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This essay explores the impact of first impressions on perceived approachability in social interactions, considering factors like facial expressions, attire, and vocal cues. It establishes approachability as the dependent variable influenced by first impressions, measured by voice cues, facial expressions, attire, and non-verbal cues while controlling for age, gender, race, height, and personality traits. In the literature review, we examine two key studies, focusing on face-based and voice-based impressions in a Chinese sample and rapid threat judgments based on facial appearance. The essay underscores the importance of non-verbal cues on first impressions and approachability. To understand the relationship, we use a survey questionnaire to gather insights into how the first impression affects perceptions. Data collection involves Qualtrics surveys and non-probability sampling, with analysis using ANOVA and Regression analysis. The essay contributes valuable insights into the complexities of how initial judgments influence perceived approachability, aiming to enhance comprehension and guide future research in this field.

Alarms have been in use for many decades, yet there still needs to be more clarity about what makes a good alarm. Vendors and government agencies have developed several useful handbooks describing the Do’s and Don’ts of effective alarm design; however, to date, we cannot find a comprehensive quantitative taxonomy or classification system that allows researchers to easily score and rank various alarm designs in any field—while using a common language that users, engineers, designers, and human factors professionals can understand. The Alarm Taxonomy and Classification System (ATACS) fills this gap in the literature by breaking alarms down into categorical characteristics, providing a quantitative methodology for scoring each characteristic, and outlining a process by which users, vendors, and human factors professionals can agree on the efficacy of the alarm in question. We discuss this process in detail and show how this system was used to improve landing gear warnings.

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to assess the influence of personality traits on safety attitudes and risk perceptions. Background: The ability to accurately assess risk remains a focal point of aviation training. This research seeks to understand if safety attitudes serve as a mediator. Method: Using a sample of 2,857 pilots, a statistical model was created through two independent stages. In stage 1, approximately 50% of the data were used to create the model using structural equation modeling techniques, and in stage 2, the model was independently validated. Results: The findings indicated that personality factors positively influenced risk perception, whereas personality increased, so did the pilot's perception of the risk level. Self-confidence was negatively related to risk perceptions, indicating that a pilot's self-confidence increases their perception of risk decreases. Additionally, self-confidence was a significant mediator to the relationship between personality factors and risk perception. Conclusion: The original scales had some validity issues, but the re-specified model provided some meaningful findings, especially in the relationships between personality traits, self-confidence, and risk perception. The model explained 26.4% of the variance in self-confidence and 9.5% of risk perception variance. Application: The findings highlight the importance for pilots to be aware of how increased self-confidence may influence their perceptions of risk. As pilots gain experience and self-confidence, care needs to be given to ensure greater risks are not taken, offsetting the value of the experience and self-confidence.

Space colonization is the act of permanently achieving human habitation off planet Earth. This is an important consideration for Humanity’s future, as we continue to run out of space and resources on Earth, with an ever increasing population. Colonizing another planet would allow new places to live, as well as vast new resources available. A big consideration in attempting space colonization is the impact it would have on the colonists both their mental and physical health. This research project will test if it is ethically just to subject humans to the negative physical and psychological effects of space colonization. The end goal of the project is to determine if the benefits of colonizing space at this time out ways the many drawbacks and pitfalls. POSTER PRESENTATION AIR FORCE ROTC UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AND LEADERSHIP PRESENTATION

The following article—whose author is both a retired US Army officer and retired Department of Defense civilian employee with multiple publications—focuses on Chinese information operations. Readers might wish to speculate on matters such as why the Chinese have organized the way they have, whether the organization leads to optimal integration of tools of national security/political power, and how vulnerable specific populations and even intelligence cultures are to specific types of information operations. One might even conclude that the only thing that has not changed in thousands of years has been the technology available to influence others. This article examines the role of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in the conduct of Chinese influence operations, a broad range of non-kinetic, communications-related, and informational activities that aim to affect cognitive, psychological, motivational, ideational, ideological, and moral characteristics of a target audience. China conducts influence operations on a global scale as part of a grand strategy that seeks China’s “rejuvenation” as a great power and the PLA is a key executor. PLA influence operations are encapsulated in the “Three Warfares” concept of media (or public opinion) warfare, psychological warfare, and legal ware. Media warfare is essentially the control and exploitation of communications channels for the dissemination of propaganda and sets the conditions for dominating communications channels for the conduct of psychological and legal warfare. Psychological warfare disrupts an adversary’s decision-making and ability to conduct military operations through perception management and deception. Legal warfare uses domestic and international law to claim the “legal high ground” to assert Chinese interests. PLA organizations responsible for information operations include the Central Military Commission (particularly the Joint Staff Branch and its Intelligence Bureau, the Political Work Division Liaison B

