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Central bank digital currency (CBDC) projects have advanced the furthest in small or developing economies. In contrast, central banks in wealthy countries where technologies that fuelled this trend developed are holding back on such plans. What explains this divergence? I argue that CBDCs are attractive to states which see them as useful to increase and reinforce sovereignty over economic territory. They have thus been adopted in states with high currency substitution, large informal economies, or limited reach of the banking system. For similar reasons, wealthier states see less need for CBDCs. This paper contributes to understanding the impacts of digital money on the spatial dynamics of monetary politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reads Xiaolu Guo's Once Upon a Time in the East: A Story of Growing Up (2017) as a counter-stereotyping memoir set against Jung Chang's Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China (1991) through the authors' divergent narrative stances in self-creation. Although both memoirs belong to the literary genre of autobiography and narrate lives in the past, Guo, by comparing herself to the heroic Monkey King, exhibits a distinct perspective that characterizes her immigrant experience as a nomad's feminist journey into art. Guo's self-creation as a nomadic artist deterritorializes the affiliation of diasporic Chinese writing with misery literature, labelled "ethnic", and reveals the complexity of contemporary Chinese culture. Thus, this counter-stereotyping memoir represents how an Anglophone Chinese writer of the post-Chang generation tends to negotiate her ethnic status and demonstrates the multiplicity of being Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article categorizes the resistance strategies used by traditional fishers on the coast of Paraná, Brazil, against local authorities that seek to deterritorialize their territories. Documentary sources and interviews with informants were used as part of this research. The local traditional fishing sector is not immune to external pressure. The resistance strategies of this group can be classified into eight categories. We find that the local traditional fishers already lost much of their territory during the last few decades, and the pressures they face continue to increase. However, the rise in resistance actions throughout the twenty-first century allowed this group to engage with new perspectives concerning their struggle for territory. This is a fight that is active in its effort to guarantee the rights of traditional fishing communities in Paraná. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the conceptualization of the body among former Congolese soldiers living as refugees in Johannesburg. The article draws on extensive fieldwork in Johannesburg, South Africa and employs the concept of deterritorialization and reterritorialization to explain the bodies of those who have decided to join the Congolese Army. The article reveals the complex ways in which the army manipulates soldiers' bodies to generate diverse lines of connection, coalition, and removal (or disconnection). We support that the soldiers' bodies are not necessarily owned by the country, but that soldiers' bodies become owned by military institutions, who employ nationalist rhetoric to justify their existence and actions. The act of joining the army could be considered a way of cutting ties with civilian life and joining a new world in which the individual is socialized into military culture. Through initiation, the soldier's body is reterritorialized; it becomes a national asset. While this study focuses on former Congolese soldiers, it has broader relevance, giving insight into how soldiers perceive their body shifting from individual possession to be reterritorialized as the body of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how modern theories of international security are being revised in relation to a perceived "deterritorialization" of the global security environment. Using the case of piracy in the Gulf of Aden, I examine how geographical imaginaries of security and insecurity are reproduced in relation to non-state, global threats. I show that while the objects to be secured from threats like piracy are interpreted in relation to networked and deterritorialized space, diagnoses of threats themselves, their origins, and their movement, rely on a territorial imaginary of political order. This attributes a one-way spatio-political directionality to global threats, as incubating in zones of local disorder before crossing into the complex, networked space of the global. Drawing on recent research into the territorialization of modern sovereignty and its relationship to European colonization and imperialism, I underscore continuities between contemporary geographical imaginaries of security and threat and those of the early 20th century. This analysis helps make explicit the spatial heuristics that are usually implicit in global security research and highlights the kinds of empirical and political questions that these heuristics sideline. The case of Gulf of Aden piracy foregrounds the material effects of these threat diagnoses, which shape particular geographies of bordering, surveillance, and state and non-state violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emboldened by the economic crisis of 2007 to 2008, a growing rhizome of socially and politically engaged spatial practices have resorted to alternative modes of producing architecture that focus more on its societal aspirations. Aiming to uncover some of the potentialities of the projects that emerged from this growing rhizome to introduce other modes of making architecture while resisting dominant ones, this paper considers the Deleuzian-Guattarian concept of the "minor" to propose an alternative reading of such projects as "minor architectures," that is, critical practices that resist the canon and act in the crevices