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Background: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of visual deterioration in patients with diabetes mellitus. Various treatment options have been used for DME, including intravitreal injection of steroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factors., Objectives: To evaluate and compare the functional and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) and intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) treatments in patients with DME., Design: Retrospective study., Methods: Four hundred three eyes of 235 naïve patients who underwent IVR or IVA treatment for DME followed up to 36 months included in the study. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured at baseline, year 1, 2 and 3. Primary endpoint of the study was the change in BCVA and CMT each year from baseline and requirement of additional treatment (laser/steroid injection)., Results: There were 198 eyes in IVR group and 205 eyes in IVA group. The changes in mean BCVA were 0.09 ± 0.32 versus 0.17 ± 0.41 Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) ( p  = 0.042) at year 1, 0.09 ± 0.37 versus 0.12 ± 0.45 logMAR ( p  = 0.512) at year 2 and 0.13 ± 0.36 versus 0.15 ± 0.48 logMAR ( p  = 0.824) at year 3 in IVA and IVR groups, respectively. The baseline mean BCVA were lower ( p  = 0.004) in IVA group. The mean total number of injections was 7.93 ± 3.38 versus 7.42 ± 3.05 ( p  = 0.112)., Conclusion: At year 1, change in mean BCVA was statistically significantly higher in IVA group; however this difference did not persist at years 2 and 3. Although the mean total number of injections was similar between groups, the requirement for adjuvant steroid treatment was significantly higher in ranibizumab group, which may affect the number of visits and treatment costs. Both ranibizumab and aflibercept treatments achieved a good long-term visual and anatomical response in DME patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), 2023.)

Purpose: To assess the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) using the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV) as indicators of inflammation and to compare these parameter levels between iERM and control subjects., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 36 patients who underwent vitrectomy-ERM peeling and 39 patients who had cataract surgery. We obtained blood samples from all individuals who participated in the study to investigate these parameters., Results: Seventy-five subjects were included in this study: 36 in the iERM group and 39 in the control group. The mean neutrophil and MPV levels were significantly higher in iERM subjects than in control subjects. The mean lymphocyte level was lower in the iERM group. The mean NLR, PLR, and MPV levels were higher in iERM subjects than in control subjects., Conclusion: The higher NLR, PLR, and MPV levels found in patients with iERM may indicate that subclinical systemic inflammation may associate with iERM., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s), 2021.)