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The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that modern society requires new generations to be able to plan their actions, find the information necessary to solve problems among huge information arrays (many of which are also not reliable), and model processes for the future. The set of certain tasks is synergised in the plane of the concept of algorithmic thinking. The purpose of the study is to track the educational and competence consequences of applying the developed approaches to stimulate algorithmic thinking in computer science lessons, to identify how they will contribute to the development of algorithmic thinking in primary school students. The paper states that categorisation of the concept of algorithmic thinking requires a broad understanding of the algorithm as a set and sequence of actions aimed at achieving the desired result. While algorithmic thinking is a way of organising mental actions and techniques for solving problems, as a result of which an algorithm is created – a specific product of human mental activity. Algorithmic thinking is not a compilation of algorithms, and its development is not limited to the mechanical memorisation of a number of algorithms. In the scientific literature and current policy documents on primary schools, the development of algorithmic thinking is perceived in the context of information and digital competence of schoolchildren and is associated with branches related to computer science: mathematics and logic. The emphasis on the potential for developing algorithmic thinking applies directly to the computer science course, but is not limited to it. The intention to stimulate the ability to think algorithmically is a requirement of the postmodern information era and the key to personal success, it is one of the tools of socialisation, and therefore, approaches to the development of algorithmic thinking should be comprehensively presented in the concepts of studying other compulsory and optional subjects. For the study, the authors developed and successfully tested a special eight-level diagnostic structure, which is presented in the paper. It can be used as a basis for conducting similar experimental studies. Further study on the topic should be organised around deepening the understanding and expanding the range of methodological approaches to the development of algorithmic thinking in schoolchildren of the New Ukrainian School (NUS), in particular, in computer science lessons

The relevance of the study lies in the need to highlight the problem of using simulation games in the quasi-professional training of pre-service teachers, bringing the educational process closer to the teachers’ real working conditions. The purpose of this paper is to cover the method of using simulation games and its various techniques in the quasi-professional training of pre-service teachers while studying psychological and pedagogical disciplines and to investigate the attitude and level of motivation of pre-service teachers towards the use of simulation games in training for professional activities. Theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison) were used to examine the problem in the psychological and pedagogical literature, clarify the nature and features of the process of training pre-service teachers for professional activities using simulation games, as well as empirical methods (questionnaires, observations, expert assessments, self-assessment) which were used to investigate the attitude and level of motivation of pre-service teachers towards the use of simulation games in training for professional activities. This paper article presents the structure of the simulation game and methods of working with the simulation game. The authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of using the simulation game in training of preservice teachers in higher education. The results of students’ survey on the specific features of organising simulation games and increasing their efficiency are presented: students’ attitude towards the use of simulation games in the educational process and the degree of activity of pre-service teachers in organising simulation games. The study confirmed that the use of simulation games in the quasi-professional training of pre-service teachers contributes to the effective formation of professional competence of pre-service teachers and forms a positive attitude towards the teaching profession, enhances learning interests and students’ interest in future professional activities. The paper shows that most students are interested in simulation games and believe that participation in simulation games has a positive effect not only on learning, mood, and relationships of students, but also plays a considerable role in their professional development. The practical significance of the study is to give examples and recommendations for the use of simulation games while studying psychological and pedagogical disciplines, as well as to outline the subject and social contexts of educational activities of future teachers

This paper considers the experience of using the Moodle virtual learning environment and learning and course management system, as this educational platform meets conventional pedagogical requirements and current trends in teaching methods of various disciplines, in particular, the foreign language. One of the most successful ways to intensify independent work is to integrate Moodle into the standard educational process of a higher education institution. The purpose of the study is to determine the advantages of using the Moodle system for organising independent work of first-year students of the State Biotechnological University on the example of analysing distance learning for students of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in the discipline “Foreign language (English) in professional activity”. The paper presents the academic achievements of foreign and Ukrainian researchers who focused their attention on determining the features of learning a foreign language using the Moodle educational platform; provides the developed set of tasks for independent processing of educational material when studying a foreign language in a distance learning format. The following methods are applied: theoretical, diagnostic, and the method of pedagogical observation in natural conditions of the educational process. The use of the Moodle distance learning system in the organisation of independent work of students ensures a high quality of assimilation of educational material and provides a wide range of opportunities for practising useful skills in the discipline. Completing the tasks given in this study provides educational applicants with the opportunity to improve their professional training, and develop skills for self-education, self-awareness, self-improvement, and lifelong learning

The paper highlights the social support of the individual in war conditions as a powerful tool for influencing the individual. It is precisely because there is a war going on in the state that the subject matter is becoming increasingly relevant. Social support as a complex phenomenon concerns the peculiarities of interaction of the individual with the social environment and the nature of influence on it during military operations. The purpose of the study is to investigate the experience of providing social support to individuals in war conditions. In order to achieve the goal and comprehensively present the topic under study, the author relies on a set of interrelated theoretical research methods, including analysis and synthesis, interrelation, modelling, comparison, systematisation, and generalisation of scientific sources. It is stated that the social support of the individual is quite multiform, has an “amortisation” character, and acts as one of the styles of coping strategies of human behaviour. It is generally built around the “self-concept” of the individual, and during the war, it supports the psychological balance of the individual and acts as a resource for survival. It is determined that social support of the individual at the micro-level in war conditions is based on the family and family members who help to overcome trauma, show care and emotional support, and are a significant resource in difficult life circumstances. Social support for friends, neighbours, and colleagues is also important. It is revealed that social support of the individual at the meso-level during the war contributes to the preservation of the integrity of the individual, personal growth, self-actualisation, and integration into new realities of life. The paper describes the features of social support at the macro-level and establishes that in general, it acts as an effective principle of intervention at various stages after trauma, a measurement of mental health, promotes the growth and recovery of the individual, and directs it to self-development. The paper can be useful for psychologists, psychotherapists, social service specialists, teachers, and volunteers who provide psychological assistance to war victims to understand the impact of social support on a person’s mental health

In view of climate change and population growth, making food system sustainable is a global concern. A lot of policies regulate this issue, but recent data show that global (and national) food systems are still far from the sustainability. Improvement of existing policies in the field of food system regulation requires a clear understanding of the food system sustainability concept itself: specification of its traits, attributes, measurement indicators, and goals. These issues are reflected in a lot of research papers, but none of these articles summarise the major trends, content, and features of the food system sustainability concept’s evolution. This study for the first time summarises history and contents of research in the field of concept and measurement of food system sustainability through bibliometric analysis of Scopus indexed papers for 1991-2022. The growth of scientific interest in this area, led by researchers from the USA, Italy, and France, was found to be wave-like with peaks following the global food crises appearance patterns. The results of this study show that modern perception of the concept (since 2018) is complicated and intertwined in the notions of systems and system thinking, sustainability, and life cycle assessment, contrasting to the previous views (1991-2018) focused on food production system and food security. In general, a little attention is given to social and economic aspects of food system sustainability, in contrast to environmental, food, and agri-food issues. The elaboration of one-size-fits-all policy and solutions favouring food systems sustainability is suggested to be unlikely due to the complexity of the concept's perception. Governance of food system sustainability should go in line with concrete institutional, economic, social, and natural environments that need to be comprehensively studied in a future. Studies from developing countries are of special interest in this context

When conducting angle-count sampling in the forests of Ukraine, the most common is the use of factor gauge with a relascopic coefficient of 1. According to the standards, the recommended value of this coefficient depends on the approximate stocking and mean diameter of the stand and can be 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Proceeding from the fact that in Ukraine there are no tools for relascopic measurations that would allow making measurements using the 5 values of the relascopic coefficient provided for in the standards, the authors of this paper developed and tested an original model of the factor gauge “Crab”. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the accuracy of determining the stand basal area of stands using relascopic coefficients of various values depending on the mean diameter and stand density. By comparing the data on fixed-area plots with a radius of 17.85 m with the data of angle-count sampling, it was discovered that no systematic errors were found that underestimated or overestimated the results of angle-count sampling. It is determined that deviations of the stand basal area from the true values slightly depend on the value of the relascopic coefficient, as well as on the stocking and mean diameter of the stand. According to the authors, the accuracy of the results of determining the stand basal area during angle-count sampling directly depends on the representation of the tree selection zone within the circular sample. This is completely random when using any relascopic coefficient. It is established that in mixed forest plantations, the greatest accuracy in determining the sum of cross-sectional areas of individual forest elements is provided by small coefficients (1, 0.5, and 2). In pure stands, it is advisable to use larger relascopic coefficients (2-4). This implies a corresponding increase in the number of measurements that can better cover stands and increase the accuracy of the results obtained

