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Since 85 per cent of African freshwater comes from international rivers, the realization of the newly emerging human right to water depends on the volume and quality of shared water resources. Each continental African State shares a river with at least one other State. Thus, a State has the capacity to hamper the realization of the right in other co-riparian States by reducing the volume or polluting the shared river unless they arc legally prevented from jeopardizing the right abroad. The right would prove an empty promise for the right holders unless they are given legal avenues to hold third States accountable for their (in)actions that produce extraterritorial consequences. This article examines the extraterritorial reach of States' human rights duties in the African human rights system in the light of the regional case law and comparative jurisprudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on some of the customs which pertains to the ancient water rights in Hawaii. Accordingly, the holders of a water right during the ancient times were being required to go up with the luna wai or superintendent into the waterhead or dam to examine its condition and maintain the water source from all obstructions. Traditions has it that during the days of the Great Kamehameha, the great chief or the mauka would promptly order the enforcement of the customary penalty to those chiefs who presumed to trample on the customs honored by usage pertaining to agriculture, fishing or any form of labor.

The article presents a legal study guide on the article "Landowners' vs. Miners' Property Interests," by Kate Galloway. Topics include an overview of common law regarding property, coal seam gas (CSG) extraction, and the common law doctrine of cuius est solum. Information is provided on the riparian rights of landowners.