The purpose of this article is to provide aviation researchers who are interested in using Internet-based surveys with a justification and guide, along with best practices. A brief review of research methods, research design, and research methodologies precedes information on the types of research questions that can best be answered using survey research. The interaction of survey instruments and research design is discussed, such as using a survey instrument in an experimental design. Advantages and disadvantages of paper and electronic distribution are presented to help guide researchers into the best approach given their proposed goals. Guidance is also offered on how to gather participants, with a specific focus on using Internet-based samples, such as Amazon’s ® Mechanical Turk ® (MTurk). Basic demographic factors from these populations are highlighted, along with some useful techniques to help researchers have the most success using these platforms for data collection. These best practices are discussed to provide researchers with the necessary information to successfully use online populations to effectively complete their studies and answer their research questions.

Dystopian and Post-Apocalyptic genres challenge our notions of Aristotelian mimesis vs Anti-mimesis – i.e., In the study of the human condition, does life imitate art or art imitate life? Popular culture, then and now, provides us with examples to depict the circularity of these notions and the psychological importance of exploring this aspect of human nature, particularly the contemplation of our own collective demise. While we recoil in horror at the images these genres portray, we are also morbidly fascinated by them, and we can’t help but ask ourselves . . . Could that really happen? Will that happen? Comment. Two intellectual traditions help further enlighten as to “The Psychology of Dystopian and Post-Apocalyptic Stories”. The first is that of the philosopher Martin Heidegger’s Dasein wherein all of us are each thrown into a facticity including the unexpected and the inevitability of death. The unexpected follows the death of what came before. Death varies by various nothings and somethings. The second is that of the neo-psychoanalyst Melanie Klein’s paranoid-schizoid position. This denotes refers to anxieties, ego defenses, and interpersonal relations arising in the earliest months of life and continuing in various degrees into childhood and adulthood.

Stepladder technique is intended to improve decision making in small groups by structuring the entry of group members, ensuring that each member contributes to the decision-making process. Previous research has employed the stepladder technique for intellective exercises of short duration. Here, we examined a more realistic application of the stepladder technique to a longitudinal project team engaged in a design/build/ test engineering program. Application of stepladder technique beyond a laboratory/one-time setting is a unique addition to the team performance research. Preliminary data indicates that the stepladder technique is effective in a longitudinal project more aligned to typical organization applications; constraints, covariates and mitigating issues will also be presented. POSTER PRESENTATION EAGLE PRIZE AWARD

The purpose of the current study was to develop two scales that could be used concurrently or independently to measure passenger willingness to fly (WTF), and aviator willingness to pilot (WTP), respectively. This is especially useful to determine challenges involving acceptance of new aviation technology for both pilots and passengers. There were five stages in developing the WTF scale for passengers, following Hinkin’s scale development process. Cronbach’s Alpha and Guttmann’s Split Half tests were used to confirm high internal consistency and reliability, while factor analysis was used to confirm construct validity. The scale was tested in order to confirm sensitivity to differences in actual participant willingness to fly. After developing the WTF scale for passengers, researchers made minor lexical adjustments and created the WTP scale, calculating Cronbach’s Alpha, Guttmann’s Split Half test, and factor analysis; thus, ensuring high internal consistency, reliability and validity. These two scales may help provide researchers with a better applied understanding of applications within the aviation and consumer perceptions literature and also assist with pilot training and acceptance of new aviation technology.

This article illustrates an identification between pop culture and an important intelligence, law enforcement, and security issue.

This article illustrates an identification between pop culture and an important intelligence, law enforcement, and security issue.

The Cold War in Latin America had marked consequences for the region’s political and economic evolution. From the origins of US fears of Latin American Communism in the early 20th century to the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, regional actors played central roles in the drama. Seeking to maximize economic benefit while maintaining independence with regard to foreign policy, Latin Americans employed an eclectic combination of liberal and anti-imperialist discourses, balancing frequent calls for anti-Communist hemispheric unity with periodic diplomatic entreaties to the Soviet bloc and the nonaligned Third World. Meanwhile, US Cold War policies toward the region ranged from progressive developmentalism to outright military invasions, and from psychological warfare to covert paramilitary action. Above all, the United States sought to shore up its allies and maintain the Western Hemisphere as a united front against extra-hemispheric ideologies and influence. The Cold War was a bloody, violent period for Latin America, but it was also one marked by heady idealism, courageous political action, and fresh narratives about Latin America’s role in the world, all of which continue to inform regional politics to this day. Entry DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.642.