Forest typology is yet to get sufficiently integrated into related ecological and geographical sciences. The succession of plant phytocenoses necessitates constant adjustments to forest types. The discussed studies have been conducted to improve the classification of forest types in the Ukrainian Carpathians and bring the description closer to the actual distribution of vegetation within the studied area. The paper provides a detailed analysis of forest typology research for the Ukrainian Carpathians area during late 20th and early 21st century. The forest fund areas of the Carpathian region, which are subordinated to the State Agency of Forest Resources of Ukraine, have been classified by forest vegetation types. Total area of subor and coniferous forest types is 1,493.1 ha and 28,910.2 ha, respectively. The study involved establishing of permanent sample plots on the territory of nature protection institutions and forest management enterprises. According to the findings, it is proposed to complement the classification of subor and coniferous forest type as defined by Z.Yu. Herushynskyi on the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians with the following types: fresh pine subor forest type, wet pine subor forest type, and wet pine coniferous type. The paper defines the main diagnostic features of the suggested forest types. These subor and coniferous forest types can be clearly distinguished from other forest types by soil and hydrological conditions, and can be used to describe the corresponding forest vegetation types. The correctness of definition of new forest types is confirmed with a set of plant indicator species that have been identified within the relevant areas. The findings provide a better understanding of forest ecology and make a significant contribution to forest typology studies on the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Another step towards researching the patterns of the establishment of plant complexes in the Ukrainian Carpathians has been taken. Forest formations of the Carpathians are presented in more detail in forest typological science

Safe land use of agricultural territories implies the mandatory preservation of the state's land resources, which are its crucial strategic resources. The relevance of this study is conditioned upon the abundance of issues of safe land use in Ukraine, specifically in the agricultural sector of Ukraine, not least due to the difficulties of exercising the citizens' right to safe use of agricultural land. The main purpose of this study is the theoretical investigation of the possibilities of ensuring the right to a safe environment upon using agricultural land in Ukraine, with an assessment of the real possibilities of its practical implementation in modern economic conditions. The basis of the methodological approach in this paper is a combination of methods of systematic analysis of key aspects of safe land use applicable to agricultural land, with the method of abstract-logical research of the main aspects of the exercise of the citizens' right to a safe environment upon using agricultural land in Ukraine. The main results obtained in this paper should be considered the definition of the main priority areas for the development of the available legislative system in Ukraine in the context of ensuring the safety of agricultural activities and the assessment of the role of the state in ensuring the proper level of environmental safety of agricultural land use in terms of the prospects for the preservation of the agricultural land available in the country. The results that were obtained in this study, as well as the conclusions formulated on their basis, have substantial practical significance for agricultural workers concerned about the qualitative solution of problematic issues concerning the ensuring and practical implementation of their legitimate right to a safe environment upon using lands that belong to the agricultural sector of the national economy

The establishment of rational terms and methods of mechanised pruning of apple trees on dwarf rootstocks determine the relevance of the subject under study. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current state and issues associated with tree pruning to improve the technology of growing and increasing the productivity of plantations yielding high-quality fruit with a rational period of mechanised pruning of apple trees on a dwarf rootstock. Proceeding from the analysed literature sources, this paper highlights the current state and development trends of horticulture. A gradual increase in apple production in Europe observed, but an important factor limiting the growth of fruit production is labour productivity accompanying the laborious processes of tree trimming and harvesting. The seasonal nature of work involving numerous skilled workers leads to a shortage of labour force in horticulture. With the increase in wages and the decrease in the number of workers in agricultural production, the introduction of elements of mechanised care for plantations, namely mechanised pruning of the crown, is gaining more significance. The solution to the problem is to improve modern technology of growing apple orchards, using mechanised pruning and the formation of fruit wall in particular. This will allow balancing the available number of employees involved in fruit cultivation and orchards area, and, if necessary, moving away from seasonal work. This paper investigates the specific features of the use and the influence of different periods of mechanised pruning, in particular in winter (0 BBCH), in the pink bud phase (59 BBCH), in early summer (74 BBCH), after harvesting (93 BBCH), and considers the mechanisms used for this purpose. The study proves the positive influence of this technology on improving setting illumination of the crown and the content of chlorophyll in the leaf, optimisation of growth processes with a considerable increase in the number of formed buds. The increase in yield and its marketable quality is accompanied by reducing the size of the fruit, the ripening time of which is somewhat delayed. However, the chemical composition and taste of the fruits are not inferior to the cultivation technology involving manual pruning. The practical significance of the obtained results is to improve the technology of growing apple trees using mechanised pruning and manual maintenance of the inter-tree space, which ensures a considerable reduction in the need for skilled manual labour and increases productivity

The modern economic space is characterised by the actualisation of such market structure as an oligopoly, which necessitates its proper theoretical and empirical investigation. The aim of the paper is to analyse the use of game theory in the oligopoly market under the said conditions. The theoretical methods are the main scientific methods used in this study, in particular analysis, synthesis, historical and statistical methods. It was determined that the game theory is one of the most important relatively new mathematical theories applied in developing various types of economic models, including market analysis and companies activity strategy formation. It has been confirmed that the game theory is most often applied to oligopoly market analysis i.e. the market in which two or more big players conduct activities. Their decisions influence both the market in general and other “players”' income and position in the market by influencing the output price or the volume of output (depending on the model). It is stated that there are many ways to apply game theory as the main theory and to explain the future state of the market, incomes, losses, and producers' share in the oligopoly market due to different conditions and variables. This paper has reviewed the use of game theory subject to antitrust restrictions and when oligopolistic companies mutually benefit. It was substantiated that quite often in the models generated by economists, the mutual benefit of companies in an oligopoly market implies the existence of collusion between market participants in which companies benefit more than they would under the condition of competition between them (cartel). The practical value of the paper is in the theoretical substantiation of game theories in markets in general and in providing some practical strategies for companies' operations in markets, which will also be useful for students in their studies and for other scholars of economic disciplines

The issue of developing and optimising critical thinking among students is on the agenda when developing programmes for the improvement of higher education systems. This aspect has become particularly relevant in the European space, in particular in Germany, which is explained by the priority of educating students and the development of such important skills as rapid response to a problem, its effective solution, as well as cognitive flexibility of the individual in critical situations. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the experience of Germany in the context of using tools to optimise the development of students’ critical thinking, as well as to create recommendations for the development of the higher education system in Ukraine based on the results obtained. To achieve this purpose, the following scientific methods and tools were used in the course of the research: functional and dialectical approaches, method of logical analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature. The paper provides an overview of the general principles and scientific positions regarding the interpretation of the concept of “critical thinking”, its nature and features. A comprehensive analysis of the tools and mechanisms that are actively used at this stage in German universities for the development of critical thinking among students is provided. Positive aspects from the experience of this country are identified and a strategy for their implementation in the activities of Ukrainian universities is formed. The prospects for further research are the implementation of a comparative analysis of modern mechanisms for optimising the process of students’ critical thinking development used in universities of the United States of America and France. The practical significance of the study is conditioned upon the priority of its use in higher education reform in Ukraine and is also an important element in the development of methodological materials for teachers

This paper analyses the impact of the armed conflict in Ukraine on the development of the agricultural sector and changes in average prices of agricultural products, and also identifies a possible relationship between changes in prices for agricultural products and financial expenditures for defence needs. The paper also investigates the possible relationship between changes in military spending, gross harvest of cereals and legumes, harvested and threshed area, their yield levels. The study considers how the presence and duration of armed conflict in the country affects: macroeconomic indicators, intensity of hostilities and their localisation in areas of economic activity, gross domestic product (GDP), government expenditures, export-import indicators; household expenditures and domestic investment, consumer and household expenditures. All this, indirectly, has an impact on fluctuations in average prices of products of different sectors of agriculture sold by enterprises. The study takes into account the importance of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, which is a significant part of the country GDP. The dependence of military spending on the size of GDP is the reason for analysing the relationship between the impact of the existing armed conflict on changes in the state of agriculture in Ukraine. One of the results of such actions was also the spending of more money on the purchase of agricultural products to support the defence needs of the state, etc. Therefore, to understand the magnitude of the impact of gross harvest factors, crop yields, and agricultural land volumes on the pricing of agricultural output using the method of statistical equation dependencies, the findings of the relevant analysis can be used as a basis for developing approaches, methods, and techniques to improve crop yields, or – initiate economic development of the country by increasing agricultural crop yields

