greatest among Haitian, West Indian/Caribbean, Dominican, and non-Hispanic Black youth. Further, Mexican and Puerto Rican adolescents have a higher risk of experiencing an arrest than members of other Hispanic subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing body of procedural justice research studying individuals involved in the criminal justice system, this strand of literature has used different approaches to measure procedural justice and legitimacy. The present study assesses the different theoretical assumptions of these approaches across two criminal justice settings, namely, policing and courts. In addition, we examine how procedural justice stemming from interactions with police officers and judges is related to legitimacy and reoffending behavior postrelease. Using data on adult detainees who entered Dutch pretrial detention centers, our findings support the theoretical assumptions regarding procedural justice and felt obligation to obey the law in both criminal justice settings. Furthermore, path analyses show that perceptions of procedural justice arising from encounters with police officers and judges are related to a higher sense of obligation to obey the law, which in turn is associated with a lower risk of reoffending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated county-level correlates of human trafficking arrest levels in Ohio. Study variables were comprised of measures derived from social disorganization, social capital, and physical contexts of Ohio counties (N = 88). A negative binomial regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between county arrest counts and independent variables. Larger counts of human trafficking arrests were explained by higher levels of racial/ethnic heterogeneity, a social disorganization measure. Additionally, an increase in demand reduction strategy use was associated with a predicted increase in human trafficking arrest count. Further research on the influence of social variables and anti-human trafficking efforts on human trafficking arrest levels is needed to better understand how to effectively identify and combat human trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared NIBRS arrest data in a statewide sample with arrest and summons data on the same cases collected directly from law enforcement agencies (LEAs). NIBRS matched LEA data in 84.1% of cases. However, 5.8% of LEA arrests and 52.9% of LEA summons were false negatives, that is, they were incorrectly represented as not cleared by arrest in NIBRS. False negatives were more likely when more than 1 day elapsed between incident and arrest and when the crimes were sexual assault or intimidation. False negatives were less likely in small LEAs (for summons) Recommendations are presented for improving accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day reporting centers (DRCs) are increasingly popular alternative to traditional forms of supervision. Yet, studies that describe a fairly common set of programs and services among DRCs produce conflicting results regarding their efficacy, suggesting that as yet unobserved characteristics of DRCs might explain their varying efficacy. This article relies on a mixed-methods analysis of DRCs. Using quasi-experimental regression techniques and a conservative control group to estimate the average treatment effect of DRC participation, we analyze recidivism outcomes (arrests and convictions) after a 2-year follow-up period. We then draw on qualitative interview data to reveal which aspects of the DRC programs' clients identify as most important for successful re-entry. Our analysis suggests that DRCs reduce recidivism for participants by 10.8 (convictions) to 12.8 (arrests) percentage points. Our interview data suggest that high levels of social support from justice-involved DRC staff amplify the effects of programming to help explain this outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program simultaneously changed both the police and schools through the development of what this article calls a school–police nexus, a framing that explains the reciprocal relationship between the police and schools. By enabling officers to assert expertise in the realm of drug education, DARE not only made the police a regular presence in schools but aimed to transform the image of the police officer from a threatening enemy to a friend and mentor. More broadly, DARE intended to make the police a trusted institution in American cities amid the aggressive policing of the drug war. In turn, DARE transformed schools through their educative and disciplinary roles. Using police officers as teachers enabled DARE to coopt the educative function of schools to advance the police mission by other means. Yet, DARE officers did not shed their law-and-order message when they entered the classroom, reinforcing the carceral approach to the drug war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored situational-, community-, and state policy-level factors associated with arrest in incidents involving violence among heterosexual couples. We employed 3-level regression models with Bayesian estimation to determine factors that influence female-only arrest, male-only arrest, and dual arrest, compared to incidents resulting in no arrest. At the situational level, differences by offense type were seen. The odds of a male's arrest were significantly higher across all offense types, except for sexual assault, larceny, and fraud. The odds of a female partner's arrest were significantly higher across all offenses except larceny, robbery, and fraud. The odds of dual arrest were significantly higher in incidents involving simple assault, aggravated assault, intimidation, but not sexual assault, kidnapping, property crime, larceny, and robbery. The odds of arrest were higher across the board among incidents involving a victim injury, a weapon, mutual violence, and perpetrator substance use. At the community level, few factors were related to arrest. At the state policy level, mandatory arrest statutes increased the odds of a single arrest in comparison to jurisdictions with officer discretion, regardless of perpetrator sex, but had no impact on dual arrest. Primary aggressor policies were unrelated to arrest outcomes. