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Polish intellectuals in the first half of the nineteenth century defended Polish independence in the European public sphere through the conscious invention of a tradition of religious tolerance. Because defenses of Polish independence in this period were often designed for a European public, the multi-religious heritage of Poland-Lithuania's past provided resources to shape Polish politics for a variety of audiences and their differing political and religious values. European and Polish publics saw the Russian empire as religiously intolerant, and therefore Poles crafted histories of Poland that offered an explicit counterpoint to this perception of Russia: a Polish tradition of religious co-existence. As long as these international geopolitical appeals remained a dominant part of their political imaginations, Polish intellectuals conceived of Poland in a multi-confessional manner. Polish intellectuals in the first half of the nineteenth century did not conflate Polish national identity with Roman Catholicism but framed their ideas against the multi-religious legacy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, by tying the question of Polish independence so strongly to the religious sphere, the figures in this article laid the groundwork for future developments in Polish nationalism in later (and more confessionally rigid) periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) changes in: (1) pain, function and global health; and (2) predictors of PROMs in patients undergoing aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) using a multilevel model with patients nested within surgeon. Methods: A prospective cohort of 216 patients with baseline and 1-year PROMs who underwent aseptic rTHA between January 2016 and December 2017 were analysed. The most common indication for rTHA was aseptic loosening, instability, and implant failure. The PROMs included in this study were HOOS Pain and HOOS Physical Function Short-form (PS), Veterans RAND-12 Physical Component Score (VR-12 PCS), and VR-12 Mental Component Score (MCS). Multivariable linear regression models were constructed for predicting 1-year PROMs. Results: Mean 1-year PROMs improvement for aseptic revisions were 30.4 points for HOOS Pain and 22.1 points for HOOS PS. Predictors of better pain relief were patients with higher baseline pain scores. Predictors of better 1-year function were patients with higher baseline function and patients with a posterolateral hip surgical approach during revision. Although VR-12 PCS scores had an overall improvement, nearly 50% of patients saw no improvement or had worse physical component scores. Only 30.7% of patients reported improvements in VR-12 MCS. Conclusions: Overall, patients undergoing aseptic rTHA improved in pain and function PROMs at 1 year. Although global health assessment improved overall, nearly half of aseptic rTHA patients reported no change in physical/mental health status. The associations highlighted in this study can help guide the shared decision-making process by setting expectations before aseptic revision THA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A variety of methods exist for fixation during ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction on the ulna for the overhead throwing athlete. Current biomechanical evidence suggests that cortical button fixation may fail at a higher load and under more cycles than interference screw fixation alone, while also minimizing the risk of fracture. A safe angle for placement of this cortical button has not yet been determined. Purpose: To define a safe angle for cortical button deployment during UCL reconstruction to avoid violation of the proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ). Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Measurements on 100 cadaveric ulna bones, 50 women and 50 men, were obtained referencing the entry point for ulnar fixation, which is 1 cm distal to the ulnar humeral joint line along the medial UCL ridge. Ulnar width at the entry point and distance to the PRUJ were obtained to calculate safe distal angulation, while distance from the entry point to the posterior ulnar crest ulnarly and distance from the PRUJ to the posterior ulnar crest radially were obtained to calculate safe posterior angulation. Ten bony measurements on the same group of specimens were performed by 3 authors to establish an interobserver reliability. Means, quartiles, and outliers were obtained for the calculated angles. Finally, recommended angles of entry were determined to be approximately 1 interquartile range above the upper limit. Results: The mean distal angle of entry that was obtained was 11.32° (SD, ±4.80°; 95% CI, 10.37°-12.27°; P <.001). Three upper limit outliers were discovered: 24.20°, 23.4°, and 21.1°. The mean posterior angle of entry was 40.44° (SD, ±6.18°; 95% CI, 39.22°-41.67°; P <.001). There were no outliers for the posterior angle of entry. Interobserver reliabilities were strong for the 4 measurements. Conclusion: To be safely outside of the PRUJ utilizing a cortical button construct, we recommend 30° distal angulation and 60° posterior angulation for ulnar fixation during UCL reconstruction. Both parameters are 1 quartile above the highest calculated angle of entry. Clinical Relevance: These data define safe parameters for distal fixation during UCL reconstruction and highlight a clear entry point for reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we examined the relation among family life events, appraisal, and family protective factors in predicting behavioral outcome in 260 school-age children. Hierarchical analyses were conducted using appraisal-based calculations of family events and ratings on three potential family protective factors: family relations, personal growth, and systems maintenance.The results indicated several main effects for personal growth experiences, the negatively appraised, and the positively appraised family stress scores on adaptive behavior. In addition, two significant interactions were found among negatively endorsed family events and personal growth experiences, positive family relationships,and internalizing behavior. The forms of these interactions indicate that personal growth and family relationships appear to increase internalizing behavior as negatively endorsed family stress events increase. The contextual role of potential family protective factors and the influence of differential appraisal are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and educators have recognized that typical school-wide approaches to discipline and the prevention and management of problem behavior are often insufficient to address the needs of many students in inner-city schools with high base rates of problem behavior. This article outlines critical issues and lessons learned in the planning and implementation of effective and self-sustaining Positive Behavior Support (PBS) efforts in inner-city schools. Among these issues are methods for the facilitation of school-university partnerships, the incorporation of PBS into existing comprehensive school improvement efforts, the maintenance of school-wide PBS efforts, and the formalization of exit strategies and arrangements for subsequent technical assistance. The importance of service integration, family support, youth development, and community development are emphasized in ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of school-wide PBS efforts in inner-city settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study on the influence of positive behavioral support in the attitudes of exceptional children in the U.S. Details on social and learning outcomes; Components of behavioral support; Significance of education in providing behavioral support to students with disabilities.