Diversification is an important component of the development of any economy. The reason for this is the increase in the country's resilience to external stimuli, which makes progress more gradual, constant and predictable. Thus, the study of the possibilities of diversifying the economy is very relevant, especially in today's geopolitical conditions. The purpose of the work was to analyse some methods of diversifying the economy of Azerbaijan, namely the development of export-oriented production and the implementation of the “green transformation”. Analysis became the main method in writing the article, but historical, modelling, deduction, abstract-logical methods also played an important role. Thus, the work examined and analysed the export of Azerbaijan, during which a significant dependence of the country on oil sales to foreign markets was revealed. Since such a prospect is dangerous for the sustainable development of the country, it is important to carry out certain measures aimed at increasing the diversification of its exports. First of all, they are associated with publicprivate partnerships, but they also take other forms, such as attracting investments and building infrastructure. In addition, the paper describes how the “green transformation” of the country can help achieve the goals of economic diversification and at what stage is the level of “greening” of the state economy; the paper also describes the prospects for the state in achieving these goals. The article brings new knowledge to understand the features of the functioning of the Azerbaijani economy, as well as to the theory of economic and sustainable development, as well as trade

use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the detection, investigation, and prevention of criminal offences. The purpose of this study was to investigate topical issues of using UAVs in two aspects – as a technical forensic tool and as a tool and means of committing a criminal offence. The research methodology included a set of general scientific and special methods that allow assuming and concluding on the specific features of using a UAV in the detection, investigation, and prevention of criminal offences. Thus, this study was based on a diagnostic method for cognition of social and legal phenomena and concepts in their development and interdependence. Along with this, general and special research methods were used, namely comparative legal, system-structural, statistical, logical, and other modern methods of scientific cognition. The theoretical framework of this study included studies of scientists and practitioners in the field of criminal procedure and forensics. The regulatory framework of the study included the norms and provisions of current regulations and their practical implementation in the law enforcement sphere. The study examined topical issues related to the UAV as a modern technical forensic tool and object of forensic research. The paper considered certain aspects and features of the use of UAVs in the detection, investigation, and prevention of criminal offences. To this end, various aspects of the use of UAVs as modern technical forensic tools were comprehensively analysed, distinguishing theoretical foundations of application, statutory regulation, organizational, technological, and scientific-methodological support. The features of using UAVs as a tool and means of committing criminal offences were determined. The study investigated typical traces left as a result of using UAVs, features of their logging and seizure. Considering investigative situations, the sequence, and specifics of conducting an inspection and seizure of a UAV and its elements at the initial stage of the investigation were determined, as well as an indicative list of issues for their expert investigation was provided. The significance of the results and practical value of this paper is that it highlights the specific features of using a UAV as a technical forensic tool and object of forensic research, formulates scientific and methodological recommendations for the use of unmanned aerial systems in the investigation, solving, and prevention of criminal offences. The study also defines the areas for improving Ukrainian legislation to regulate legal relations in the field of criminal justice on the use of unmanned aerial systems by law enforcement agencies

Relevance. High-strength steels are increasingly in demand in modern industry for various applications. Maraging steels are the primary material in the manufacture of most aircraft parts as well as machine-building components. This type is low-carbon and is rich in nickel, which forms martensite when cooled as well as demonstrates properties such as high hardness, wear resistance, etc. The hardening process is the main factor affecting the functional properties of maraging steel. At certain temperatures, austenite has the ability to transform into various kinds of phases. However, the shortcoming that lies in the presence of some impurities limits the established types of improvement technologies, leading to the search for innovative methods to improve the characteristics of steel without losing any of the desired properties. Good qualities appear in maraging steels mainly after treatment with a solution at a temperature of about 1000℃ and during aging at a temperature of about 490℃. Purpose. Thus, the purpose of this research paper is to analyze the structure of maraging steel powders and study the thermal effect on its properties. Methodology. In this paper, powder steel was pressed by spark plasma sintering technology at a pressure of 60 MPa to a powder compact and heated at a temperature of 1100℃ for 180 s at a rate of 20℃/s, after which the samples underwent phase and elemental analysis, their hardness was measured, the value of which amounted to about 60 HRC. Results. The results of this scientific research demonstrate the presence of a variety of precipitates. The presence of impurities such as Co, Ti, and Re led to an improvement in strength due to martensitic phase transformation and precipitation hardening, as well as slowed down the diffusion process. Conclusions. In addition, tasks for further research on the issue of manufacturing maraging steels by the additive manufacturing method were identified. This technology enables obtaining strong maraging steels based on a powder mixture with the required characteristics

The relevance of the problem of using information and communication technologies in the educational process of higher education institutions as an effective means of learning in modern conditions is dictated by life itself. The system of passive transfer of knowledge from teachers to students in the past, and therefore, future specialists have to master quite a significant amount of educational material independently. To do this, they must use various sources of information to select reliable and up-to-date material. To develop the professional competencies of a future teacher, in particular, an educator, it is not enough just to get acquainted with the information. Students need to form a culture of working with information, which covers the development of skills and abilities for independent selection of information, its processing, successful application and transmission in various ways. It is these acquired skills that will be useful for future educators when they need to ensure the educational process in a preschool institution and convey the necessary information to preschool children. The purpose of the study is to reveal different views and approaches to the use of information and communication technologies in the professional training of future educators, in particular, for the development of their skills in working with various information and culture of communicating it to preschool children. The paper is based on the analysis of scientific and methodological studies related to the use of information and communication technologies, which are implemented at different stages and for different purposes during the professional training of future teachers in higher education institutions. The paper also provides an example of specially developed tasks that contribute to the development of information culture in students – future educators and the establishment of their culture of information delivery to ensure the development of preschool children, in particular, logical and mathematical. The material of the study can be useful for researchers who deal with the introduction of information and communication technologies in higher education and the development of information culture in future teachers; teachers of the speciality “Preschool education”; preschool teachers in the process of self-education and professional duties.

The problem of building a taxation system for agricultural producers that would take into account the specifics of their activities, would not be too burdensome, would stimulate or, at least, would not become an obstacle to the increase of business entities’ activities remains extremely relevant for agrarian Ukraine. The purpose of this study was to analyze the special taxation regime for agricultural producers, to characterize the stages of its formation and development, to determine changes in the level of tax burden on taxpayers in the dynamics, and to substantiate the criteria for the expediency of certain producers to be on the simplified, special taxation system. In order to solve certain tasks, historical, statistical and economic, abstract and logical, and graphical research methods were used in the paper. The paper shows that the most favorable taxation of farmers was in the first 5 years after the introduction of the special taxation regime in 1999. The mandatory payments, the exemption from which was most noticeable for commodity producers, are named. The tax burden on agricultural enterprises is studied, the reasons for changes in its level in the dynamics are substantiated. The advantages and disadvantages of a simplified approach to taxation of agricultural producers based on the area of agricultural land under cultivation are outlined. The author describes the reasons for the introduction of legislative provision on the collection of mandatory payments from agricultural producers at a level not lower than the minimum tax liability, starting from 2022, and determines the consequences of such innovation for an average Ukrainian enterprise, and also draws conclusions concerning the prospects for further taxation of agricultural producers. The practical significance of the research results lies in the possibility of their use, on the one hand, by the legislator to reform the current system of taxation of agricultural producers, and on the other hand, by specific producers, when deciding on the choice of a taxation system that would be more economically beneficial for them

The relevance of this study is conditioned upon the fact that special legislation regulating investigative operations, combating organized crime, ensuring the security of people cooperating with law enforcement agencies, adopted in 1992–1994, does not meet the conditions of modern life (liberalization and digitalization of society; changes in the banking and financial sector; ease of crossing borders, etc.), and the challenges facing the law enforcement system (transnational crime; development of technologies that complicate the technical removal of information; use of cryptocurrencies and quasi-money, etc.). The main disadvantage of this legislation is the lack of regulation of confidential cooperation as the main tool for combating crime. The purpose of this study was to investigate the state of legal support for confidential cooperation using evidence from the activities of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine; to identify gaps, contradictions, and conflicts; to identify ways to improve legislation. General scientific, logical, and general legal methods were used. The paper analysed the state of scientific research on the subject under study, systematized the current legislation of Ukraine, and compared its individual norms. The main study results are that the legal basis of confidential cooperation is considered for the first time as a system of legal norms of an intersectoral legal institution, not limited exclusively to the procedural aspect or scope of application. The present study is the first to investigate the functioning of the institution of confidential cooperation in the National Anti-corruption Bureau of Ukraine. The paper stated that the absence of proper statutory regulation at the level of laws of Ukraine and the lack of systematization of existing norms, which creates risks of abuse, violation of citizens’ rights and freedoms. It was noted that the gaps in the legislation are filled in by departmental regulations of the relevant law enforcement agencies with the appropriate classification of secrecy. The study covered the essence and purpose of confidential cooperation, the legal norms prescribed in various laws, the specifics of their application, the subject of their legal regulation, as well as analysed differences in the legal regulation of cooperation with confidants and whistle-blowers. The practical value of this study lies in the fact that its results can be used by practising lawyers, namely investigators, prosecutors, and barristers, for whom the institution of confidential cooperation is new considering the secret forms and methods of its functioning

This paper presents possible methodical approach to assessing level of the state energy security and its influence on the national security. In order to ensure proper level of the national security of the state, it is necessary to assess dangers in a great variety of areas, particularly, in the energy sector. Authors of this paper propose a version of solving the problem with the help of application of the state-of-the-art information technologies on the basis of the intellectual analysis of statistical data. The authors provide general description of the methodical approach in order to assess dangers for the existing level of the energy security. This approach is based on the comprehensive application of the grouped expert estimates, as well as on the theory of the experiment planning (the experimental design theory) and on the group method of data handling. The proposed approach is characterised by its relative simplicity and usability from the point of view of application of the already existing software products. The results, which would be obtained with the help of this method, can be easily interpreted and analysed. In addition, this paper proposes more adequate approach to understanding level of the energy security, as well the level of the national security of the state. The paper presents the specific example for assessing level of the energy security as well as procedure for finding explicit form of the computational functional with the help of the software GMDH Shell, which makes it possible to increase validity of the derived data as compared with the known approaches. Subsequent investigations will be carried out with the purpose of development of the scientifically substantiated approach to identification of the relevant criterial values of the danger indicators in order to ensure making adequate decisions in respect of responding to these dangers

