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Purpose: To compare the clinical efficacy of pingyangmycin and lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin in the treatment of venous malformations (VMs)., Methods: One hundred and twenty patients with VM were randomly divided into lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin injection group (experimental group) and pingyangmycin injection group (control group). The appropriate interval between different injection sessions was 2 weeks. After different sessions, the changes of lesions (including size, color, texture) as well as the results of posture test and adverse effects were analyzed by using SPSS11.5 software package., Results: According to the international evaluation criteria for VM, the efficacy of the experimental group was significantly better than the control group after 2~5 sessions (P<0.05). However, after 1 and 6 sessions, there was no significant difference in the efficacy between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). In addition, the average sessions required in the experimental group were significantly less than those in the control group (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Compared to the single use of pingyangmycin, lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin is more effective for the treatment of VM, with fewer sessions required and no adverse effects.

Purpose: To investigate the concentration of IL-35 in serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the correlation between IL-35 and periodontal clinical parameters, and explore the possible role of IL-35 in chronic periodontitis (CP)., Methods: Twenty patients with moderate or severe chronic periodontitis were selected as experimental group and 20 healthy people were included as control group. The patients' baseline information, probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. Their serum and GCF were collected and then the concentration of IL-35 in GCF and serum were detected by ELISA. SPSS19.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: The concentration of IL-35 in GCF and serum of chronic periodontitis were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.001). There was significant negative correlation between IL-35 and clinical parameters., Conclusions: Chronic periodontitis may increase the concentration of IL-35 in serum and GCF; IL-35 level is negatively correlated with periodontitis.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of tooth extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment on frontal smiling esthetics., Methods: A literature research was performed using Wanfang database, Chinese Biological Literature database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journals Database of VIP, Medline and the Cochrane Library, dating from the establishment of the databases to 31st, August, 2014. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated and meta analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.2., Results: A total of 8 controlled studies were included. The results of meta analysis showed no significant difference between extraction and non-extraction treatment on subjective evaluation of smile esthetics [5.74-7.05 for extraction; 5.53-7.02 for non-extraction; WMD=0.09, 95%CI (-0.28, 0.46), P=0.64], buccal corridor [0.12-0.19 for extraction; 0.11-0.18 for non-extraction; WMD=0.01, 95%CI (-0.00,0.02), P=0.09], maxillary visual arch width [26.3-52.17 mm for extraction; 25.43-52.37 mm for non-extraction; WMD=-0.13, 95%CI (-1.01, 0.75), P=0.77] and smile height [5.7-10.39 mm for extraction; 5.4-9.97 mm for non-extraction; WMD=0.38, 95%CI (-0.27, 1.03), P=0.25]., Conclusions: Based on the results of this meta analysis, it can't be concluded that extraction treatment could affect the frontal smiling esthetics based on the present clinic evidences. Given the small sample size and the potential heterogeneity, more well-designed prospective studies should be performed in future.

Purpose: To establish mice model with periodontitis by oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, simulating human periodontal disease. The immune status of youth and aged mice were compared, and the cytokines expression of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells in this model were analyzed., Methods: Entity microscope was used to evaluate the extent of periodontal bone resorption. H-E staining was used to observe infiltration of inflammatory cells in periodontal lesions. TRAP staining was used to observe osteoclastes in alveolar bone. The expression levels of TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-17A and RANKL mRNA in periodontal tissues were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: At 4-week after infection, the distance of cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar crest was significantly increased in the periodontal disease group compared with the normal control group (P<0.01); In the aged mice, the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar crest distance significantly increased compared with youth mice (P<0.01). Periodontal tissues had inflammatory cell infiltration, and deep periodontal pockets. Moreover, the expression levels of TGF-β1 and IL-10 mRNA were significantly decreased (P<0.01) and the expression levels of IL-17A, RANKL mRNA qsignificantly increased (P<0.01)., Conclusions: The expression of inflammation mediator is abnormal in aged mice with more serious periodontal lesions than youth mice. It is suggested that the inflammatory status of periodontitis not only has a relationship with the decreased expression of inhibitory cytokines, but also relates to aging.

