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Objectives: Preventive health services are important for child development, and parents play a key role in facilitating access to services. This study examined how parents' reasons for not having a usual source of care were associated with their children's receipt of preventive services. Methods: We used pooled data from the 2011-2014 National Health Interview Survey (n = 34 843 participants). Parents' reasons for not having a usual source of care were framed within the Penchansky and Thomas model of access and measured through 3 dichotomous indicators: financial barriers (affordability), attitudes and beliefs about health care (acceptability), and all other nonfinancial barriers (accessibility, accommodation, and availability). We used multivariable logistic regression models to test associations between parental barriers and children's receipt of past-year well-child care visits and influenza vaccinations, controlling for other child, family, and contextual factors. Results: In 2014, 14.3% (weighted percentage) of children had at least 1 parent without a usual source of care. Children of parents without a usual source of care because they "don't need a doctor and/or haven't had any problems" or they "don't like, trust, or believe in doctors" had 35% lower odds of receiving well-child care (adjusted odds ratio = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.56-0.74) and 23% lower odds of receiving influenza vaccination (adjusted odds ratio = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69-0.86) than children of parents without those attitudes and beliefs about health care. Financial and other nonfinancial parental barriers were not associated with children's receipt of preventive services. Results were independent of several factors relevant to children's access to preventive health care, including whether the child had a usual source of care. Conclusions: Parents' attitudes and beliefs about having a usual source of care were strongly associated with their children's receipt of recommended preventive health services. Rates of receipt of child preventive services may be improved by addressing parents' attitudes and beliefs about having a usual source of care. Future studies should assess causes of these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of changes in health following immigration are inconsistent, and few are based on longitudinal designs to test associations based on change. This study identified factors that predicted changes in self-reported health (SRH) among California residents of Korean descent. A sample of California residents of Korean descent were interviewed and followed-up 2 or 3 times by telephone during 2001-2009. The questionnaires dealt with SRH, lifestyle behaviors (smoking, physical activity, and fast food consumption), and socioeconomic measures. Statistical analysis included random-intercepts longitudinal regression models predicting change in SRH. A similar percentage of respondents reported improved and deteriorating SRH (30.3% and 29.1%, respectively). Smoking, consumption of fast foods, age, percentage of life spent in the United States, and being female were predictors of deteriorating SRH, whereas physical activity, education, and living with a partner were predictive of improvement in SRH. The effect of immigration on SRH is influenced by socioeconomic factors and lifestyle practices. Results support promotion of healthy lifestyle practices among immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the considerable variability in drinking practices among Asian American groups, the generalizations that suggest an increase in their alcohol use associated with acculturation need to be questioned. Also, the experience of children of immigrants growing up in the United States may be much more complex than a focus on acculturation can capture. Informed by the theory of segmented assimilation, this study addresses two research questions: (1) Is acculturation associated with alcohol use of Korean American adolescents? and (2) What other social, economic, and cultural forces influence their alcohol use? Survey data were collected from 202 adolescents of Korean descent. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that acculturation was not a significant predictor of most measures of alcohol use, while peer influence, scholastic achievement/ aspirations, and current smoking were predictive. Gender and social class were unrelated to drinking. Findings suggest focusing research on an integrative approach to understanding drinking in complex social, economic, and social contexts may be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence and correlates of home smoking bans in the Republic of Korea were examined using population-based data from telephone interviews with 500 Seoul adult residents in 2002. Most (97%) respondents indicated that they smoked, or that their spouse, other family member, or a regular friend smoked. Nearly all indicated that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful. Only 19% of homes banned smoking, 65% allowed smoking anywhere, and 16% allowed smoking by special guests or in certain areas. The odds of having a full ban were significantly greater for men, married individuals, those less than 35 years or more than 50 years of age, non-smokers, individuals whose nonspouse family members did not smoke, and individuals with more sources of anti-ETS messages. Home smoking bans should be promoted by media campaigns and other tobacco control activities, because knowledge of the effects of ETS was already high. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Studies the relationship between declarative knowledge about mainstream culture and politics in the United States (US) and achieving and exercising power regardless of cultural background. Examination of statistical relationships; Control over extraneous cognitive-processing variance; Relation of a person's content knowledge to reading and power.

Provides an empirical test of the theory that individuals gather political knowledge by inferential reasoning. Impact of regular and active listening to United States political talk radio on the theory; Consequences of misinformation to the concept of democracy; Extent of misinformation in conservative talk radio.

Examines the patterns of communication between parents and the school in the context of a situation theory of communication and in relation to racial-ethnic characteristics of parents. Nature and base of communication flow; Conceptualizing communication; Measures of communication patterns; Racial-ethnic context of communication.

Features a test of studies on political talk radio. Political talk radio's promotion of social and political alienation as stereotype; Political involvement and activity due to exposure; Need for further analysis of political talk radio.

Assesses the declarative knowledge component of adult's literacy by telephone in the United States. Explanation of the modal model of memory, the general theory underlying telephone and checklist approach to adult literacy assessment; Valuation of the telephone as an alternative to door-to-door assessment of literacy; Relationship between reading and listening.

Presents an analysis of the logic of televised campaign advertisements. Nature of campaign advertising; Discussion on the process of coding of campaign advertisements; Analysis of the idio-logical content of campaign advertisements.