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, sleep duration has received increased scrutiny with respect to criminologically relevant outcomes. No attention, however, has been given to the possible relationship between sleep duration and the likelihood of arrest. Given the negative downstream effects that arrest may have on adolescents, this is an important relationship to investigate. To this end, the current study uses data from the 2018 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (N=49,360), and the results indicate that severe sleep deficiencies are positively associated with self-reported arrest, whereas minor deficiencies and excess sleep are not. Discussion focuses on the implications and limitations of these findings as well as a call for better integration of health behaviors into criminological analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study assessed the role of differential offense category involvement in the link between cognitive ability and arrest. Using structural equation modeling, the current study relied on data from the Pathways (n=1,354) and Add Health (n=3,605) to address three research questions on the differential etiology of offending category (aggressive and property), the mediating effects of disaggregated offending on the relationship between IQ and arrest, and how those effects vary across samples. The results suggested the negative association between IQ and arrest masked more complex processes encompassing opposing indirect paths through aggressive (negative) and property (positive) offending, suggesting inconsistent mediation. As a result, the total indirect effect of IQ on arrest through offending was suppressed when an aggregated offending measure was used, highlighting the value of disaggregating offending categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to partially test the broken windows thesis, and to evaluate the effect of Houston's Differential Response Team (DRT) in particular at the patrol division level using crime-related calls for service data (CFS) in the city. Monthly DRT assignment data over a period of 13 years in five different space-time patterns were utilized to estimate the effect of targeted disorder enforcement from 2005 to 2017. Our findings suggest that the DRT overall did not produce significant effects on crime-related calls, with only one out of five space-time patterns showing demonstrable benefit. We highlighted the underlying features generating differential rates of crime across geographic areas as an explanation in the discussion section. The unique feature of this study was the focus on routine police activities as opposed to arrests as the key indicator of law enforcement intervention in the management of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study investigates intimate partner homicide (IPH) offenders' criminal histories to examine opportunities for criminal justice system intervention. Data were collected from the Michigan Violent Death Reporting System and Michigan State Police for the 117 IPHs committed in 2014 and 2015 in Michigan. Descriptive statistics on types of criminal charges and convictions for the 103 IPHs committed by aggressors (e.g., not in self-defense) are presented, with relatively few domestic violence charges or convictions. Twenty-nine percent of offenders had no criminal history. Findings highlight a need for more effective and greater implementation of interventions for both criminal justice system-involved and not-involved offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much scholarly literature on police 'canteen' culture focuses on police storytelling, there is little research on the effects of camera phone technologies on police behaviours, particularly in organizational settings. This article introduces the concept of showability to examine how police officers use videos in their everyday police life, and how this relates to police culture. Based on an ethnographic study of the Dutch police, it illustrates that officers show, share, and discuss videos of various policing acts such as arrests, car chases, and use-of-force events, and do this in various locations such as office spaces, squad cars, and on the streets. First and foremost, officers show videos to entertain and to educate themselves and their fellow officers. Second, showing videos is a new occupational practice that, like in telling stories, reinforces and refutes aspects of police culture, for instance, a masculine ethos. The article contributes to criminological scholarship on the era of 'new visibility' by demonstrating that showability is a form of inward visibility wherein officers generate a visual world that fits their professional vision. It also contributes to a sociological understanding of the 'everydayness' of police culture. I claim that showability is a key feature of policing practices, which is relevant in light of increasing pressures on the police to account for their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Explore racial-ethnic disparities in drug charging trajectories from arrest to conviction. Methods: We analyze racial-ethnic disparities in charging severity across arrest, filing, and conviction for felony drug offense cases in Miami-Dade County between 2010-2015 (N=25,559) using a "distance traveled" approach by estimating the severity of charges based on the probability of incarceration at conviction. We use these estimates to predict the severity of charges at arrest and filing, and examine differences in the severity of charges between stages. Results: Compared to White non-Latinx people, police charge Black Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.8 times more severe and Black non-Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.6 times more severe at arrest. These inequalities are maintained throughout the charging trajectory. Greater charge reductions occur between arrest and filing than between filing and conviction, highlighting the importance of police in charging trajectories. We find small increases in charging trajectory, where racial-ethnic disparities persist at conviction. Conclusions: Examining charging at arrest is critical to understanding racial-ethnic disparities in charging trajectories, where unequal arrest charges