In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge has become the guide to creating economic and social value. Knowledge economy calls for knowledge management, and modern knowledge management is a new management theory and management method emerging in the time of knowledge economy, which explains the relevance of this research. Baidu is the largest Chinese search engine in the world, and the Baidu Index developed by Baidu is one of the most important statistical analysis platforms of the Internet and even the whole data age. The purpose of this paper is to investigate spatiotemporal characteristics of Chinese public attention to knowledge management through the Baidu index. Text analysis and process tracing are used to explain the reasons for the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Chinese public's attention to knowledge management. Through Baidu index network search engine, this paper analyses search trend, demand graph, and demographic and geographic distribution. This paper selects the time period from January 1, 2011 to January 1, 2022. The results of the study show that the search trend of "knowledge management" in the past 11 years peaked at the end of 2016, and the decrease appeared around the Spring Festival and National Day each year. "Learning organization", "knowledge base" and "information management" are the words most concerned by the public. It was stated that the groups concerned about “knowledge management” were mainly distributed in Guangdong, Beijing, and Shanghai. Among them, the predominant group was male aged 20-29. The factors that affect the changes in the search volume of “knowledge management” mainly include the traditional Chinese holidays, the Spring Festival, the National Day, and the release of knowledge management-related norms. In addition, the study found similar search trends for “knowledge management” and “knowledge management system”. This paper only takes "knowledge management" in Baidu Index as the research object. Whether it is suitable for all network engines, needs to be tested furtherly

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the importance of investigating the methodological foundations of teaching foreign literature at the university, introducing innovative ways to understand textual reality, fostering a moral position through the author’s strategy, forming aesthetic literary tastes in modern students and skills for effective reading of a literary work. The purpose of the study is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the creativity of the Turkish modernist poet, the key foundations of the development of the author’s personality, his political position, the definition of the artistic, problem and thematic vector of the development of modern Turkish poetry, key themes, tropics, stylistic characteristics, features of the genre, rhythmic structure of the poetic text. The methodological basis of this study is a theoretical understanding of these aspects and a consistent artistic analysis of the author’s creative concept based on the material of one of the artistic samples made in his stylistic manner. This paper reveals systematic and conceptual approaches to the investigation of foreign poetic texts, highlights the main points and difficulties that arise during the study of translated works, tells about the main approaches to the analysis of foreign authors and new methodologies used by literary critics and elements of which will be used in the future in the classroom. The materials presented in this paper can be used to further investigate various artistic parameters, in particular, rhythm, poetic means of expression, structural components, and semantic content of a particular text, to develop new mechanisms for building communication between the author and the reader, teacher and student in foreign literature classes, and the reception of works of a particular author.

The energy problem in the conditions of modern economic development has acquired a particularly large scale: this is due to the elevated level of environmental pollution from conventional energy sources and their limited amount in the Earth’s interior. This has forced countries to develop new, renewable energy sources. However, it is relevant to consider the prospects for the development of energy exporting countries, namely oil supplier states. Thus, the purpose of this study is to forecast the development trends of these countries, considering the current pace of introduction of renewable energy sources in the world. Main methods for authoring the paper were modelling and forecasting, considering the model of the future development of the oil market designed in this paper. The authors conclude that the demand for oil, at least in the short and medium term, will increase. This is due to a considerable projected increase in global energy demand, which cannot be met only through the development of renewable energy sources. In this case, most oil-exporting countries may experience an increase in cash receipts over the future. However, authors believes that it is better for these countries, especially the OPEC member states and Azerbaijan, to start pursuing a policy of export diversification to become less dependent in their economic well-being on trends in the energy market and have more sources of income in case of problems in this market. The paper allows taking a fresh look at current changes in the oil market and the role of renewable energy sources in its development

This paper is devoted to the problem of housing discrimination. The relevance of the study is conditioned, on the one hand, by the presence of facts indicating the existence of discriminatory phenomena in the housing sector, and on the other – by the lack of modern research on this issue. In addition, researchers have not yet established a stable terminology on discrimination issues and have not revealed the characteristic features of housing discrimination as a civil category. The solution of these problems is important both for further theoretical and legal developments in this area, and for bringing national legislation in line with international standards as soon as possible. The purpose of the study is to define the essence and features of housing discrimination as a civil category, identify its facts and grounds. The research material includes statistical data on the number and situation of vulnerable persons in the housing sector in Ukraine, facts of discrimination in Ukrainian society; scientific publications on housing rights and housing discrimination; report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in Ukraine for 2020; national legislation; statistics of internally displaced persons in 2022, etc. The materials and objectives of the study determined the choice of research methods. The primary method is axiological, which allows substantiating the value of housing for a person. Methods of analysis and synthesis helped identify general approaches to the concept of discrimination, characterise its grounds, and formulate a definition of housing discrimination. It is established that housing discrimination is a restriction of the right to housing, as a result of which a person does not have the opportunity to purchase housing and live in it. It was found out that most often a vulnerable group of people (internally displaced persons, families with children, homosexual couples, etc.) face housing discrimination. It is noted that national legislation does not distinguish housing discrimination as an independent legal category. The paper describes the content and features of housing discrimination in Ukraine. The characteristics (gender, nationality, citizenship, age, sexual orientation, family residence without marriage registration, the presence of children and animals, internal displacement) that cause housing discrimination and inability to exercise the proper right to housing are established. It is proved that discrimination can manifest itself in refusal to conclude or extend a lease/rental agreement, unjustified rent increases, etc. The paper can be used for further scientific study by young researchers dealing with the problems of improving housing legislation.

The purpose of the study is to analyse the problems of guilt and substantiate the expediency of establishing the collective responsibility of Russian citizens for aggression against Ukraine. Using the theoretical legacy of the German scientist K. Jaspers, the authors justify their own approach to the interpretation of the concept of guilt and responsibility of both the individual and the public community as a whole in the context of the war that Russia has unleashed against Ukraine. The urgency of the problem lies in incriminating moral and political guilt to Russian citizens for military aggression against Ukraine and in the expediency of them realising their personal share of guilt and responsibility for the crimes committed by the political leadership and military personnel of the Russian Federation. The paper highlights the dialectic of the relationship between personal guilt and the so-called collective culpability of the Russian public, which should bear the main responsibility for the politics and criminal actions of its state. It is noted that the solution of this problem is largely connected with ensuring that all citizens of the aggressor state realise their involvement in criminal actions and atone for their guilt. Based on the theoretical legacy of K. Jaspers, theses regarding the phenomenon of guilt, its varieties in relation to the period of fascism in Germany were developed and these approaches were applied to the analysis of Russia's aggressive policy. The study focuses on the moral and existential methodological paradigm of guilt as a determining factor in its awareness. Techniques and methods of comparative analysis of the behaviour of Germans during the Second World War and Russians in modern conditions, extrapolation of the experience of denazification of the German people to the Russian public are also used. The conclusion about the need for the perpetrators to bear not only personal criminal responsibility, but also the consolidated political and moral responsibility of the Russian nation, the community, and the public in general for the war against Ukraine, and to feel the need to change the totalitarian political regime in Russia as dangerous for all mankind, is substantiated. This paper would be useful for anyone interested in the problems of the modern political and legal continuum generated by the Russian-Ukrainian war.

Activities of industrial enterprises are associated with continuous consumption of certain types of resources, so expense accounting plays a crucial role in determining the enterprise efficiency. Accounting procedures occupy a key place in information support system of any enterprise, since the original information on the enterprise activities in the form of financial statements and internal documentation (source documents, journals and ledgers) is essential in order to meet the needs of internal and external users. It is particularly important to account for operating expenses, which forms information about the use of materials, labor and other resources involved in the production process. Properly organized accounting and analytical information on operating expense ensures fair and accurate assessment of the enterprise production process and provide effective management decision-making. The purpose of the scientific paper is to analyze operating expenses, organization and methodology of the accounting process at the enterprise and to develop practical recommendations for improving the accounting for operating activity.This goal necessitates the solution of the following tasks: determine the nature and classification of operating expenses; analyze the dynamics and structure of operating expenses; develop the suggestions concerning the improvement of registration-analytical information of operating expenses. The used research methods and general characteristics of paper. The authors applied the method of literature review to justify the relevance of the chosen research topic. On the basis of the comparative method the main economic indicators of activity, in particular dynamics and structure of operating expenses according economic elements and according items of calculation were defined. On the basis of system analysis and synthesis, proposals on the composition of items of production costing and on the introduction of classification of expenses by groups in terms of relevant items of general production expenses, administrative, marketing expenses and other operating expenses were formed.

