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Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of high-dose vitamin D3 on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with moderate to severe TBI. Methods: Thirty-five moderate to severe TBI patients were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group received a single intramuscular (IM) dose of 300,000 IU vitamin D. The primary endpoints were interleukin levels (IL-1β and IL-6), and the secondary endpoints were changes in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), Glasgow Coma scale (GCS), and Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) scores compared between intervention and control arms of the study. The linear Generalized Estimating Equations were used for trend analysis and evaluating the association of independent factors to each outcome.Results: The results revealed a significant decrease in IL-1β levels (-2.71±3.02, in the intervention group: P=0.001 vs. -0.14±3.70, in the control group: P=0.876) and IL-6 (-88.05±148.45, in the intervention group: P=0.0001 vs. -35.54±175.79, in the control group: P=0.325) 3 days after the intervention. The improvement in the GCS score (P=0.001), reduction in NLR (P=0.001) and PLR (P=0.002), and improvement in the GOS-E score (P=0.039) was found to be greater in the vitamin D3 arm of the study than the control group.Conclusion: Administration of high-dose vitamin D3 in the acute phase of TBI could be effective in lowering the inflammatory markers and improving the level of consciousness and long-term performance outcomes.Trial registration number: IRCT20180522039777N2.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical condition that can end in endstage renal disease (ESRD) and needs dialysis or a kidney transplant. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors are the main contributing factors to the CKD process. One of the factors with exogenous and endogenous sources affecting the CKD progression or prognosis and its complications is the accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) through the glycosylation of proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids or by dietary sources. AGEs accumulationcan adversely affect the long-term complications of diabetic patient such as nephropathy or retinopathy, especially in those with type 2 diabetes. These compounds can affect cardiovascular health by inducing cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Dialysis patients are among those with higher oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation which can affect the levels of AGEs in these patients. Lower clearance or excretion of the AGEs through kidneys and higher dietary absorption can cause higher levels of AGEs in this population. Higher AGEs are accompanied byhigher rates of CVD, connective tissue disorders, mortality and lower quality of life in CKD patients. Dietary modifications are considered one of the main factors affecting the levels of AGEs in CKD patients which can improve their prognosis and complications even in the absence of diabetes. The ways of cooking and the ingredients focusing on reducing the temperature, cooking time, moist heat, and using acidic ingredients such as lemon juice or using anti-AGE compounds are recommended for reducing AGEs formation in foods.