Purpose: To investigate the changes of IL-27 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) before and after treatment with different methods for chronic periodontitis., Methods: Sixty patients with moderate or severe chronic periodontitis were selected as study group to divide into group A (cross-quadrant) and group B (upper and lower half-mouth) randomly. Another 30 healthy people were selected as group C. Gingival crevicular fluid of group A and B were collected at baseline and each week during treatment. At the same time, the clinical parameters including PD, AL, BI and PLI were recorded. And the levels of IL-27 in GCF were measured by ELISA. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: The levels of IL-27 in GCF 2 and 3 weeks after treatment were higher in study group compared with those at baseline, while PD, AL, BI and PLI showed significant reduction. The changes except PLI in group A was more obvious than group B, which had a significant difference. After three-week treatment, IL-27 in group A had no remarkable difference compared with group C. There were significantly negative correlation between PD, AL, BI, PLI and IL-27., Conclusions: IL-27 in GCF can be considered as a potential target for prevention and treatment of chronic periodontitis. Compared with the upper and lower half-mouth subgingival scaling, cross-quadrant has more pronounced short-term effect.

Purpose: To investigate the skeletodental factors relating to the chin point deviation of facial asymmetry in skeletal Class III malocclusion patients using three-dimensional computed tomography., Methods: Forty-one adult female patients with class III malocclusion, who underwent three-dimensional CT examination before orthodontics treatment, were assigned as group of symmetry or group of asymmetry according to the amount of chin point deviation from the facial midline. Midfacial and mandibular variables were measured. The data was analyzed with SPSS13.0 software package., Results: Patients in the group of asymmetry showed higher positions of the upper canine and first molar, shorter ramus height, more superior positioning of gonion on the deviated side, more mesial and frontal inclination of the ramus, medial and frontal positioning of gonion on the opposite side than the group of symmetry. Menton deviation correlated significantly with the difference of ramus height between the 2 sides ramus, ramus height in the deviated side and other skeletodental factors., Conclusions: Facial asymmetry in Class III patients is due to the overgrowth,frontal and mesial inclination of the ramus in the opposite side.

Purpose: To determine the influence of chin prominence on preferred lip position in profile., Methods: The average profile was constructed from the profile of a young Chinese man who has typical Chinese facial profile. Changes in chin position were established by altering the antero-posterior position by protruding or retruding the chin in increments of 5 degrees and 10 degrees from the average profile. The lips were then protruded or retruded in 1mm increments from the average profile and 9 silhouettes were arranged respectively. One hundred and eighty college students were asked to rate the top three most favored, well-balanced profiles.SPSS13.0 software package was used to compare the differences in the scores between the top three most favored profiles and the other profiles., Results: Slightly retruded lip positions were preferred for the average profile.The scores in top three profiles were significantly larger than the other profiles(P<0.05);The raters tended to prefer more retruded lip positions as the facial convexity decreased and more protruded lip positions as the facial convexity increased., Conclusions: The chin position does significantly impact preferred lip position and different esthetic standards should be applied to the various profiles encountered in clinical practice.The results might be helpful in decisions between extraction and nonextraction treatment in borderline cases.

Purpose: This study was designed to examine the changes of mRNA and protein levels of activating transcription factor-4 after centrifugal force stimulation in cultured human periodontal ligament (PDL)cells., Methods: Human PDL cells were cultured by sequential digestio, and then stimulated by centrifugal force (167g) for 10, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes. The changes of mRNA and protein levels of ATF4 were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. The data was analyzed with SPSS11.5 software package for ANOVA., Results: Unstimulated human PDL cells exhibit an ATF4 mRNA expression, but very low level of protein; Immediately 10 minutes after force application, the mRNA and protein levels of ATF4 increased(P>0.05); at 30-minute,the mRNA level increased significantly to a peak level(P<0.01), at 60-minute, the protein level increased significantly to a peak level(P<0.01); at 90-minute, mRNA and protein levels decreased, but still higher than the control(P<0.01); after 120 minutes, mRNA and protein levels decreased to control levels(P>0.05)., Conclusion: Centrifugal force stimulates ATF4 gene expression within a narrow time frame: a temporary increase of ATF4 expression and a fast downregulation back to its preloading level. This study demonstrates that ATF4 may play a critical role in orthodontic alveolar bone remodeling.

Purpose: To compare the changes of arch width in anterior and posterior arch after extraction and nonextraction treatment., Methods: The pre- and post-treatment study model of 50 patients were randomly selected and measured,of which 25 patients with 4 pre-molar extraction was in the extraction group, while 25 patient with nonextraction treatment was in the nonextraction group. SPSS 11.0 software package was used for Chi-square and pared t test., Results: The maxillary intercanine mean width was increased in both groups , but changes between the two groups were not statistically significant. The mandibular intercanine width of the extraction group was increased greater than the nonextraction group(P<0.01).In both groups, changes of inter second-molar width were not statistically significant., Conclusion: Extraction treatment does not result in narrower dental arches than nonextraction treatment.