Based on the analysis of judicial practice, the paper examines the problem of criminal proceedings’ closing in case of suspect’s or accused’s death, except in cases where the proceedings are necessary for the rehabilitation of the deceased, in preparatory proceedings, trials, appeals and cassation proceedings. The purpose of the paper is to identify the characteristics of interpretation and application of paragraph 5 of Part 1 of Art. 284 of the CPC of Ukraine in the proceedings of the court of the first instance, appeal and cassation proceedings, to formulate proposals for amendments to the CPC of Ukraine on the closure of the proceedings on this ground. The main results of the research consist of substantiating the need to standardize the appropriate legal procedure for the rehabilitation of the deceased by enshrining it in the CPC of Ukraine; determination of procedural decisions of the court in the preparatory proceedings and the trial in case of person’s death; determination of procedural decisions of the court in appeal proceedings in case of death of a person in respect of whom an acquittal has been passed; determination of procedural court decisions in appeal proceedings in the event of the death of the acquitted. The conclusions and specific proposals of the author are as follows: the application of paragraph 5 of Part 1 of Art. 284 of the CPC of Ukraine is not well-established in judicial practice, which indicates the lack of uniform interpretation of Art. 284, 417, 440 of the CPC of Ukraine, and the need to clarify the provisions of Art. 417, 440 of the CPC of Ukraine. Guided by paragraph 5 of Part 1 of Art. 284 of the CPC of Ukraine in the preparatory proceedings, the court by its decision closes the criminal proceedings unless the proceedings are necessary for the rehabilitation of the deceased; in court proceedings, the court closes the criminal proceedings by its decision, except in cases when the proceedings are necessary for the rehabilitation of the deceased, in case of initiation of rehabilitation, which has not been confirmed - by its decision closes the criminal proceedings. The wording of Art. 417 and 440 of the CPC of Ukraine do not take into account the difference in the grounds for closing the criminal proceedings and are not adapted for such grounds as the death of the accused. Therefore, it is appropriate to remove from these articles the reference to the reversal of the conviction only. However, as in the case of acquittal, the person is rehabilitated, in case of objections of the defence to revoke the acquittal, it cannot be revoked, however, the proceedings should be closed and further review of court decisions is impossible.

Given the European choice of Ukraine, there is an urgent need to create and implement a new anti-corruption policy, considering the positive aspects of the existing international experience. The relevance of the scientific investigation is conditioned by the fact that the existing problem of countering corruption is not only national but also global. The purpose of the study is to consider the international experience of preventing corruption torts to implement them in Ukrainian legislation. The methodological basis of the study is a system of methods and techniques of scientific cognition, namely: system analysis, comparative and implementation method, statistical method, and retrospective method. The study provides a systematic review of international concepts of prevention of corruption torts. It is noted that in the context of globalisation processes taking place in modern society, the need to implement positive foreign experience in the system of the current legislation of Ukraine becomes extremely relevant. A thorough analysis of a number of measures taken by leading states that are designed to prevent corruption offences was also carried out. The positive experience of states with the lowest level of corruption is positioned and ways to achieve such a result are indicated. The study analyses the anti-corruption strategies of such countries as Singapore, the Netherlands, Belgium, Israel, the United States, the Slovak Republic, Germany, and Poland. Attention is drawn to the fact that in countries with a low level of corruption, repressive measures are combined with a comprehensive elimination of the determinants of corruption offences in models of preventing corruption. The paper states that the latest strategy for preventing corruption requires the development of active cooperation between state bodies, law enforcement agencies, and civil society in order to prevent and counteract corruption torts. At the same time, an important determinant of preventing corruption torts is the growth of civil consciousness. It is emphasised that corruption offences are an extremely dangerous phenomenon inherent in all states of the modern world. It is revealed that a number of foreign countries have managed to create a modern and effective algorithm for preventing and countering corruption offences. The paper highlights the main determinants of corruption prevention that are approved by the international community, namely: normative regulation of the activities of civil servants, the establishment of a clear system of legal responsibility for violating the requirements of anti-corruption legislation, transparency in the professional activities of officials, the introduction of social programmes and educational campaigns on corruption topics. The provisions presented in the paper can become an effective basis for building a successful anti-corruption policy in Ukraine.

Based on a bibliographic analysis of the literature, it is determined that most current studies point to the impact of digitalization on tourism. Digital technologies are changing tourism preferences, consumption, and the essence of the interaction of tourism business entities. In this context, the study aims to identify the specifics of the relationship between the level of international tourism development and digital technologies. The purpose of the study is to determine the features of the relationship between the level of international tourism development and digital technologies. Methods such as bibliographic, standardization, correlation analysis, factor analysis without rotation and, factor analysis with rotation using the Varimax method, comparative analysis, graphical analysis were used in the article. The World Bank International Tourism Indicators (such as expenditures, the number of arrivals, the number of departures, and receipts) and the Network Readiness Index were used for the analysis. The data covers 130 countries for 2020. The research identified correlations between indicators of international tourism development and the Networked Readiness Index and its components. The analysis shows that there is a direct relationship between the analyzed indicators. Also, factor loadings were calculated in the paper using factor analysis without rotation and factor analysis with rotation by applying the Varimax method. The Varimax rotation method made it possible to identify two well-defined factors, one closely related to the Networked Readiness Index sub-indices and the second – to the international tourism indicators. By using factor analysis without rotation, one factor was identified. Based on this analysis, it was concluded that the level of international tourism development and the degree of digitalization of the economy are linked. In the case of determining the relationship between the sub-index Networked Readiness Index Technology and expenditures and the number of arrivals, this relationship was not identified. The results highlight the importance of digitalization in the tourism business. In doing so, the paper points out that in addition to digital technologies, tourism companies should also pay attention to other factors such as security, risks, fluctuating economic situation, changing geo-economic and social conditions, etc.

The relevance of this study is conditioned upon the fact that in Ukraine, emphyteutic land use has recently become one of the main ways of using agricultural land. This was facilitated by the introduction of substantial changes in the legal regulation of emphyteutic land use in the state, which was based on the best traditions of foreign practices in the use of agricultural land. The absence of mandatory details of the emphyteusis agreement in the legislation, which may become one of the reasons for declaring such transactions invalid in the future, also encourages this study. The subject of this study is regulatory and legislative acts on the regulation of emphyteutic legal relations in Ukraine. The purpose of this paper was to characterise the main provisions of emphyteusis contracts (the right to use other people’s land plots for agricultural needs), with special attention paid to the terms and conditions of such transactions. The paper considers the innovations of legal regulation of the right to use other people’s land plots for agricultural needs and the main essential conditions for concluding emphyteusis (land use) contracts in Ukraine. During the research, the following methods of cognition were used: historical, comparative legal, logical-normative, system-structural. During the study, a historical legal analysis of the development of legal regulation of the right to use someone else’s agricultural land plot in independent Ukraine was performed. Special attention was paid to the characteristics of the legal regulation of the right to use someone else’s land plot for agricultural needs (emphyteusis) in the Civil Code and Land Code of Ukraine. The terms and conditions of the emphyteusis agreement and the specific features of the implementation of the right to emphyteutic land use were clarified. The study thoroughly analysed the procedure for concluding and notarising emphyteutic transactions. The main and auxiliary terms and conditions for concluding contracts for emphyteutic land use were highlighted. To protect the rights and interests of the parties to emphyteutic land use, the emphyteusis agreement must be notarised. The texts of emphyteusis agreements should reflect the main mandatory conditions for concluding a contract listed in the study, and at the request of the parties – other terms and conditions. The practical value of this study lies in a list of substantial and supplementary terms and conditions of the emphyteusis agreement, which should be prescribed by the parties in the text of the transaction to protect their rights and interests.

The study focuses on the need to update tools for making local governance decisions using modern information technology in an environment of unpredictability added by the pandemic. Policy formulation by the authorities, especially local governments, is faced with the demand for sustainable development due to the obstacles and risks that have arisen. The purpose of the paper was to create a model for an intelligent information system to rank input qualitative information as an object in accordance with sustainability criteria for determining the local government’s policy on budgetary support for entrepreneurial activity. Fuzzy informatics methods used in soft computing based on fuzzy logic improve estimation potential. The activity in сommunity-based tourism (CBT) was chosen as a basis for simulating the “Intelligent Ranking System” for local budgeting. In the paper, the system ranks four factors of sustainability according to the importance of local government activity by nine criteria, whose fuzzy values are calculated based on expert judgments within the framework of six linguistic variations. Simulation of future directions of budgeting was developed using unified answers from the example of India for applying in local tourism. The basis of the system matrix is formed through the subsequent analysis of deviations from the limiting variations of the maximum positive and maximum negative impressions of experts. The model of this ranking system will be useful for service-oriented activities where consumer impressions are an important development requirement.