of the mainstream. Using ethnographic research methods on two empirical cases, namely the Floating Berlin designed by Raumlabor and Agrocité Paris designed by Atelier d'Architecture Autogérée, the paper identifies "minor" spatial tactics of making architecture that go beyond the limit(ation)s of the practice: (1) resisting the architectural object as a static entity, (2) fostering collective expression, (3) exploring potentialities by reterritorializing interstitial spaces, and (4) creating haptic and affective experiences. The paper reflects on the concept of the minor as an operational tool that could help break away from dominant systems of architectural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes use of Deleuze and Guattari's concepts of deterritorialization and lines of flight, together with Aamir R. Mufti's analysis of global literature in order to study the work of three Pakistani novelists, Nadeem Aslam, Mohsin Hamid, and Kamila Shamsie. Fragmentation, disjunction, and disorientation are the main forces at work in contemporary Pakistani fiction in English, whose founding metaphor is the image of partition, and an insistence of borders and their transgression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how globalization affects consumers is a key concern of international marketing research. Consumer culture theory (CCT) studies contribute to this stream of research by critically examining how globalization affects consumers under different cultural conditions. We offer a systematic narrative synthesis of 30 years of CCT globalization research to gain perspective on this important stream of research. We identify three theoretical perspectives – that is, homogenization, glocalization and deterritorialization – that have shaped the ways in which CCT scholars have approached globalization phenomena. We discuss each perspective with regard to its underlying notion of culture, its assumptions of power relations between countries and the role that it ascribes to individuals in globalization processes. We problematize these perspectives and show how CCT research has challenged and extended each perspective, focusing specifically on consumer empowerment, consumer identity and the symbolic meaning of global brands as substantial domains. Lastly, we discuss avenues for future consumer cultural globalization research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we map conditions and enactments for a new plane of inquiry, what Mazzei named a minor inquiry. Informed by our collective thinking with Deleuze and Guattari's discussion of a minor literature and its attendant characteristics, deterritorialization, political immediacy, and collective assemblage of enunciation, we present the conditions for inquiry on this new plane, provide enactments from our individual projects, and conclude with incitements for escaping the dogma of prescribed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing coalition of degrowth scholar-activist(s) seeks to transform degrowth into an interdisciplinary and international field bridging a rising network of social and environmental justice movements. We offer constructive decolonial and feminist critiques to foster their productive alliances with multiple feminisms, Indigenous, post-development and pluriversal thought and design (Escobar, 2018), and people on the ground. Our suggested pathway of decolonial transition includes re-situating degrowth relative to the global south and to Indigenous and other resistance movements. We see this decolonial degrowth as a profoundly material strategy of recovery, renewal, and resistance (resurgence) through practices of re-rooting and re-commoning. To illustrate what we mean by resurgence we draw from two examples where people are engaged in ongoing struggles to protect their territories from the impacts of rampant growth—Zapatista and allied Indigenous groups in Mexico, and three Adivasi communities in the Attappady region of southern India. They are building economies and ecologies of resurgence and simultaneous resistance to growth by deterritorialization. We argue that a decolonized degrowth must be what the growth paradigm is not, and imagine what does not yet exist: our separate and collective socio-ecological futures of sufficiency and celebration in the multiple worlds of the pluriverse. Together, the two cases demonstrate pathways to autonomy, sufficiency, and resurgence of territories and worlds, through persistence, innovation, and mobilization of traditional and new knowledges. We offer these as teachers for the transition to decolonial degrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can school-based sex education (SBSE) that reproduces structural inequalities simultaneously hold possibilities for meaningful and transformative experiences? In this article, we situate students’ perspectives on stereotypes encountered in their school-based sexual education classes in the context of Deleuze and Guattari’s work. The analysis is based on 63 interviews with high school students at two schools in the same district in the USA, one high-poverty/low-ranked, and the other, low-poverty/high-ranked. Our analysis reveals how adolescents attempt to resist stereotypes in SBSE while simultaneously creating meaning in their encounters. Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts ‘lines of flight’ and ‘deterritorialization and reterritorialization’ allow us to examine resistance in a way Foucault’s interpretation of power and discourse does not. We expand on these concepts and how they are significant in explaining adolescents’ resistances in our analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on different styles, genres and literary movements that have a dream to assume a major function in language and to offer themselves as a sort of an official language. It mentions creation of a becoming-minor philosophical concept with characteristics of minor space like its deterritorialization or subtraction from the dominant order.

