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Introduction: Recent studies have shown a high prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with end-stage renal disease (ERSD) and renal transplant recipients. Aim: The aim of this observational study is to asses prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in CKD patients and post renal transplant patients. Methods: In this study 100 patients divided in 50–50 each group. Group 1 with CKD patients on dialysis and group 2 with post renal transplant patients. Each group evaluated for depression and anxiety symptoms using BDI (Beck's Depression Inventory) and STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) score which is divided into STAI-X1 and STAI-X2, respectively. Results: Our study revealed in group 1 48% patient versus group 2 34% patients present with depressive symptoms whereas in case of anxiety symptoms STAI-X1 and STAI-X2. Group 1 24% and 18% whereas group 2 34% and 28% patients, respectively. Conclusion: It is observed that depressive symptoms are more common in CKD patients on dialysis whereas anxiety symptoms observed more in patients after renal transplant. The obtained results indicate that screening tests and monitoring of the emotional state of patients with CKD are necessary, regardless of the disease stage and treatment; this includes patients after kidney transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety and depression are commonly seen with urinary incontinence (UI) and its association is strongest for urgency and mixed UI. It affects the quality of life and functional status. Aims: To assess the prevalence and severity of anxiety and depression in SUI (Stress urinary incontinence) and UUI/MUI (Urge or mixed urinary incontinence), to assess the severity of SUI and UUI/MUI and its association with anxiety and depression and to identify various factors associated with anxiety and depression. Materials and methods: An observational study using various tools as history regarding urinary incontinence, history of other prior events which can lead to anxiety or depression, age, educational level, BMI (Body mass index), HADS scale (Hospital anxiety and depression scale) for anxiety and depression and ICIQ-UI-SF score (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence-Short Form). Results: The Prevalence of anxiety and depression in UUI/MUI was higher. More women were overweight (BMI > 25) in the UUI/MUI group. Higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in the very severe urinary incontinence group. No association of the level of education with anxiety and depression in women with urinary incontinence. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression are more in UUI/MUI patients compared to SUI. In obese ladies, UUI is more prevalent compared to SUI. Anxiety and depression are more with increasing severity of incontinence. Anxiety and depression have no association with the educational status of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: PCNL outcomes among urologists are different because of the vast heterogeneity in the methods for clinical, academic characterisation and evaluation of surgical outcomes of nephrolithiasis. So assessing the preoperative factors that affect SFR (Stone Free Rate) and complications is critical. Heterogeneity in reporting of PCNL outcomes among different centres has led to the invention of nephrolithotomy scoring systems based on preoperative parameters to better counsel patients contemplating PCNL. The Guy's stone score, CROES nomogram and the S.T.O.N.E score are seen as predictors of stone-free status (SFS) and complications after PCNL. No universally accepted stone scoring system for predicting SFR and complications after PCNL exists. This is a prospective observational study to compare and analyse the existing stone scoring systems (SSS) and to assess the best parameters to predict PCNL outcomes concerning SFR and complications. Methods: This study is done in a tertiary level institute in eastern India which included 200 patients who underwent PCNL from November 2019 to November 2021. The relevant operative parameters were documented and compared to the preoperative factors with the help of nephrolithotomy scoring systems. Results: The Guy score, CROES nomogram and S.T.O.N.E. score were accurate in predicting the SFR in patients undergoing PCNL. A new IPGMER preoperative stone scoring system based on the most relevant parameters could be used as an alternative to predict SFR and complications in PCNL. Conclusion: The Nephrolithometry scoring systems are simple, straightforward and easily reproducible systems to classify the severity of nephrolithiasis and to stratify the complexity of PCNL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Evaluation of safety, efficacy, and feasibility of emergency extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (eESWL) in combating obstructing stones with colic on emergency basis. Materials and methods: From November 2019 to November 2021, 102 subjects underwent emergency ESWL for obstructing ureteric and renal stones with colic within 24 h of presentation. Results: Patients in this study belonged to age group of 18–67 years with mean being 39 years consisting of 85 males and 22 females (M:F = 85:22). Mean stone dimensions were 8.26 mm in length and 7.65 mm in width. A total of 42 patients had their stone in kidney or upper ureter