The relevance of the subject under study is determined by the socio-economic state of the country and the long-term armed conflict in the Donbas, in particular, as a result of which thousands of people were injured and disabled. Insufficient funding for the healthcare system, lack of rehabilitation programmes for persons with disabilities, lack of housing and appropriate equipment for the movement and full functioning of the life of persons with disabilities in Ukraine lead to the fact that such people are discriminated against in society. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the right to social protection of persons with disabilities in the context of compliance with international standards. Based on the monitoring study, available rehabilitation programmes, theoretical material, legislative analysis, and reports of international organisations, the authors came to relevant conclusions and made recommendations for the authorities, namely relevant ministries. The study discovered that the attitude towards people with disabilities is being transformed in the world, and their rights to a full-fledged, high-quality, non-discriminatory life in society are being consolidated. The need to reform national legislation and bring it in line with international standards was confirmed. It is proved that the main standards relate to the accessibility and adequacy of the right to social protection. The main elements of accessibility and adequacy of the right to social protection are highlighted. Key international regulations in the field of protection of the rights of persons with disabilities are analysed. The study investigated the term “discrimination for persons with disabilities”. It was established that the integration of persons with disabilities is possible if the problems with focusing attention on the category of persons with disabilities due to war are thoroughly studied. The practical value of this paper is to provide recommendations for relevant ministries, considering the monitoring study conducted by the authors in 2019-2020, which will contribute to improving the right to social protection as such.

One of the main problems of reforming the institution of the prosecutor’s office is the partial uncertainty of the function of procedural guidance of pre-trial investigations as an element of supervisory powers. The lack of provisions on effective influence on the implementation of instructions on the management of the investigation, bringing investigators to justice, etc. indicates the need to review the existing approaches to the scope of the prosecutor’s powers. The purpose of the study is to analyse existing approaches to the scope of the prosecutor’s powers regarding the procedural management of pre-trial investigations and to analyse the international experience of the functioning of this institution of criminal procedure. When writing this paper, terminological, system and structural, comparative and legal methods were used. The paper analyses the current state of procedural guidance in Ukraine and a number of European and post-Soviet countries to identify positive innovations and develop proposals for their implementation in the national law enforcement environment. The necessity of bringing approaches to the consolidation of this institution in the legislation in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine is discussed. The paper considers in detail the requirements of the legislation of Germany and Georgia regarding the consolidation of the institution of procedural guidance for pre-trial investigations. The classification of states according to the powers of their prosecutor’s offices in terms of procedural management of pre-trial investigations is carried out. It is proved that the institute of procedural management of pre-trial investigations in Ukraine requires application of the experience of foreign countries. The findings can be used in rule-making and law enforcement activities

Problem setting. Legal regulation is an integral component of the administrative and legal mechanism for ensuring the functioning of juvenile justice, through which the state regulates relevant social relations through law and the totality of legal means. Recent research and publications analysis. The following Ukrainian scientists tried to conceptually solve these issues: Ya. Kvitka, V. Levchenko, O. Maksimenko, N. Lesko, I. Ishchenko, O. Navrotsky. Paper objective. The purpose of the study is to obtain scientific and applied results on the presentation of options for legislative support of juvenile justice in other countries and to formulate proposals for improving the administrative and legal regulation of juvenile justice in Ukraine. Paper main body. The analysis of the legislation of other countries indicates that there are several conditional models of legal regulation of the peculiarities of ensuring the rights of the child in the exercise of juvenile justice. This division is based on the following criteria, such as the existence of a law in the country that establishes the general principles of the judicial and extrajudicial, administrative and legal protection of children’s rights; the existence of a separate law on juvenile justice, which codifies all the rules of law that determine the peculiarities of criminal proceedings against children; the existence of a separate law on juvenile justice, but which establishes the general principles of the operation of juvenile justice, public administration in this area, prevention of offenses, etc. Conclusions of the research. The expediency of adopting the Law on Juvenile Justice in Ukraine, which, in its content, will mainly be an act of administrative and legal nature, the Law «On Ensuring the Rights of the Child in Ukraine», the Law «On the Ombudsman of Ukraine» is substantiated. Keywords: child, minor, legal regulation, administrative law, juvenile justice, justice.

The article devoted to the analysis of the institute of protection of the right to the image of an individual as a personal intangible right. The paper examines the features of protection of the right to the image of an individual, the features of the image itself as an object of intellectual property rights, its main features, and so on. Interest in the chosen topic arose due to the fact that in modern times is gaining popularity photos and videos (personal photo shoots, professional photo shoots, the use of video clips for advertising, to promote certain content or use in social networks). However, in the process of exercising the right to an image of an individual, it is necessary to determine what opportunities an individual has in case of violation of his right to image, use and disclosure without his permission, and what actions an individual can take to protect his personal non-property right. At the same time, civil legislation, which should regulate the protection of the person and contain effective means of protecting the rights of persons to their image, does not sufficiently provide for this. Therefore, the main purpose of this article was first: to identify the features of the right to an image as an object of intellectual property rights; secondly: to analyze the legislation governing copyright in images; thirdly: to analyze domestic and international practice of protection of the right to images; fourthly: to identify ways to protect the right to depict an individual as a personal non-property right. When studying and analyzing both legal acts and works of legal scholars dealing with the problem of copyright protection, including the right to images, it became clear that the right to images contains several powers that may need protection, namely: the right to conduct photo, film, television or video shooting; the right to use the image; the right to distribute the image; the right to individuality, etc. Therefore, the right to an image is a set of powers, each of which may need protection in case of violation. Thus, in this paper we try not only to identify and outline the problem of application of remedies for the right to the image of an individual, but also to provide recommendations for the implementation of such a right.

This paper raises current theoretical and practical issues related to the implementation of a comprehensive mechanism of liability for economic criminal offences in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to identify the main problem areas in the criminal law security of economic relations and to develop conceptual advice on their elimination. The paper uses a wide range of methodological tools (including comparative, historical, systemic, Aristotelian (dogmatic), modelling), which enabled a comprehensive and critical analysis of the current state and prospects for improving the criminal regulation of economic relations in the country. The results of the study are designed to promote the development of a unified conceptual model of protection of the national economy through criminal law. It is established that the prolonged economic crisis and distortions of market relations continue to adversely affect the state and dynamics of economic crime. The author’s opinion is also argued that since criminal law measures cannot objectively have a positive effect on economic processes, they can be relied on only to eliminate certain adverse consequences of economic activity. The study substantiated that the term “criminal offences against the market economy” in the context denoting the crimes for which responsibility is prescribed by Section VII of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, successfully passes conditional verification for compliance with the name of this structural part of the Criminal Code. Over the past five years, Ukraine’s criminal law policy on combating crimes in the sphere of economic activity has not undergone radical changes. Finally, there are hopes for the active development of legal research to become a reliable foundation for quality law-making to optimise the statutory framework in terms of criminal law response to economic and financial torts.

College campuses need the most attention to build. This article is relevant, as the design of green campus buildings is one of the essential forms of the good ecological development concept that can best reflect the sustainable development of university campuses. The total energy consumption of school buildings is second only to that of all kinds of office buildings and accounts for a considerable proportion of the total. The purpose of this study is to investigate the typical campus buildings in Singapore with mature development of green campus buildings to provide a reference for the study of architectural development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area with similar climate adaptability. This paper uses Ladybug Tools to conduct quantitative analysis and compares the Greater Bay Area with Singapore, which has similar conditions, to try to summarize the universal design strategies and models suitable for it. It was found that the university campuses in the Greater Bay Area have a better development in the greening of building courtyards and building roofs, while in the greening of building platforms and building walls, it still needs to carry out more technical practice. It was established that among all kinds of designs on the green campus of the Singapore universities, the energy-saving-oriented design has the highest proportion. It was concluded that only by absorbing more mature design experience and strategies can the development of green campus buildings in the Greater Bay Area go further. The findings of the paper will further provide more powerful data support for the development of the Greater Bay Area and Singapore, and simply put forward feasible and universal design patterns and strategies to a certain extent.