This study describes how members of a transnational social network of Mexican bilinguals living in Chicago manipulate their language on online social media to facilitate and maintain close connections across borders. Using a discourse-centered online ethnographic approach, I examine conversations posted on members’ Facebook walls and the contexts in which the discourses are formed. I argue that members of this transnational social network engage in the use of deterritorialized discourse to create chronotopes; that is, through discourse, members connect temporal and spatial relationships and form them into a single constructed context. These chronotopes help members recontextualize Facebook as a unique transnational social place that connects families and allows for the continuation of cultural practices that maintain their transnationalism. This study sheds light on the use of linguistic resources and modes of communication to examine how individuals construct imagined experiences within a real intimate community in the deterritorialized space of online social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural complexity--and potential for identity building--of museums and cultural displays can be potentially powerful spaces of cultural negotiation; in a postcolonial or diasporic setting, the production of locality through cultural displays can serve as a home surrogate (albeit temporarily) for deterritorialized peripheral subjects. However, when these productions (whether they be museums, festivals, or other events of representation) are commoditized and sponsored by socially dominant groups (such as the French government), so that outsiders (nondiasporic people, i.e., the general public) can consume them, what kinds of interactions and clashes can take place? This article aims to answer this question, through the examination of space in a French Antillean festival in Paris: Rue Créole, illustrating the production of locality in Rue Créole through the spatial construction of the venue, and then by examining the production of space and its implications in the festival's musical performances. Ultimately, I argue that in postcolonial situations, socially produced space can result in polyrhythmic, performatively doubled ensembles and that this in itself is a mark of colonial relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to evaluate the deterrent impact the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing (CAN SPAM) Act has had on email spam rates over time. A sample of 5,490,905 spam emails was collected and aggregated into a monthly time series. Thirteen measures of CAN SPAM Act enforcement were coded from news articles and included in a time-series regression. The results suggest a possible deterrent effect of prosecutions, convictions, and lengthy jail sentences for spammers, but an emboldening effect of short jail sentences. The penalties under the CAN SPAM Act focus on fines more than prison terms. The results find no deterrent effect for fines, as spammers tend to earn a large income from sending spam. The Act might be revised to include prison sentences, especially longer ones to avoid the emboldening effect found. A deterrent impact was found for prosecutions, even though the CAN SPAM Act is under-enforced. Expanding enforcement might also be advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the relations of power and resistance manifest by the WikiLeaks network. The primary research question of this inquiry is, ‘what power relations and possibilities for resistance are presented by WikiLeaks as a novel form of network organization?’ The article shows that WikiLeaks has been able to exert influence from the periphery of existing networks by exploiting vectors of ‘deterritorialization’ to destabilize existing power relations. The article contributes to the literature on the network organization by developing an account of resistance to State and corporate power in terms of an ‘absolute deterritorialization’. This idea has important implications for the tactics of resistance in network organizations, where vectors of deterritorialization have become a defining feature of resistance tactics of the WikiLeaks network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the pedagogical consequences of deterritorializing disciplinary knowledge with the proposal of an immanent pedagogy based on the works of G. Deleuze and F. Guattari in which students and teachers are active participants. Topics mentioned include decolonizing the classroom, the intellectuals and pedagogy with reference to French philosopher Michel Foucalt and the canon as a disciplinary site.