become institutionalized throughout the charging process. Organizational dynamics between police and prosecutors may lead to drug charging practices that systematically disadvantage Black people in Miami-Dade County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a major difference in the drug arrest rate and incarceration rates between Black and White individuals. However, the drug use rate across the two groups is similar (and has been over time). This study estimates the lost productivity over time of people arrested on drug charges because they are Black. Ceteris Paribus, if those using the drugs were White, instead of Black, at the point of arrest and incarceration, what would have been their additional productivity levels over their lives? In this study I estimate this lost productivity to be $53 billion to $220 billion from 1980–2018 (in 2019-dollars), suggesting that the Lucas wedge is substantial for racial drug arrests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior police decision-making research is limited by (1) its emphasis on individual and organizational predictors and (2) cross-sectional designs, which fail to account for the time-varying aspects of police activities and the factors explaining them. Using group-based trajectory modeling, this study tested the ability of social disorganization theory to explain arrest activity at the Census block group level in Dallas, Texas. Social disorganization variables helped predict certain arrest trajectories, but not all of them. Specifically, socio-economic status was significant in low and medium arrest trajectory groups. An interaction between racial heterogeneity and family disruption was also significant in the medium arrest trajectory group. Theoretical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police-initiated diversion programs are an increasingly common intervention to prevent excessive arrests of vulnerable populations. This systematic literature review carefully examined the current state of research to evaluate what is known about these programs and to determine the next steps for the field. Health, human services, legal, and criminal justice databases were searched for empirical research on police-initiated pre-arrest diversion of adults from 2000 to the present, resulting in 47 relevant studies for the review. The study designs, analyses, and findings are described. Overall, police diversion programs were associated with reducing recidivism and lowering costs, although there is little association between program participation and improved behavioral health. More in-depth qualitative and quasi-experimental research is needed. Police diversion programs can be seen as one major social justice strategy to reduce dependence on mass incarceration to resolve social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While a great deal of research has considered racial disparities in the criminal justice system, empirical research on the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) population is still in its infancy. Instead, AIAN people are most often grouped in the "other race" category. In this research, we move beyond this categorization and advance research by considering differential handling of AIAN-involved violent crime. Methods: We use 2016 NIBRS data—including information on 5,740 AIAN victims and 6,591 AIAN suspects—to examine variation in the likelihood of clearance by arrest and variation in these patterns according to victim race, offender race, and offense type. Results: Results indicate that incidents involving AIAN suspects and White victims are especially likely to result in arrest, but incidents involving AIAN suspects and AIAN victims are less likely to result in arrest. AIAN sexual assault victimization is particularly unlikely to result in arrest. Conclusions: The AIAN population is both disproportionately arrested when suspected of crime, and disproportionately neglected when victimized. If we wish to better understand the role of race in the criminal justice, it is imperative that we move beyond simple Black-White dichotomies, and begin centering attention on other marginalized populations, including the AIAN population, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between military service and crime has been a subject of investigation for several decades. Although research has examined the likelihood of arrest, incarceration, and recidivism across military cohorts, relatively little is known about the circumstances surrounding police contact and suspect behavior at the exact moment of arrest. This is a critical oversight given that what transpires during an arrest can have a marked impact on downstream criminal justice outcomes, including access to diversionary programming like veterans treatment courts. Using a nationally representative survey of prison inmates, this study analyzes veteran and nonveteran self-reports of their arrest controlling for a host of relevant demographic, mental health, and criminal history variables. Findings indicate that veterans are significantly less likely to resist the police at arrest. These results provide further support to the sentiment that military culture and training can have a lasting behavioral influence on those who experience it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine an approach to case screening where prosecutors screen requests for charges before a felony arrest is made. In 2016, Franklin County prosecutors declined to authorize arrests in 17.5% of felony cases. Declination rates, however, varied widely between offense types. Prosecutors most commonly did not authorize an arrest due to insufficient evidence, no crime having occurred, or follow-up needed. Among other findings, the cases of Black defendants, as compared to White defendants, were more likely to be declined due to insufficient evidence and additional follow-up needed. We conclude that prearrest screening by prosecutors can filter out weak cases early, increasing efficiency for the prosecutor's office, saving the government money, and minimizing the impact of a "bad" arrest on a defendant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student removal became an increasingly utilized form of discipline since the implementation of zero-tolerance