Forensic expertise, as a form of using special knowledge, is one of the most effective ways to establish the truth during the investigation of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer, especially given the often-limited amount of criminally valuable information in such proceedings, which conditions the relevance of this paper. The purpose of the paper is to establish the types and analyse the possibilities of forensic examinations that can be assigned during the investigation of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer. During the study, a set of scientific methods was applied – system, comparative legal, statistical, analysis, bibliographic, synthesis, induction, and deduction. According to the results of the study, a holistic view of the complex of forensic studies was presented, which: are most often assigned in the proceedings under consideration (examination of sound and video recordings, fingerprinting, examination of cold steel and firearms, forensic trasological examination), are mandatory if injuries are caused to the victim (forensic medical), can be assigned depending on the needs of the specific production (engineering and transport, phototechnical, forensic psychiatric examination); also, the types of examinations, the capabilities of which are not fully used by investigators (forensic psychological), were identified. The most important problems that arise at the stage of assigning expert examinations and can largely affect the quality of expert opinions were identified: violation of the deadlines for assigning expert examinations, incorrect formulation of questions to the expert, provision of insufficient quantity and/or poor quality of materials for research, incorrect definition of the type of expert study. It is emphasised that in the conditions of martial law and the expansion of the list of methods and tools of committing the investigated criminal offences in connection with it, there is a need for expert study, the objects of which are explosives and substances, various weapons, etc

The substantial differentiation of doctrinal definitions of encouraging a civil servant in the absence of statutory regulation of such a concept complicates the understanding of the meaning and purpose of this legal tool. The research topic is relevant because the problem of finding such means of influence on subjects authorised to perform the tasks of the state and local self-government, which would encourage civil servants not only to fulfil their professional duties, but also to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their activities, is of great importance for the improvement and further development of the civil service in Ukraine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the institution of promotion as an element of the system of legislation on civil service, based on a comprehensive system analysis of legal phenomena in the context of current legislation and theoretical legal approaches adopted in the countries of the European Union. Upon authoring this paper, the following methods of scientific cognition were used: dialectical method of legal knowledge, thanks to which the institution of incentives was considered as a phenomenon of legal reality and its essence and qualitative changes in its formulation were investigated; the method of logical-semantic and logical-legal analysis allowed formulating the terminology for incentive legislation, the legal institution of incentives for civil servants; methods of modelling, analysis and synthesis allowed developing proposals for improving legislation on the legal regulation of incentives for civil servants. It was proved that the pluralism of the wording of this concept determines the need for regulatory consolidation of the concept of incentivisation as an element of improving the efficiency of public service. The study clarified the specific features of the institution of incentives in the system of public service legislation, which cover incentive legal relations, the implementation of which takes place in the system of public service, the grounds for applying incentives to civil servants. The authors considered the idea of adopting the Award Code of Ukraine, which would systematise and streamline many regulations that govern incentives, with the purpose of eliminating obsolete legal material, discrepancies in incentive norms, ensuring their logic and consistency, introducing new legal rules. The legal institution of incentives for civil servants is defined as a set of norms of official and administrative legislation that regulate a group of public service legal relations aimed at directly supporting the activities of public servants and related to the implementation of proceedings within the apparatus of the state authority in cases of public servants’ incentives. This paper will be useful not only for employers, but also for the Ukrainian legislator, since the solution of problems related to the improvement of the institution of encouragement of public servants, stimulation of their effective activity should be recognised as one of the priority tasks of the state according to the standards of the European Union.

The replication of architectural and spatial design of the Order of Saint Basil the Great monasteries in Western Ukraine cannot be addressed within a single scientific hypothesis focused on the unity of imagery, planning, and function. The architectural and spatial arrangement of the Basilian monasteries in Western Ukraine emerges as a non-homogenous fragmented phenomenon, which should be investigated with regard to chronological distinctions. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for the examination of the OSBM monastic complexes considering a variety of factors that have influenced the appearance, dissemination, growth, and disappearance of the Basilian centres. The general methodological approaches of the study are historical, morphological, culturological, and systemic. In addition, the following general scientific methods of inquiry were used: an examination of literature and documents, corpus, description, statistical method, analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstractisation, concretization, generalisation, and systematisation (classification and typology). Thus, five territorial and chronological scenarios have been highlighted within the Basilian architectural legacy in Western Ukraine. A relatively small number of papers dedicated to the design and planning aspects of the development of the Order of Saint Basil the Great monasteries are retroactive. Upon analysing the Basilian legacy in Western Ukraine, the material has been divided into three historical waves related to the development of monastic complexes. The authors of the paper have outlined the commonality of morphological features, dominant stylistics, and layout plans to examine the Order of Saint Basil the Great monasteries as an architectural and historical phenomenon. One important aspect of the subject is an interpretation of monastic complexes that factors modern conditions like the comfort of living, economic activities, organisation of mass prayers, the development of tourist infrastructure, etc. Therefore, a study of similar theoretical approaches to the functioning and interpretation of monastic complexes helped to outline three types of their interpretation in the modern context

Purpose. As a standard model for describing the processes of a resonant transmission of quantum information on arbitrary distances is the system of two identical two-level atoms, one of which is under radiation of the field of real photons. Such a system can serve as a basis for the construction of an element basis of quantum computers. The purpose of this paper is to study the different modes of dynamics of a system of two identical two-level atoms when they interacts with the field of real photons. Methods. In this paper, we propose a general approach to the description of the processes for the transfer of quantum information from one atom-qubit to another on the arbitrary interatomic distances, which includes two types of new physical effects: the attenuation of quantum states and the retardation of the dipole-dipole interaction. Results. The optical properties of a system of two identical two-level atoms in collective (symmetric Ψ s and antisymmetric Ψ a ) Bell states at arbitrary interatomic distances are investigated. The closed analytical expressions for the shifts and widths of the considered collective states are considered, taking into account the retarded dipole-dipole interaction of atoms. In calculation of the radial matrix elements of the dipole-dipole interaction, the wave functions of the model Fues potential are used. Conclusions. A detailed study of the mechanisms of resonant transmission of the excitation energy at arbitrary distances between the two-element atoms has an important practical significance for the physical realization of the logical operator CNOT.

Purpose. Photometry in conjunction with positional observations is currently the main method of controlling the operation of artificial space objects in orbit with which radio communication is lost. This paper presents an analysis oflong-range photometric observations of low-orbital artificial Earth satellites of various functionality class.Methods. A methodological approach to determining the dynamic characteristics of the behavior of space objects in orbit using photometric information in the form of light curves is considered. It is based on studies of the characteristics of the object’s own rotation and their causes.Results. 40 years of experience in such studies has made it possible to evaluate virtually all possible factors affecting its functional dynamics by changes in the light of an object. The paper presents six reasons for the occurrence of a satellite’s own rotation in the Earth’s orbit. They cover both natural factors and the effects of human intervention.Conclusions. If the size and mass of the destabilized satellites are known, then this satellite can be used as an indicator of the course of physical processes in the Earth’s atmosphere at the height of the satellite’s orbit. The variants of finding the period of own rotation of the object in manual and automatic modes are described.

The modern state governed by the rule of law in the Western legal tradition differs in a number of characteristics (instrumental and substantive), firstly, from its retrospective analogues (for example, the states of the Middle Ages), and secondly, from the understanding and perception of the state in other legal (and cultural) traditions, for example, Islamic. In addition, the process of globalisation and other features of the 21st century require mainly new approaches to understanding the state as a social phenomenon, the relevance of which remains despite significant improvements on this issue in Soviet and Ukrainian legal science. During the Soviet era, one of the most fundamental was the work of V. O. Tenenbaum “The State: a System of Categories” (1971), however, like other works of this period; its content was built on the opposition of the essence of the socialist and bourgeois states. The purpose of this paper is to study the phenomenon of the modern state and analyse the main scientific approaches to understanding its essence. The methodology of this study is an analysis of the main approaches to understanding the modern state, its essential features and the conditions of its establishment. The problems of state activity that are important for the current conditions of its functioning, in particular, the efficiency of the state, are also considered. The features (theories) of the state found in international law are investigated separately. The implementation of the Montevideo Convention of 1933 established the following four characteristics of a state: 1) a permanent population; 2) a designated territory; 3) own government; 4) capacity to enter into relations with the other states. The paper highlights the phenomenon of semi-sovereign states. Special attention is paid to the investigation of the phenomenon of the modern (national) state, which was formed in the era of bourgeois revolutions and how significantly different from previous types of state, such features as the foundation of the state in the territorial cultural space and the nation to which free citizens belong; the transformation of society into a civil society with the principle of equality and prohibition of privileges. Despite significant scientific developments in the study of this problem, the need for further investigation of the essence of this phenomenon is urgent, taking into account the realities of the beginning of the 21st century.

The reform of the Ukrainian education system is one of the key tasks of modern national policy, as a result of which the issue of considering and borrowing positive foreign educational experience is updated, which determines the relevance of scientific research. The purpose of the work is to analyse and identify the characteristic features of the process of development and modernisation of the Norwegian educational system. In the study, the author used a number of general scientific theoretical research methods, in particular, the analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodological literature, and the comparison and generalisation of the developed source base. The paper deals with the problem of analysing the current educational reform in Norway. It was established that the country belongs to the leading developed countries in the field of educational policy, and its level is an important factor in intellectual, economic, social, scientific and technical, innovation, technological, and cultural development. The main reasons and consequences of reforming the Norwegian educational space are substantiated. The author’s vision of Norway s educational reform is presented. It was determined that focusing on the modern labour market, Norwegian education priorities today include: the ability to operate with innovative technologies and knowledge; a combination of conventional and alternative education, public and private; increasing the role and importance of education in the life of society, turning it into a real production and social force, the central connecting link of the system “science – technology – man – production – culture”. The practical value of the paper lies in the structural analysis of the Norwegian experience of reforming the educational system, which allows reviewing the problematic aspects of Ukrainian education and find relevant methods for solving them