African cartoonists do not have the right to ridicule and offend political leaders. As a result, cartoons that deterritorialize African leaders by taking them out of their traditional zones of power and comfort, and place them in absurd, imaginary cartoon ‘realities’ for purposes of criticism, are often met with censorious judicial and extra-judicial measures. These efforts are aimed at reterritorializing and rehabilitating the ‘tarnished’ images of the powerful and enable them to control their media images. In response to these pressures, many Sub-Saharan African cartoonists engage in symbolic ‘space shifting’. This is the phenomenon whereby critical commentary and political cartoons are deterritorialized or transferred from real space to cyberspace, the Internet and social media sites, for purposes of escaping censorship. This study focuses on a select group of cartoons and cartoonists who transferred their work from real space to cyberspace in a bid to escape censorship and political pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the production of space (Lefebvre) in the franchise Cities of Love in the context of the history of the city film, from the street film through the city symphony, the genre-inflected city (noir and sci fi), nouvelle vague films, the global city film, the transnational ghetto film to the franchise city film. Unlike the early city film, which not only emphasized the surface aspects of modernity but also offered a critique of modernity, the franchise city film adopts the rhetoric of globalization (simultaneity, coincidence, and multiplicity) without providing a similar critique of postmodernity and globalization. It denies the real effects of globalization (e.g., the increasing significance of “any-space-whatever” [Deleuze] in global cities such as Paris and New York) and insists on the embeddedness of stories in two of the world’s global cities that are defined precisely by their exposure to various processes of disembedding and to the transnational attenuation of local space. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the controversy around scallop dredging in Cardigan Bay, Wales. The area’s scallop fishery was relatively small until the 1980s but has seen dramatic increases in catches in the past five years. Concerns have been raised about the effect of increasing fishing effort, especially for its potential impacts on the Bay’s population of bottlenose dolphins, which were the basis of its designation as a Special Area of Conservation. I show that the controversy is not merely about human management of an endangered fish stock, but also involves the actions of scallops, dolphins, the sea, seabed, fishing technologies and regulatory practices. I also show that the events in Cardigan Bay frequently are co-produced by events and actions further afield. These topics are examined through the lens of assemblage theory, with which geographers have yet to widely engage. This emphasizes heterogeneity and emergence, and encourages a focus on processes of (de)territorialization. In the paper, I contrast the territorializing practices of regulatory regimes with the smoothing movements of dolphins, the sea and the seabed, showing how the actions of these nonhumans complicate attributions of environmental harm. Through this, the paper addresses the lack of attention paid to the sea by cultural geographers, particularly through a focus on materiality and multi-dimensionality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

At the end of April 2007, an event unfolded in Tallinn, Estonia, that came to be called the 'Bronze Night'. Most of the research on this event--and on events in general-- uses an after-the-act representational approach that treats events as effects whose cause lies elsewhere, external to the event in its becoming. Partially because of this, most research into events emphasizes temporal path-dependency and all but ignores the spatiality of events. Following Deleuze's philosophy of the event, I seek to learn from the Bronze Night as an event by using an in-the-act procedure of reassemblage. In reassembling the event, I pay special attention to its spatiality: to processes of deterritorialization and reterritorialization, to event-spaces produced and partially captured, and to the event's transitivity to new spaces. The paper ends with a discussion of the ways in which the conditions of the problem that actualized the event were newly determined in and through the event, creating opportunities for the event's counteractualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In legal and political theory consociational democracy is a neglected model. Even so, consociationalism has many features that make it relevant for the cultural and religious divisions of the 21 st century. Consociationalism is a quintessential 'Dutch 'regime of toleration'. It was originally developed for the entrenched religious and sociopolitical divisions of the Netherlands in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This traditional segmentation has disappeared and many commentators believe the system has outlived its relevance. The article contends, however, that consociationalism in its generic form of power sharing is still topical and relevant. The revolution in information and communication technology has changed the habitat in which minorities exist. The consociational model can inform ways to deal with the new deterritorialized communities of the globalized world, which seem every bit as autonomous of the nation state as the old religious and sociopolitical segments of Dutch society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the relationship between people and place in the everyday production of the local. Based on empirical research with young people in Russia's far north it offers an empirically substantiated argument that processes of deterritorialization do not necessarily imply the disembedding of people from either the national or the local. Drawing on discursive psychological approaches to the construction of nationhood, the article demonstrates how national and local patriotisms are produced through a post-Soviet project of nationalism and an active programme of flagging the city by the city administration. Through an exploration of the everyday manifestation and articulation of ties between people and place, however, it also suggests some of the limitations to theories of the everyday discursive production of