Eagle Eye Intelligence is a student organization that publishes a weekly intelligence publication of briefs and articles on security and intelligence topics based on current events. Starting this semester, Eagle Eye began a new process to help sharpen the analytical skills of its members. Eagle Eye employs a four-week process beginning with requirements, and following the intelligence cycle through collection, analysis, and dissemination. Teams start with an issue or topic they are interested in, and then focus their topic over the 4 weeks into an analytical article that answers a key intelligence question. That piece is then sent out with Eagle Eye’s regular publication, and the cycle is staggered so one article is ready to publish per week. Eagle Eye’s editor and chief and President oversee each stage of the process. To help increase the quality of analysis for the publication, Eagle Eye practices a variety of structured analytic techniques such as: star bursting, red team, and SWOT analysis. Eagle Eye also develops student’s technical skills through briefs on cyber intelligence and visuals used in articles using ArcGIS and Tableau. Some recent article publications include: A forecast for the upcoming Brexit deadline, an analysis of critical infrastructure in India and Pakistan, and an analysis of the current state of OPEC. POSTER PRESENTATION

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University is known for being a “hands-on” school. However, skills learned inside the classroom must be applicable outside the classroom. The ERAU Cyber Defense Club is leading the charge in taking classroom knowledge to competitions and conferences nationwide. Members of the club have participated in national competitions in Tucson, San Francisco, Orlando, and online. Conferences, including RSA, prove essential to networking, learning about certifications and using industry tools. By attending these events, essential skills are developed which cannot be learned in a classroom. Networking, professionalism, and industry tools become second nature to students who attend these events with the club. As a result, multiple students have received job and internship offers for the summer of 2019. Having the opportunity to use skills taught inside the classroom in a productive and fun environment has made a big impact on the College of Security and Intelligence. POSTER PRESENTATION

The purpose of this project is to collect research on the leadership interactions and understand what aspects of leadership would emerge and be most effective in an isolated colony, such as Mars. Research on isolated communities is important for current and future space exploration, as well as certain situations on Earth. Leadership occurs in many daily interactions and understanding it in the context of isolated areas can help improve performance in teams and aid in mission completion by applying this knowledge to everyday interactions. Working on these ideas in the context of space exploration presents some unique challenges. Most space environment situations are not testable on Earth leaving people with fears about how to solve unpredictable problems. POSTER PRESENTATION AIR FORCE ROTC UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AND LEADERSHIP PRESENTATION

When an investigator looks at their role in interviewing witnesses and suspects, they understand how important it is to present themselves in a way that will make the subjects comfortable. The human brain is a powerful tool but can be easily and subtly manipulated through changes to various factors in a room. Understanding how the brain processes information can have a major impact on the success of an interview. Research that has already been conducted on external factors has been mostly limited to proxemics and changes to defense strategies for different offenses. Fast food chains are a great example of how external factors can be used to provoke certain feelings. Fast food chains often paint their buildings in bright colors such as red which can stimulate the adrenal gland and yellow which can cause a release of serotonin. Our research focuses on external factors that affect rapport building in an interviewing environment. This research has the potential to subtly change the way the interview rooms are presented. Establishing a better understanding of external factors in an interview will have a direct impact on an investigation’s success. POSTER PRESENTATION AIR FORCE ROTC UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AND LEADERSHIP PRESENTATION

The purpose of conducting research is to make contributions to the body of knowledge. In managing research studies, researchers are often forced to make decisions on a series of tradeoffs due to scarce resources. They may have to select participants from certain accessible populations, limit the time required to conduct the study, or use a minimal number of researchers due to funding constraints. The purpose of this current study was to examine for a possible bias on the perceived value of scientific research based on the location in which the data was collected, the amount of time required to complete the study, and the number of researchers involved in the study. Over a series of four studies, 1796 total participants provided ratings on their perceived scientific value of the accomplished research. The findings indicated that those studies which were conducted in a laboratory, took more time, and used more researchers had more perceived scientific value than the exact same study completed in a classroom, in a shorter amount of time, and with fewer researchers. Additionally, ease/difficulty was shown to be a significant mediator, further providing evidence that the perceived ease or difficulty of the study was influencing the participants’ ratings.