Purpose: This study was designed to examine the changes of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during rapid palatal expansion, and to explore the relationship between these changes and periodontal tissue remodeling., Methods: Thirty-eight patients (aged 10.5 to 12.8years) who required opening of the palatal suture as the first stage of their orthodontic treatment were included and studied. The patients were divided into two groups: control group (18 cases) and experimental group (20 cases). GCF samples were collected at 6 observation periods with filter paper strips: before activation, 24 hours and 7 days after activation, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days in retention. AST and ALP activities were determined by a full automatic biochemical analyzer, and the results were expressed as total AST and ALP activities. The data was analyzed with SAS (r) Proprietary Software Version 9.00 for paired t test and two-sample t test., Results: AST activity was significantly elevated after 24-hour activation in the test group (P<0.05), but after 7-day activation in the control group (P<0.01). Both in the control and experimental group, AST activity remained high until 28-day in retention (P<0.01). AST activity in the test group was significantly greater compared to the control group from 24-hour activation to 28-day in retention (P<0.05). ALP activity increased significantly from 7-day activation to 28-day retention in the control and experimental group (P<0.01), and there was statistically significant difference between the control and the experimental group from 7-day to 28-day in retention (P<0.01)., Conclusion: Our results suggest that AST and ALP levels in GCF may reflect the tissue remodeling which occurs in the periodontium during rapid palatal expansion to some degree.

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the consistency of craniofacial measurements using spiral computed tomography volume rendering by computer systems and sliding caliper., Methods: The study population consisted of 12 cadaver heads which were examined with spiral CT. The archived CT data were transferred to a workstation, and 3D-CT volume rendered images were generated using computer graphics tools. Linear measurements (n = 20), based upon conventional craniometric anatomical landmarks (n = 16) were made, by Display Tools and sliding caliper respectively. The consistency between the two measurements was analyzed by paired t test using SAS9.0 software package., Results: The results demonstrated no statistically significant difference between imaging measurement and physical measurement, P > 0.05., Conclusions: There is significant consistency between spiral CT measurement and physical measurement for craniofacial linear distance. 3D-CT volume rendering images using craniometric measurements can be used for clinical and basic studies in stomatology.

Purpose: To investigate the difference of the facial soft tissue profile on Angle Class II malocclusion with various vertical growth pattern., Methods: The samples (n = 84) were divided into three groups (low-angle, medial-angle, high-angle group) based on their SN-MP angle. Their cephalograms were measured and all data were analyzed by SPSS12.0 software., Results: There were some regular changes in most facial profile variables while the mandibular plane angle increased: the facial profile convexity and the upper- and lower-lip convexity increased significantly; the depth of anterior lower face decreased from too large to small; the radian of upper- and lower- lip curve changed from too winding to upright., Conclusion: Vertical growth patterns make significant differences to soft tissue facial profile on Angle Class II malocclusion.

Purpose: To compare the treatment effects of pendulum appliance and traditional face-bow for distal movement of maxillary first molars., Methods: Samples (n=30) were randomly divided into two groups, of which Group P was treated with pendulum appliance, while Group F with traditional face-bow. Cephalometric radiographs were taken and analyzed by Pancherz at the pre-treatment time (T1) and the post-treatment time (T2). Student's t test was used to determine if there were significant differences between the 2 time periods and two groups., Results: There was significant difference between Group P and Group F in the treatment duration (20.6+/-4.0 weeks vs 26.0+/-3.6 weeks). There was also significant difference in the changes of (ms/olp- ss/olp) (3.1+/-0.53 mm vs 2.2+/-0.82 mm), (is/olp- ss/olp) (0.8+/-0.78 mm vs-1.0+/-0.88 mm) between the two groups., Conclusion: The results indicate that pendulum appliance is clinically more effective and rapid for distal movement of the maxillary first molars, but more attention should be paid to the anchorage control of maxillary anterior teeth.

Objective: To develop a new straight wire bracket placement gauge, providing measurement instrument for it's accurate position. Methods The gauge was made of 3.0 mm x 6.0 mm stainless steel, after being curved in certain form, made by machine process and cleaned through removing tough and polishing. The bracket placement gauge is divided into three parts: the middle straight stem, the curve head and the measurement head. It was 146 mm long, the angle between straight stem and curve was 145 degrees,the angle between the curve and measurement head was 105 degrees.The measurement head was made of occlusion placement item and slot placement item. The occlusion placement item was 10 mm long and 2 mm thick. The slot placement item was 2 mm long and 0.4 mm thick. This suit of gauge had 7 pieces, the measurement scope was 2.5 mm-5.5 mm which reflected the different vertical distances from occlusion edge to the middle point of slot., Results: This gauge can determine the vertical position of bracket., Conclusion: The gauge improve the accuracy with individual straight wire bracket position table.

