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Background: Although the association between pelvic organ prolapse and upper urinary tract dilation has been documented, the causal relationship between the two has not been established. We report an improvement in severe hydronephrosis and hydroureter of a partially duplicated urinary collecting system after surgical correction of procidentia., Case: A 52-year-old woman presented with radiologic evidence of a partially duplicated right collecting system with right-sided hydronephrosis and bilateral hydroureter in the setting of stage IV uterovaginal prolapse. A therapeutic trial of pessary placement failed to resolve the upper urinary tract dilation. The patient underwent abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, sacrocolpopexy, mid-urethral sling placement and posterior colporrhaphy. Repeat intravenous urography 4 weeks after surgery demonstrated interval resolution of the hydronephrosis., Conclusion: An improvement in hydronephrosis after surgical correction supports a cause-and-effect relationship between pelvic organ prolapse and obstructive uropathy.

Background: Congenital uterine anomalies in the general population are estimated to have an incidence of 0.001-10%. The septate uterus, the most common form of structural uterine anomaly, has the highest reproductive failure rate. A rare developmental variant is a septate uterus with cervical duplication and a complete longitudinal vaginal septum. The existence of this anomaly challenges classical müllerian developmental theory. Traditional transabdominal metroplasty has been replaced by operative hysteroscopy in the surgical correction of a septate uterus, with laparoscopy aiding in the diagnosis and contributing to the safety and efficiency of the procedure., Case: A 28-year-old, nulliparous woman with a septate uterus with cervical duplication and complete longitudinal vaginal septum was diagnosed by combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Excision of the complete longitudinal vaginal septum followed by hysteroscopic partial resection of a thick uterine septum with laparoscopic assistance was performed. However, because of the septum's broad base and the rigidity of the operative resectoscope, we opted to proceed with transabdominal metroplasty., Conclusion: Only six cases of septate uterus with cervical duplication and complete longitudinal vaginal septum have been reported. Although its counterpart, the septate uterus, has effects on preterm labor, fetal presentation, infertility and spontaneous abortion, its reproductive outcome has not been assessed. Review of the literature suggests that surgical correction in the setting of poor reproductive outcome has been beneficial. Laparoscopically assisted hysteroscopic resection of the uterine septum is a safe, effective surgical technique of uterine reunification and is preferable to transabdominal methods. However, in certain cases, conventional transabdominal metroplasty may still be required.