policies during the early 1990s. Evaluative studies have consistently found negative relationships between student removal and academic success. Majority of cases regarding student removal are for minor and non-violent offenses and literature in this field suggests that teachers' biases and cultural misreadings widen racial disparities in school discipline and academic performance. Our study estimates the effects of suspensions, school-related arrests, and expulsions under zero-tolerance by exploiting within-school variation in school mean proficiency rates of Asian, Hispanic, Black, and White racial subgroups over a 3-year period. Our findings reaffirm consistent evidence that exclusionary policies have negative effects on academic outcomes. We also find evidence of differential effects by racial subgroup. The paper concludes with a discussion and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research sought to identify a potential process by which intergenerational crime occurs, focusing on the effect of parental incarceration on adolescents' subsequent arrests. We drew from Matsueda's work on reflected appraisals as an explanatory mechanism for this effect. Thus, the present research examined whether caregivers' and adolescents' expectations for adolescents' future incarceration sequentially mediated the effect of parental incarceration on adolescents' actual arrest outcomes. Propensity score matching was used to examine this effect in a sample of 1,735 15- to 16-year-olds using NLSY97 data. Parental incarceration was positively related to caregivers' expectations of adolescents' future arrest. Moreover, caregivers' expectations were strongly associated with adolescents' expectations. Finally, the effect of parental incarceration on adolescents' actual future arrest likelihood was partially mediated by caregivers' and adolescents' expectations for this outcome. This study revealed support for the proposition that the experience of parental incarceration may influence adolescents' negative outcomes through reflected appraisals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focal concerns has utility for explaining criminal justice decisions, including among police. At present, there is no research that has examined focal concerns and arrest decisions in non-sexual, intimate partner violence (IPV) cases. This study used a stratified random sample of 776 IPV incidents from an urban police department in one of the five largest and most diverse US cities to assess the effect of focal concerns on arrest. A multivariate binary logistic regression model demonstrated victim injury, suspect IPV and general criminal history, evidence, witnesses, victim preference for formal intervention, women victims, and intoxicated suspects predicted arrest. When the suspect was on scene, this was the strongest predictor of arrest. Implications and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students across the United States experience high levels of contact with the police. To clarify the causal relationships of this contact with educational outcomes and the mechanisms by which such relationships arise, we estimate the effects of arrest on student engagement with school using daily attendance data. Recently arrested students missed significantly more school than did students who would be arrested later in the school year. The effects of arrest on attendance can be attributed to suspensions and court appearances; we found little evidence of changes in absences due to health or skipping school. These results suggest that institutional, not student centric, mechanisms drive the relationship between arrest and educational outcomes. Were it not for institutional channels, particularly exclusionary discipline, arrested students would likely remain more engaged in school. Estimates are similar for white and black students, but black students are differentially affected because they are arrested at higher rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppression motions are the means by which defendants challenge the constitutionality of stops, searches, and seizures, and move the court to exclude illegally recovered evidence. However, defendants face insurmountable obstacles in challenging police credibility in these motions. Using 31 motions with factual disputes from a northeastern state, we dissect the types of defense challenges related to stops, searches, seizures, and arrests, as well as the prevalence and types of corroborating evidence presented by the defense. We find that most defense challenges to police credibility are not corroborated, and evidence of prior police misconduct is not presented. Furthermore, judges typically rule in favor of the police when adjudicating uncorroborated factual disputes between police officers and defendants. As a result, suppression motions generally fail to serve as an accountability structure for police conduct and rarely provide defendants with a viable remedy to address rights violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with serious mental illness are disproportionately represented among prison/jail populations. Mental health courts (MHC) serve as an alternative to incarceration. In this study, we explore the extent to which MHC participants have members of their social network who were reported as having a history of arrests. Multilevel logistic regression demonstrated friends who used drugs, race, and network density were all predictive of MHC participants' friends who have a history of arrest. Results demonstrate an association between MHC participation and arrest among individuals in their social network. Given the importance of social support in recovery from mental illness and in desisting from crime, such limitations can be problematic. MHC participants may be disinclined to engage with the very individuals who are able to provide social and emotional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the time at which physeal arrest is achieved after percutaneous physiodesis, and whether immediate postoperative growth rate affects the time to reach physeal arrest. Methods: Radiostereometric analysis, with implantation of tantalum balls as radiographic markers on each side of the physes, was used to measure residual longitudinal