nationhood. Connections to place, it is argued, are not only unconscious or linguistic expressions of discursively produced subjects, but emotional and sensual responses to the material (urban space, nature, climate) and symbolic (hymns, flags, historical narratives) environment. This suggests the need to conceptualize place as a site of the active production and enactment of subjectivity, which is itself not only the product of language and discourse but of experience, affect and 'matter'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-first century globalization forces of technology and trade transport cultures across territorial borders. Cultural exchange now occurs in the absence of first-hand continuous contact that accompanies population migration. We propose and test a modern type of acculturation—remote acculturation—associated with indirect and/or intermittent contact between geographically separate groups. Our findings uncover indicators of remote acculturation in behavior, identity, family values, intergenerational discrepancies, and parent–adolescent conflict among families from one culture (Jamaican Islanders) to a geographically separate culture (European American) that emulate traditional acculturation of emigrants from the same ethnic group (Jamaican Immigrants) now settled in that foreign nation (United States of America). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper I reconstitute my own approach to the notions of space, territory, and territoriality. Developing from the early 1970s, my thoughts resided in the effort devoted to deriving from space the idea of territory qua production by the projection of labor, a Janus-faced category composed of energy and information. The construction of territory is the consequence of territor-iality-defined as the ensemble of relations that a society maintains with exteriority and alterity for the satisfaction of its needs, towards the end of attaining the greatest possible autonomy compatible with the resources of the system. I also propose a descriptive model utilizable in the production of territory as well as in the production of representations of this territory in making available 'images'or landscapes. In the conclusion I draw attention to the fact that if labor is always a mediator, it is not thereby any less subordinated to the money whose possessors are in a position to alienate labor by subjecting it to orientations that can be undesirable. Money accelerates the process of territorialization, deterritorialization, and reterritorialization. Geography, by considering only territorial productions, has neglected to take up the issue of labor; consequently, it has not been able to demonstrate the effects on labor of money as a mediator that has rendered everything more and more fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failures of Western law in its encounter with indigenous legal orders have been well documented, but alternative modes of negotiating the encounter remain under-explored in legal scholarship.The present article addresses this lacuna. It proceeds from the premise that the journey towards a different conceptualization of law might be fruitfully re-routed through the affect-laden realm of embodied experience — the experience of watching the subversive anti-western film Dead Man. Section II explains and develops a Deleuzian approach to law and film which involves thinking about film as ‘‘event.’’ Section III considers Dead Man’s relation to the western genre and its implications for how we think about law’s founding on the frontier. Finally, the article explores the concept of ‘‘becoming’’ through a consideration of the relationship between the onscreen journey of the character Bill Blake and the radical worldview of his poetic namesake. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While nature is often claimed to be a space of harmonized balance or an antidote to the chaos of the modern world, we need a more grounded assessment of nature as endlessly changing and much less predictable than we like to assume. In this essay, I explore Karen Traviss' provocative exploration of unbalanced nature and unbounded bodies in her wess'har series with the guidance of two ecocritics who reject the concept of balanced nature, Dana Phillips and Ursula Heise. Additionally, I turn to the environmental philosopher Val Plumwood for insights regarding Traviss' spurious yet rather standard vision of an unlimited technological panacea. Traviss' series portrays how the boundaries and limits that we perceive as solid are often much less so than we believe, yet she also reveals-inadvertently, it seems-how easily we blindly ignore other, more solid limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "Our Sister Killjoy," by Ama Ata Aidoo is presented. It outlines and explores the issue of racism, gender preferences and political status during the time of African colonies. It examines the role of African women in Africa's development. An overview of the story is also given.

This article explores how France's leading newspaper, Le Monde, 're-presented', or presented anew, French secular republican ideology and the right of free expression at the height of the 'affaire des caricatures de Mahomet' (the Mohammed cartoons affair). This global crisis, which was spawned by the publication of cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed by the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, took on a specific French coloration when French newspapers republished the cartoons and added their own caricatures to the lot. It was found that Le Monde used the crisis to restate French free speech values, and placed the controversy squarely within the framework of French secular republicanism where the right to blaspheme and offend is sacrosanct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounts of virtual organization have been couched in terms of concepts and metaphors that do not inherit from the features of a coherent theory of virtuality. Arguing that virtuality is inherent in modernity, this article focuses on three major drivers behind the current wave of virtualization of organizational work practices to explore the interplay of the virtual and the concrete. Using three vignettes as an illustration, the article discusses how organizations, through writing, make the presence of humans contingent; through technology, displace human action into artifacts, machines, or electronic devices; and