The relevance of the research is determined by the priority competence area of training qualified specialists, in particular future social workers, which provides for the development and improvement of not only speech but also auditory skills. The purpose of the study is a theoretical analysis and practical substantiation of the specific features of the development of future social specialists, skills to listen to the interlocutor in the process of communication and speech training in higher educational institutions. The study consisted of two stages, namely theoretical and empirical, which led to the use of general scientific research methods and special scientific research methods, including psychological methods for assessing listening skills. The paper substantiates the specific features of the development of students, and future social workers, skills of active listening to the interlocutor in the process of communication and speech training in higher educational institutions. A theoretical analysis of the types of listening as a component of communicative competence is carried out. The essence of the concept of “active listening” in the professional activity of a social worker is clarified. It was established that the ability to actively listen should be formed and developed in the learning process to carry out effective professional activities. Examples of exercises from the training “The art of listening” are given; a final assessment of the completeness of listening skills in students and future social workers is carried out. It is determined that before the training, students of the specialisation “social work” had a low level of listening skills but after lexical and practical classes, the majority of students rated their level of auditory skills with the highest scores. The practical value of the paper is conditioned by the results of empirical research, which indicate the need for further implementation of a practical complex for the development of auditory skills of future social workers

The relevance of the study is conditioned by socio-cultural changes, according to which there is a need to review the methodological support for professional training of future foreign language teachers based on foreign experience. The purpose of the study is to determine organisational and content-based approaches to the training of future foreign language teachers at the US universities. The study uses a number of general scientific theoretical methods, namely thematic analysis, content analysis, and comparison. The paper analyses foreign scientific and methodological literature in the context of professional training of foreign language teachers, as well as educational programmes of higher educational institutions in the US specialisation. The paper highlights organisational and content-based approaches to training foreign language teachers at the US universities, as well as features of developing the content of educational programmes. It has been established that the content of foreign language teacher education is a symbiosis of requirements for the professional establishment and development of a teacher-philologist, presented in educational standards, visualisation by the scientific and educational community of professional competencies, selection of a repertoire of relevant thematic courses and interests, needs of students and local communities. The paper presents for the first time quantitative characteristics of curriculums of educational programmes for training philological teachers in American universities. It was determined that the most popular disciplines are methods of teaching a foreign language, linguodidactics, scientific research, assessment/monitoring in teaching a foreign language, the use of information technologies in teaching a foreign language, planning a foreign language educational process. The practical value of paper consists in identifying and systematising the features of American education with the further application of positive experience in training Ukrainian specialists in foreign language education

The paper highlights the problem of professional burnout in higher education institutions, which is especially aggravated in the context of distance learning and quarantine restrictions. Because the professional burnout syndrome occurs in response to constant emotional stress. However, this process can be influenced. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of emotional burnout, factors and conditions that affect its occurrence and develop recommendations for its prevention. To diagnose the level of emotional burnout, a survey was conducted using the adapted methodology by V.V. Boyko. Three phases were considered: “tension”, “resistance”, “exhaustion”, and 12 symptoms of burnout were identified. Analysing the results of teachers of the Bukovinian State Medical University in the phase of «tension», the dominant symptom was «experiencing psycho-traumatic circumstances”; in the phase of “resistance” – “reduction of professional responsibilities”; in the “exhaustion” phase, the “personal detachment” prevailed. According to the study results, the majority of employees of the educational institution are in the “resistance” phase – 54%. According to gender characteristics, women are more likely to experience emotional burnout. At the age of 20-25, teachers are more susceptible to professional burnout syndrome due to their ambitions. Depending on the length of service, teachers with less than 5 years of experience have a predominant “tension” phase; among teachers with 5-10 and 20 years of experience, the “resistance” phase prevails. And teachers with more than 20 years of experience have an “exhaustion” phase. With this in mind, recommendations for the prevention of professional burnout have been developed. Namely: alternating work with rest, healthy sleep and walks in the fresh air, a variety of relaxation techniques and, certainly, spending time with family. The practical significance of identifying professional burnout among teachers of higher educational institutions is to conduct timely prevention and provide further recommendations for overcoming this syndrome, since the educational process and the atmosphere in the team directly depend on it

The paper considers the features of applying the project method as the latest pedagogical technology in the process of developing English grammar skills in students of philological specialities. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to find an effective methodology for implementing video projects (a type of project method) in teachers’ universities. The purpose of the study is to find out the effectiveness of using video project technology to improve the grammatical competence of philology students. In the course of the study, the method of critical analysis of literature was applied to investigate the goals, methods, and means of project technology and to formulate the conclusions; the method of scientific observation of the educational process contributed to the direct observation of students’ activities; the method of studying and generalising the experience of teachers revealed methodological techniques and methods in the development of proper grammar skills of students; the questionnaire method helped to establish the level of knowledge of students about the ways of learning and teaching a foreign language; the experimental method was used to prove the research hypothesis; the method of systematisation and generalisation was used in the analysis of findings. It is found that the essence of the concept of grammatical competence of a philology student consists in a set of knowledge about the grammatical organisation of the language system, and in the ability to operate with this knowledge in a certain speech activity. It is proved that by improving grammar, students develop their speech competencies — in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The expediency of using information and communication technologies in studying English grammar, especially in distance learning, is substantiated. The use of the project method is proposed to improve the grammatical and informational skills of future foreign language teachers. It is confirmed that this method stimulates the development of cognitive and creative skills of students, is based on the systematic organisation of searches of a problem-based educational nature, encourages the independent acquisition of Information, its comprehension, and application in practice. In addition, project technology helps students acquire teamwork skills, careful planning, and increased motivation to improve their own communication competence

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to investigate the interaction of the following aspects: studying the curriculum in a higher educational institution by listening to lecture courses, preparing for the session and passing it, implementing and further developing existing professional skills directly in the work. The purpose of this research paper is to reveal the ways of developing and improving professional skills of bachelors of musical art in the context of dual education, combining educational (theoretical) and labour (practical) activities at the same time. The research materials are data from monitoring the quality of education acquired in conditions of duality, and information on the principles of combining these aspects at the same time. Methods of studying the problem – collecting and systematising sources devoted to it, deducing the categories that make up the core of the analysed issue, and drawing up a unified picture of the development of professional skills of students of musical educational institutions in the conditions of dual education. As for the study results, they contain information about the internal content and nature of such a phenomenon as duality in the acquisition of a profession. The prospects of this phenomenon, its uniqueness, significance, and opportunities provided to future specialists are also outlined. The results of the study can be used by teachers to improve the professional training of music students, and by researchers and students to find ways to improve the interaction between music education institutions and organisations that offer jobs

Based on the analysis of the developed mathematical model, this paper proposes optimal operating modes of the vibroimpact device to ensure the intensification of driving construction piles. It is an original design of a modern, highly efficient device for driving construction piles, equipped with a compact, powerful hydraulic impulse drive unit. To develop a mathematical model of the construction pile driving technology, the following methods were used: mechanoreological phenomenology, hydrodynamics, and generalised laws of mechanics. Mathematical models of the dynamics of technological processes of driving construction piles with a vibroimpact device are improved based on a hydraulic impulse drive unit in the form of a spatial non-stationary formulation of the problem and integral equations of dynamic characteristics of the moving elements of the drive unit. The study obtained the distribution of the pressure and velocity of the working fluid in the hydraulic unit of the vibroimpact device, as well as changes in the kinematic parameters of the elements of the technological equipment based on the mathematical model developed by the finite volume method, using numerical modelling and high-performance computer systems. Optimal modes of operation of a hydraulic impulse drive of a vibroimpact device are proposed to provide an intensification of the construction pile driving technology. It was found that when low-frequency vibration is applied, the driving of construction piles is intensified. Application of a hydraulic impulse drive that is based on two-stage vibration excitation allowed implementing the vibroimpact modes of the device. The average pile driving speed with a vibroimpact interaction is five times higher compared to conventional driving methods

One of the factors of efficient intensive milk production is the creation of comfortable conditions for keeping cows on a farm or complex. Highly productive cows are quite demanding of the indoor microclimate and conditions of keeping. It is believed that the productivity of animals by 10-30% depends on this. The purpose of the study was to examine the possibility of reducing the influence of high ambient temperature on the milk productivity of cows by different approaches to the organisation of their feeding technology. The paper uses analytical, diagnostic, physicochemical, and statistical research methods. The main climate indicators were monitored during the summer period (June-August). It is established that the decrease in daily milk yield is a consequence of the negative influence of the temperature factor when the daily (from 1100 to 1700) air temperature in June-July is at the level of +26-30°C. At an air temperature of 26.5°C (about 1400), the body temperature of cows rises from 37.5-37.8°C to 38.20-38.46°C. The proof of this is a decrease in the rate of decline in the level of milk productivity of cows of the experimental groups in August when the average daily air temperature dropped to +24-26°C. It is proved that the introduction of 1.5 kg of protein feed additive with protected TEP-mix protein into the diet of highly productive cows increases the productivity of experimental cows (in terms of basic milk) by 15.7% (4.3 kg). Modernisation of the diet of feeding highly productive cows by increasing the content of non-broken down protein in the rumen to normal during temperature stress contributed to better adaptation of animals in terms of productivity and quality indicators of milk: an increase in the mass fraction of fat by 0.67% and the mass fraction of protein by 0.26%, with the content of somatic cells of 285.06±81.0–409.3±134.3 thousand/cm3