while 24 patients had stone in mid ureter and remaining patients (n = 36) had stone in lower ureter. About 65 patients had their stone completely cleared after single ESWL session while 20 patients required multiple sessions to achieve complete clearance. Of these 17 patients (16.67%) were not rendered stone free even after three sessions and had to undergo ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL). Overall Stone Free Rate (SFR) was 83.33%. For stone attenuation of ⩽900 HU, SFR was 97.18% while for >900 HU it was only 51.61%. Conclusion: eESWL is safe, feasible, and efficacious noninvasive alternative for definitive management of obstructing ureteral and renal stones with colic as far as stone clearance and rapid and definitive pain relief are concerned and that too with very minimal morbidity without the need for admission and hence can reduce the prolonged waiting period for endoscopic stone surgery in any high-volume tertiary care hospital. Length, width, and attenuation of stone were found to be the main factors dictating the success of eESWL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer development and progression to androgen-independent disease is correlated with increased expression of growth factors and receptors capable of establishing autocrine and/or paracrine growth-stimulatory loops. Overexpression of the Her2/neu receptor tyrosine kinase has been associated with the progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer cells. Objective: Our primary aim was to investigate the frequency of HER2/neu amplification in prostate biopsy specimens in newly diagnosed metastatic carcinoma prostate and its correlation to progression of androgen independent carcinoma. Materials and Methods: In our study, expression of HER2/neu was carried out by immunohistochemical analysis in TRUS biopsy specimen of newly diagnosed metastatic carcinoma prostate. Results: Out of 36 patients, seven (19.4%) showed her2neu overexpression on immunohistochemical staining. Five out of seven (71%) were associated with higher histological grade >7 at diagnosis (p < 0.05). Her2neu overexpression was not significantly associated with age and serum PSA at diagnosis. However progression to castration resistant stage was not dependant on Her2/neu status (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Overexpression of her2/neu was associated with high grade carcinoma prostate at diagnosis, however progression to castration resistant stage was not related with her2neu expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) in supine trans-abdominal approach for distal ureteric calculi and to determine the variables that could affect the outcome results. Materials and methods: Between November 2019 and January 2021, 172 patients with a solitary distal ureteric calculus were treated with ESWL in supine position with a pronated shock wave head against the anterior abdominal wall. The outcome of treatment evaluated and the clinical and radiological findings, as well as stone characteristics, were reviewed and correlated with the stone-free rate (SFR). Results: Overall SFR was 84.84% (140/165). Those with stone clearance, 83.57% (117/140) cleared after one session and 16.42% (23/140) needed more than one session. Only three factors had a significant impact on SFR, that is stone length, stone width, stone attenuation. For stone length ⩽ 9 mm SFR was 93.44% (114/122) compared to 60.46% (26/43) for stone length of 10–12 mm (p < 0.00001). There were statistically significant increased SFR for stones with attenuation of <0.0001 and for the mean stone width of 8.02 mm (p < 0.00001). Stone localisation was easy with good patient comfort. Conclusion: Supine trans-abdominal ESWL is a new, effective and safe form of treatment for distal ureteric calculi. The stone length, stone width along with stone attenuation were the only significant predictors of stone free status in supine position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Nephrectomy leads to derangement of renal function and various adaptive changes by the remaining kidney over a period of time. This study is performed to evaluate the amount of derangement of renal function in donor and radical nephrectomy, how much the remaining kidney adapts over a period of time and the time taken for stabilisation of renal function. Method: A total of 60 patients who underwent nephrectomy (Radical/Donor) were followed up for 12 months with serial estimation of renal function and was compared with preoperative renal function. Data was analysed with statistical analysis. Result: Patients who underwent radical nephrectomy had 37% initial decline in renal function which was later stabilised at 19% lower than baseline value. Patient who underwent donor nephrectomy had initially 39% decline in renal function which was later stabilised at 24% lower than normal. Conclusion: Removal of functional renal tissue led to reduction of renal function. This decline is more evident in the initial post-operative period and then begin to stabilise over months. The greater is the amount of normal tissue removed, the greater is the reduction of renal function and more time it will take to stabilise, increasing overall morbidity of the patient. This study suggests that even patients with normal GFRs should be followed up postoperatively to determine their ultimate renal functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]