through institutions, virtualize (conflicting and sometimes collaborative) human relations and proximal encounters. However, the process of virtualization does not only deterritorialize existing skills and relations, but it also generates new skills, which in their turn impose a reterritorialization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellites operate in a transnational communication sphere, independent of conceptual frames of national public territories. As satellites become major global industries and advance technologically, providing a variety of services, including broadcasting, telecommunication, internet applications, meteorological data and military intelligence, they contribute, this article suggests, to structurally multilayered forms of satellite cultures within an emerging European public sphere. The advances in the technology of satellite communication has, the article argues, created a platform for new, interesting flows of trans-European communication. The article considers the evidence for a new trans-European television sphere, while examples from the realities of European broadcast culture demonstrate the limitations of conventional terminologies of national, regional and local 'broadcasting'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking its stance in social embeddedness theory, this article questions the assumption that companies' adoption of the Internet implies a linear move from local embeddedness to placeless globalization. The aim of the article is to explore the role of local strategies in a multichannel service production context. In substantiating the argument, 20 in-depth interviews with managers representing the travel and banking industries are used. The article identifies six key roles of local strategies: developing a local market feel, exploiting employees' local explicit knowledge, exploiting employees' local implicit knowledge, developing relationships, using a local branding strategy, and applying a local branch design. This illustrates the way in which, in this context, the Internet has led to places being redefined and used for new strategic purposes, a process that, in the words of Lévy (1998), is referred to as a movement of reterritorialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the complex configuration and negotiation of notions of ethical nomadism and deterritoriazation as manifested in Manzu Islam's novel "Burrow." The novel intricates interweaving and fusion of cross-cultural philosophical, historical and spiritual experiences and imperatives. It suggests to instigate a new ethical deterritorializing aesthetic that is not limited in cross-cultural philosophy, intersection, religion and theoretical narratives. It focuses on Tapan Ali's series of interrogative rhizomic journeys to examine how the novel disrupts and undermines linear and fixed determinations of historical, geographical, cultural and spatial specificity.

This article analyses cartoon images of African political leaders published in three African satirical newspapers: Le Cafard libéré (The Liberated Cockroach) of Senegal, Le Messager Popoli (Popoli Messenger) of Cameroon and Le Marabout (The Marabou) of Burkina Faso, and one ‘traditional newspaper’, The Daily Nation of Nairobi, Kenya, during the post-Cold War period (1995-2004). The cartoons used transilience, the African narrative device whereby human beings are given animal attributes for purposes of satire, and ‘deterritorialization’, whereby they are symbolically taken out of their natural ‘territories’ in order to denounce the excesses of authoritarianism. Transilience and deterritorialization are counter-discourses that present the idea that authoritarianism is animalistic and self-destructive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the international border in relation to the fictive image of space in La coscienza di Zeno. It mentions that the aporia of Zeno's narrative becomes associated with the territorial status of the language. Moreover, Zeno is stranded on the Austro-Italian border on the day, the war breaks out between the nations.

Music has been neglected in geography, yet the rise of 'world music' exemplifies the multiple ways in which places are constructed, commodified and contested. Music from distant and 'exotic' places has long entered the western canon, yet the pace of diffusion to the west accelerated with the rise of reggae and the marketing of Paul Simon's Graceland (1986), which pointed to the modification and transformation of distant, 'other' musics for western tastes and markets. Fusion and hybridity in musical styles emphasized both the impossibility of tracing authenticity in musical styles and the simultaneous exoticism and accessibility of distant musics. 'Strategic inauthenticity', romanticization and the fetishization of marginality were central to the search for and marketing of purity and novelty: simplistic celebrations of geographical diversity and remoteness. The formal arrival of world music in 1987 was as a marketing category with commerce and culture entangled and inseparable, in a form of appropriation for western, cosmopolitan audiences. Yet, for musicians, world music was an expressive project, which created identities that fused the local and global, traditional and modern. For some, international success required artistic compromise, essentialized identities and the resources of transnational companies. Others simply resisted categorization. The expansion of world music exemplifies the deterritorialization of cultures and emphasizes how the rise of a particular cultural commodity (world music) is primarily a commercial phenomenon, but could not have occurred without the construction and contestation of discourses of place and otherness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the sanctifying power of technology and digital imagery, and its use for local political action. Drawing on fieldwork under- taken in northeastern Thailand, the author examines how a photograph of a tree and its presentation on a laptop computer were used to save the tree from being cut down. He shows how a unique combination of rhetorical strategy and commodity fetishism, when coupled with the digital image, rendered the tree sacred and therefore untouchable; this was possible due to the cultural identity of rural villagers, who imagine themselves simultaneously as both rural and national. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]