growth in 21 children (10 boys and 11 girls) after percutaneous physiodesis for leg length discrepancy or extreme tall stature. In total, 25 femoral and 20 tibial physes were operated on. Median age at surgery was 13.9 years (range = 11.4-16.1). Radiostereometric analysis was performed postoperatively and after 3, 6, 9, 12, 26, and 52 weeks. Longitudinal growth rate <50 µm per week was defined as physeal arrest. Descriptive statistics were used for evaluation. Results: Physeal arrest was obtained in 19 of the 21 children (40 physes) within 12 weeks postoperatively. One child was reoperated on in three out of four physes because of continued growth, and in one child, delayed physeal arrest was present at 26 weeks postoperatively. Time to physeal arrest was longer in physes with a higher immediate postoperative growth rate. Conclusion: Postoperative follow-up with radiostereometric analysis at 12 and 15 weeks can determine whether physeal arrest has been achieved. The immediate postoperative growth rate after physiodesis seems to affect the time to physeal arrest. This implies that the risk for complications is greater for children during an accelerated growth period, for example, in boys, younger children and in distal femoral physes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We map the organized sex trafficking networks (STNs) into a network flow model and develop an interdependent network interdiction model (NIM) to disrupt such networks. Our model considers the interdependence between the information and physical victim networks and reformulates the problem using duality theory. Our NIM provides a clear strategy for interdicting STNs. Namely, it determines when to monitor (i.e., gather information) or arrest the criminals to maximize the impact of the interdiction operation and cripple the network. We tested our NIM using three federally prosecuted sex trafficking cases in the United States of different sizes and structural properties: hybrid, international transactional, and Tenancingo models. Our experiments show promising results regarding the effectiveness of our NIM in all network types. In addition to that, we tested our model with an increasingly higher fraction of missing information to account for the inherently hidden nature of illicit networks. Our study provides analytical insight regarding (1) the importance of building the case prior to the arrests of criminals in illicit networks and (2) deploying a holistic strategy to improve interdiction and enhance the fight against sex trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretrial risk assessment instruments are used in many jurisdictions to inform decisions regarding pretrial release and conditions. Many are concerned that the use of pretrial risk assessment instruments may be contributing to worsened, not improved, pretrial outcomes, including increased rates of pretrial detention and exacerbated racial disparities in pretrial decisions. These concerns have led prominent organizations to reverse their position on the role of pretrial risk assessment instruments in pretrial system change. Reforms that centered on their use have been rolled back or have failed to be implemented in the first place. However, the scientific evidence behind these concerns is lacking. Instead, the findings of rigorous research show that the results of pretrial risk assessment instruments demonstrate good accuracy in predicting new criminal activity, including violent crime, during the pretrial period, even when there are differences between groups defined by race and ethnicity. Furthermore, the scientific evidence suggests they can be an effective strategy to help achieve pretrial system change, including reducing pretrial detention for people of color and white people, alike, when their results are actually used to inform decision-making. In this article, we review the scientific evidence in relation to three primary critiques of pretrial risk assessment instruments, namely, that their results have poor accuracy and are racially biased and that their use increases pretrial detention rates. We also provide recommendations for addressing these critiques to ensure that their use supports, rather than detracts from, the goals of pretrial reform and articulates an agenda for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research identifies three to six smoking classes over the life course. This study expands on earlier work about the impact of getting arrested in early adulthood on individuals' smoking classes, by including additional, more serious measures of justice system involvement (JSI), specifically criminal conviction and incarceration. Family processes were examined as secondary outcomes. Method: Data from seventeen waves (1997-2015) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed via group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM), multinomial logistic regression, and latent transition analyses (LTA). Smoking behavior through age 36 is examined. Marital status, parenthood, juvenile smoking, juvenile arrest, and prior crime victimization experiences were also included in the models. Results: Seven smoking classes were revealed: two low- or non-smoking classes; two decreasing classes; and three "problem" smoking (e.g., increasing, or chronic) classes. All JSI types increased the likelihood of being in a smoking class rather than a non-smoking class. Arrest and conviction had larger odds ratios than the most severe form of JSI—incarceration—with respect to respondents' likelihood of being in an increasing or chronic smoking class. Juvenile smoking was the most robust predictor of smoking in adulthood. Conclusion: Involvement with the justice system in all forms remains a negative health factor that increases smoking. While not typically a goal of criminal justice officials, attention should be paid to this unintended consequence of involvement with the justice system—increased smoking—given smoking's connection to serious illnesses such as cancer. As juvenile smoking is a strong risk factor for adult smoking, smoking prevention and cessation programs should start with youth; and be part of the offerings to individuals ensnared in the justice system at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]