This article describes the essentialness of information transmission for terrorism and some psychological findings on related censorship.

This Scholarly Commons record provides the transcript of the interview IBPP editor Dr. Richard Bloom conducted with Dr. Martin Wieser of Sigmund Freud Private University Berlin on March 2, 2019. With the publication of Dr. Wieser’s “Psychology in National Socialism [Psychologie im Nationalsozialismus] at Sigmund Freud Private University Berlin, July 27–28, 2018” in History of Psychology, 22(1), 107-109., the IBPP Editor requested that the author provide responses to questions…and Dr. Wieser graciously accepted.

This article ascribes political psychological relevance to the recent death of Russian critic and documentarian Maya Turovskaya.

This article elaborates on how the construct of crossroads has situated within political psychological discourse.

This article describes speculative elements of a post-dictive profile on Robert P. Hanssen’s convictions for espionage and conspiracy.

This article cites film, the novel, and news report to underline the deadly seriousness of the quest for knowledge.

This article identifies non-political elements of Russian Federation political warfare as inferred from the Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election.

This article describes putative linkages between family relationships and kinds of terrorism.

This article describes how the psychological trope of mirroring can explicate mass leadership and betrayals of trust.

This article describes interwoven complexities and psychologies of life and death in the lives of political actors.

This article describes a convergence between the psychology of cargo cults and contemporary cargo security

This article identifies factors influencing how significant a leader’s personality affects political decision making and behavior.

This article identifies multiple psychologies affecting joining and withdrawing from nuclear weapons agreements.

This article provides ideas and recommendations for psychologist-managers seeking to transition from the private sector to institutions of higher education. We first describe the differences between the cultures of academia and the private sector and then distinguish between traditional and nontraditional leadership roles at a university or college. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities faced by future academic leaders. Throughout this article, we describe the knowledge and skills sets that make psychologist- managers attractive candidates for campus leadership.

This article describes foundational problems in even experts’ knowing people from formal psychological assessment to musings on human nature.

This article suggests the utility of narratology in the post-dictive profiling of political leaders.

This article describes three types of information crucial to psychological profiling of political leaders.

This article describes intrinsic problems with the pursuit of psychological knowledge in a socio-political world.

This article describes the psychology behind failed attempts to improve security, regardless of whether the service and product of industry and organization is one of education, health, commodity, process, or security itself.

This article critiques an investigative report officially intended (1) to establish the facts and circumstances contributing to the April 20, 2001 interdiction of a United States (US) missionary floatplane and the death of two US citizens and (2) to make recommendations to minimize another such accident. The report was issued by the US Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs.

This article describes the politics of the construct and applications of intelligence in the context of adaptation.

This article describes philosophical challenges to the utility of profiling personality, especially with security and intelligence implications.

This article explores the construct of taboo within the contexts of human psychology and politics.

This article identifies psychological complexities when interaction and cooperation among adversaries are presumed to reduce conflict.

This article differentiates violence and its threat through terrorism and through other psychological means and ends.

This article identifies psychological problems and promise in identifying those in sensitive positions within organizations who may betray, are betraying, and have betrayed trust.

This article describes some basic psychological constructs which may help ‘explain’ why some voters seem to vote against their own interests.

This article illustrates one of political psychology’s challenges-- to change the hold of the past on the present and future of various human collectives in support of security and intelligence objectives.

This article describes common operant conditioning principles contributing to the seeming intractability of ‘denuclearizing’ the Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea.

Dr. Peter Rosenfeld gives an autobiographical account of this premier researcher’s professional life choice to explore detection of deception and concealed information. Additional information on brain-based approaches, as well as verbal, non-verbal, and autonomic nervous system approaches.

This article identifies occurrences within the process of news production and also examples of psychological research which mitigate against the construct of fake news.

In this interview, Dr. Dan Jones discusses the definitions of personality and of traits, dark traits especially Machiavellianism, problems in applied research, implications for organizational and cybersecurity with IBPP editor, Dr. Richard Bloom.

Here, Dr. Deryn Strange joins IBPP editor Richard Bloom in a discussion of distorted memories for traumatic events, repression and repressed memory, memory distrust syndrome, deception and self-deception as a contaminant in memory research with forensic implications, recovered memory, false confessions, and the 'bait question' as a differentiator of truth versus falsehood in interrogation. [The discussion ends prematurely through an IBPP technical malfunction. One missing element vital to college students who might wish to pursue a career in forensic psychology is Dr. Strange's strong recommendation to master the basics of experimental methodology and statistics].