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The pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema (DME) is complex. Persistently high blood glucose activates multiple cellular pathways and induces inflammation, oxidation stress, and vascular dysfunction. Retinal ganglion cells, macroglial and microglial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and retinal pigment epithelium cells are involved. Neurodegeneration, characterized by dysfunction or apoptotic loss of retinal neurons, occurs early and independently from the vascular alterations. Despite the increasing knowledge on the pathways involved in DME, only limited therapeutic strategies are available. Besides antiangiogenic drugs and intravitreal corticosteroids, alternative therapeutic options tackling inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration have been considered, but none of them has been currently approved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of the vitreous from the optic nerve head and the macula plays a primary role in the spontaneous resolution of optic disc pit (ODP) maculopathy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) helps in the non-invasive monitoring of this condition, when treated conservatively. The aim of this report was to describe a pediatric case of spontaneously resolved ODP maculopathy, managed conservatively and monitored by means of spectral domain (SD)-OCT. A 14-year-old girl presented with severe visual loss in the right eye (RE). Fundus examination demonstrated a temporal ODP with altered foveal reflex. The SD-OCT B-scans revealed severe intraretinal schisis-like changes, broad vitreal adhesion in the optic nerve head area, posterior hyaloid thickening, and vitreal entrapment in the premacular space. The patient was managed conservatively. Spontaneous resolution of ODP maculopathy took place over 3 months, with vision improved up to 1.0 (Snellen charts). The macular schisis progressively resolved after posterior vitreous detachment. In conclusion, in our report, a complete restoration of the foveal anatomy was achieved without any surgical intervention. This OCT-based report confirms the role of the vitreomacular abnormalities in the pathogenesis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of the vitreous from the optic nerve head and the macula plays a primary role in the spontaneous resolution of optic disc pit (ODP) maculopathy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) helps in the non-invasive monitoring of this condition, when treated conservatively. The aim of this report was to describe a pediatric case of spontaneously resolved ODP maculopathy, managed conservatively and monitored by means of spectral domain (SD)-OCT. A 14-year-old girl presented with severe visual loss in the right eye (RE). Fundus examination demonstrated a temporal ODP with altered foveal reflex. The SD-OCT B-scans revealed severe intraretinal schisis-like changes, broad vitreal adhesion in the optic nerve head area, posterior hyaloid thickening, and vitreal entrapment in the premacular space. The patient was managed conservatively. Spontaneous resolution of ODP maculopathy took place over 3 months, with vision improved up to 1.0 (Snellen charts). The macular schisis progressively resolved after posterior vitreous detachment. In conclusion, in our report, a complete restoration of the foveal anatomy was achieved without any surgical intervention. This OCT-based report confirms the role of the vitreomacular abnormalities in the pathogenesis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the clinical picture of orbital relapse of retinoblastoma following uncomplicated enucleation. Methods: Case series of two patients with group E retinoblastoma with high-risk features on histopathology, namely, post-laminar optic nerve extension in one patient, and massive choroidal tumor infiltration in the other. Neither of them received adjuvant chemotherapy post enucleation. Results: Both patients had orbital relapse of tumor within 4 months from enucleation, manifesting as implant migration and unstable conformer. Systemic chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy to the orbit resulted in complete tumor regression. Both patients were tumor free at the last follow up. Conclusion: Implant migration post enucleation should raise the suspicion for orbital relapse of retinoblastoma. High-risk histopathology features should increase the alert in an otherwise uncomplicated enucleation for retinoblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the clinical picture of orbital relapse of retinoblastoma following uncomplicated enucleation. Methods: Case series of two patients with group E retinoblastoma with high-risk features on histopathology, namely, post-laminar optic nerve extension in one patient, and massive choroidal tumor infiltration in the other. Neither of them received adjuvant chemotherapy post enucleation. Results: Both patients had orbital relapse of tumor within 4 months from enucleation, manifesting as implant migration and unstable conformer. Systemic chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy to the orbit resulted in complete tumor regression. Both patients were tumor free at the last follow up. Conclusion: Implant migration post enucleation should raise the suspicion for orbital relapse of retinoblastoma. High-risk histopathology features should increase the alert in an otherwise uncomplicated enucleation for retinoblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]