Objective: To analyze whether pronounced orthodontic advancement of the mandibular incisors during Class II correction in the mixed dentition results in gingival recession., Methods: Through mandibular superimposition of the pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms of 67 Class II patients who were treated, 45 patients with a minimum of a 1-mm advancement of the CEJ and a minimum of a 2-mm advancement of the IE were identified.Using the same protocol in Class II patients,30 individuals who finished treatment at a similar time and age,but with no advancement of the CEJ and a maximum of 1-mm advancement of the IE were identified. A total of 30 patients with pronounced advancement and 21 patients with no advancement could meet for a follow-up examination with a mean period of 7.83 years and 9.38 years after treatment, respectively. Through measuring cephalograms,study models,as well as clinical examinations to analyze the periodontal status of mandibular incisors., Results: Clinical examinations at the time of follow-up revealed no differences in the amount of recession,the width of attached gingiva,the length of supracrestal connective tissue attachment,the probing pocket depth, gingival bleeding index or visible plaque index of the mandibular incisors between the patients in the 2 groups. No differences in the number of mandibular incisors that developed recession from T1 to T2 and from T2 to T3.The increase of mandibular incisor crown height demonstrated no difference from T2 to T3 between the patients in the 2 groups., Conclusion: Pronounced advancement of the mandibular incisors may be performed in adolescent patients with dentoalveolar retrusion without increasing the risk of recession.

Objectives: To investigate different type of tooth movement under different force systems by simulating clinical loading force systems., Methods: Develop a three-dimensional finite element model of upper central incisor, which consists of 945 isoparametric elements, 1245 nodes. Analyse the types of tooth movement under different force system with a horizontal force of 1 N being applied at the upper central incisor., Results: Different force systems(M/F) lead to different types of tooth movement. This study showed the relation between them. When M/F =-9.15:1,it bringed the result of the controlled tipping movement, When M/F=-10.30 -10.50:1, it bringed the bodily movement; While M/F=-10.90:1, it lead to the root movement., Conclusion: This study suggested that it is necessary to adopt different loading force systems in order ot obtain determined tooth movement.

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical effects of combined protraction facemask and rapid maxillary expansion in the treatment of Class III malocclusion in 11 children aged from 10 to 14 years., Methods: The observation group included 11 subjects in late mixed dentition or early permanent dentition, and the control group included 32 subjects in early mixed dentition. Protraction facemask and rapid maxillary expansion device was used and the mean treatment time was 6 months. Cephalometric radiographs were taken at the initiation of treatment (T1) and after 6 months of treatment (T2). In this way,(T2-T1) represented cephalometric changes after the treatment and cephalometric analysis based on a new basecranical reference system was used to compare the changes., Results: All the subjects had the following changes: the maxilla moved forward,the mandible exhibited a downward and backward rotation and the forward growth was restricted. The overjet correction of the observation group was 5.3mm, 51% of the overjet correction was due to skeletal changes and 49% due to dental changes.9 cases obtained normal overjet and overbite and molar relationship., Conclusion: The combination of protraction facemask and rapid maxillary expansion is helpful to the correction of Class III malocclusion in children aged from 10 to 14 years. It can alleviate the degree of deformation,avoid surgery, and improve the relationship between hard and soft tissue.

Objective: To determine the bracket placement with the preadjusted appliance for extraction cases., Methods: Sixty finishing occlusions were chosen as Andrews stated at debonding. The placement of the incisor teeth bracket was in the middle of the clinical crown, and retention arch wire was straight wire without step bends. The measurement from the incisal or occlusal edges to the bracket center was the height of the placement of the bracket. In order to produce bracket placement chart, the values of measurements +0.5 mm and +1.0 mm were added for larger teeth, and -0.5 mm and -1.0 mm for smaller teeth., Results: The placement in the second bicuspid and first molar was different between extraction cases and nonextraction cases., Conclusion: The bracket placement chart improves the accuracy of bracket placement with the preadjusted appliance for extraction cases.

OBJECTIVE:This study was to establish cephalometric normals for Shangdong Chinese based on the Tweed-Merrifield analysis. MEHTODS: Lateral cephalograms of 80 young adults(40 female and 40 male) with normal occlusions were selected.The ages was 18-24. RESULTS: To establish cephalometric normals for Shangdong Chinese based on the Tweed-Merrifield analysis,and discover FMA female>male,AFH,PFH,IND(P/A) female>male. CONCLUSION: These normals will be used to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning for Shangdong adult patients.