This study compared risks of secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) among Korean nonsmokers in Seoul, South Korea and California, United States. Social networks were hypothesized to contain more smokers in Seoul than in California, and smokers were hypothesized to produce more secondhand smoke in Seoul than California, as Seoul’s policies and norms are less restrictive. Telephone interviews were conducted with Korean adults in Seoul (N = 500) and California (N = 2830). In all, 69% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 64-74) of Koreans and 31% (95% CI = 29-33) of Korean Americans reported any SHSe. A total of 44% (95% CI = 40-47) of Korean family members smoked versus 29% (95% CI = 28-30) of Korean American family members (t = 7.84, P < .01). A 25% to 75% increase in the proportion of family members that smoked corresponded with a 13% (95% CI = 5-21) higher probability of any SHSe among Koreans compared with 6% (95% CI = 2-10) among Korean Americans. Network interventions in combination with policies and/or health campaigns may help reduce SHSe globally. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose. To explore the feasibility of engaging community businesses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. Design. Randomly selected business owners/managers were asked to display discreetly wrapped condoms and brochures, both of which were provided free-of-charge for 3 months. Assessments were conducted at baseline, mid- program, and post-program. Customer feed back was obtained through an online survey. Setting. Participants were selected from a San Diego, California neighborhood with a high rate of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Participants. Fifty-one business owners/managers who represented 10 retail categories, and 52 customers. Measures. Participation rates, descriptive characteristics, number of condoms and brochures distributed, customer feedback, business owners'/managers' program satisfaction, and business owners'/managers' willingness to provide future support for HIV prevention were measured. Analysis. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Fisher's exact, and McNemar's tests were used to analyze data. Results. The 20 business owners/managers (39%) who agreed to distribute condoms and brochures reported fewer years in business and more employees than those who agreed only to distribute brochures (20%) or who refused to participate (41 %; p < .05). Bars were the easiest of ten retail categories to recruit. Businesses with more employees and customers distributed more condoms and brochures (p < .05). More than 90% of customers supported distributing condoms and brochures in businesses, and 96% of business owners/managers described their program experience as positive. Conclusion. Businesses are willing to distribute condoms and brochures to prevent HIV. Policies to increase business participation in HIV prevention should be developed and tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This study examines the individual and environmental correlates of home smoking bans among a population-based sample of Mexican-Americans. Design. A telephone survey on tobacco use and home policies was conducted using stratified, random sampling of listed phone numbers. Setting. Surveys were completed by telephone in San Diego, California. Subjects. The sample consisted of San Diego adult residents of Mexican descent (N=1,103). Measures. The interview included questions on home rules regarding smoking in the household and a number of potential correlates, based on the Behavioral Ecological Model (BEM). This model emphasizes the influence of family, social, and cultural factors on health behaviors. Results. Overall, 90.6% of all respondents reported a ban on smoking in the home. Multivariate analyses indicated that home bans on smoking are more likely among individuals that do not smoke, live with children, are more acculturated to U.S. society, report greater aversion to ETS, and/or report more social pressure against indoor smoking. In contrast, smoking bans are less likely among Mexican Americans who live with smokers. Conclusions. Individual and environmental factors play a protective role by increasing the likelihood of smoking bans in the home of Mexican-descent individuals. These factors should be considered for the design of interventions to sustain and promote the adoption of smoking bans in the home among this and other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To test effects of parent/child training designed to increase calcium intake, bone-loading physical activity (PA), and bone density. Design. Two-group randomized controlled trial. Setting. Family-based intervention delivered at research center. Subjects. 117 healthy children aged 10-13 years (58.1% female, 42.7% Hispanic, 40.2% White). Ninety-seven percent of participants had at least one parent graduate from high school and 37.2% had at least one parent graduate from a 4-year university. Intervention. Children and parents were randomly assigned to diet and exercise (experimental) or injury prevention (control) interventions. Children were taught in right weekly classes how to engage in hone-loading PA and eat calcium-rich foods or avoid injuries. Parents were taught behavior management techniques to modify children's behaviors. Measures. Measures at baseline and at 3, 9, and 12 months included 24-hour diet and PA recalls, and bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Analysis. Analysis of variance and generalized estimating equations (GEE) assessed group by time differences. Comparisons were conducted separately for boys and girls. Results. For boys, cross-sectional differences between experimental and control groups were achieved for 3- and 9-month calcium intake (1352 vs. 1052 mg/day, 1298 vs. 970 mg/day, p < .05). For girls, marginal cross-sectional differences were achieved for high-impact PA at 12 months (p < .10). For calcium intake, a significant group by time interaction was observed from pretest to posttest for the full sample (p = .008) and for girls (p = .006) but not for boys. No significant group by time differences in calcium were observed across the follow-up period. No group by time differences were observed for high-impact PA. Among boys; longitudinal group by time differences reached significance for total hip BMD (p .045) and femoral neck BMD (p = .033), even after adjusting for skeletal growth. Similar differential increases were observed among boys for bone mineral content (BMC) at the hip (p = .068) and total body (p = .054) regions. No significant group by time interaction effects were observed for girls at any bone site for BMD. For BMC, control girls showed a significant increase (p = .03) in spine BMC compared to intervention girls. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that parent/preteen training can increase calcium intake and attenuate the decline in high-impact PA. Results suggest that more powerful interventions are needed to increase activity levels and maximize bone mineral accrual during preadolescent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]