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Background: The difference in the perception between the perceived silhouette and the desired silhouette has been defined as body image dissatisfaction (BID). Objective: To review the type of methods for measuring BID, the frequency of BID among children and adolescents. Method: We searched studies through electronic databases (PubMed, Scielo and EBSCOhost), from cross-sectional studies published in English or Spanish. Eligible studies assessing BID in children and adolescents published in Spanish and English, from April 2010 to April 2015. Age, sex, weight and method or scale used to evaluate the BID and the self- perception of body weight were assessed. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and included children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years. Nine types of measurement methods of BID were found. In most of the studies, temporal stability and validity test were performed. In BID studies where frequency was reported, ranged from 44% to 83% for overweight or obese and 1.7% a 37% for underweight. In some studies, BID was associated with age and was more frequent among girls. BID was also present in thin boys. Conclusion: BID was more frequent among girls and was positively associated with BMI. Despite the variety of methods used, the results are consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the association of maternal migration to Baja California, body mass index (BMI) status, children's perceived food insecurity, and childhood lifestyle behaviors with overweight (BMI > 85% ile), obesity (BMI > 95% ile) and abdominal obesity (Waist Circumference > 90% ile).Methods: Convenience sampling methods were used to recruit a cross-sectional sample of 4th, 5th and 6th grade children and their parents at Tijuana and Tecate Public Schools. Children's and parents' weights and heights were measured. Children were considered to have migrant parents if parents were not born in Baja California.Results: One hundred and twenty-two children and their parents were recruited. The mean age of the children was 10.1 ± 1.0 years. Forty nine per cent of children were overweight or obese. Children with obese parents (BMI > 30) had greater odds of being obese, Odds Ratio (OR) 4.9 (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.2-19, p = 0.03). Children with migrant parents had greater odds of being obese, OR= 3.7 (95% CI, 1.6-8.3), p = 0.01) and of having abdominal obesity, OR = 3.2 (95% CI, 1.4-7.1, p = 0.01). Children from migrant parents have greater risk of higher consumption of potato chips, OR = 8.0 (95% CI, 2.1-29.1, p = 0.01). Children from non-migrant parents had greater odds of being at risk of hunger.Conclusions: Parental obesity and migration are associated with increased risk of obesity among Mexican children. Children whose parents were born in Baja California have greater odds of being at risk of hunger. Further studies should evaluate the role of migration on risk for childhood obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An association between increased consumption of sugary drinks and various metabolic diseases has been reported. Objective: To evaluate the effect of consumption of sugary drinks on overweight and obesity over a period of 12 months among 15 to 19 years old in Mexico. Methods: A prospective study with a 12 month follow-up was implemented. Variables including weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured, and the z score of body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A questionnaire on the consumption of 19 beverages was applied. A binomial logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the prediction of increased BMI and WC resulting from the consumption of the beverages. Results: At the end of the study there was a rention of 89% (1,344). The average age was 15 years old, 55% were women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity found was 33%. The results determined that 25% of participants consumed more than 50 g of sugar per day from beverages. Those participants consuming 50 g of sugar or more per day had a higher risk for increased WC ≥ 2 cm (RR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.03- 1.39, p = 0.02). The participants that had been consuming sugary drinks for twelve months compared to those with decreased consumption of 10 g/day, were 71% more likely to have increased their BMI score ≥ 2 (RR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.03-2.86, p = 0.039). Conclusion: The high consumption of sweetened beverages increases the likelihood of being heavier and having a larger waist circumference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: some experts have suggested out that low carbohydrate diets (LCD) are more effective for weight loss and glycemic control. However, long term results are controversial.Objetive: to review and analyze randomized control studies that evaluate the effect of LCD on weight and metabolic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes for a period equal to or greater than 10 months.Methods: a systematic review was conducted on randomized trials registered in PubMed, EBSCOhost and Scielo to May 15th 2015, published in English and Spanish, with the following search data: "diabetes mellitus" AND "carbohydrate restricted diet" OR "restricted carbohydrate diet" OR "low carbohydrate diet" AND "weight loss".Results: four studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 444 participants between 18-70yo. Follow-up time ranged between 10 to 24 months. Three out of the four studies reported weight reduction with LCD. However, when LCD were compared with other diets no significant differences in weight loss or A1C levels were observed.Conclusions: this review showed that three of four studies on the LCD were effective for weight loss over a period of 10 to 24 months. However, there was no evidence showing better results than those observed with other diets. Nor, difference in A1C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increasing overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) prevalence in Mexican children warrant the assessment of the environmental risk factors. Objective: To assess whether there is an association between food availability in children's environments and their food consumption with BMI 7,-score and waist circumference (WC). Methods: Six hundred and eighty four children, 264 parents, 22 teachers and cafeteria staff in the schools and street vendors participated in the study. Weight, height, and WC of 5,h grade children were assessed. Food frequency, physical activity (PA) and eating habits questionnaires were applied to parents, children and teachers. A food inventory questionnaire was applied to parents, cafeteria staff in the schools, street vendors and stores near the schools. Results: The children's mean age was 10.5. Twenty eight per cent of the children were overweight, 26% obese and 25% had abdominal obesity. A positive correlation was found between energy-dense foods (EDF), fruit and vegetable availability at home and their weekly consumption. Also a correlation between consumption of soft drinks and other EDF was found. The largest contributors to food consumption were the availability at home and at school (R2 = 0.11, p = 0.0001). Children's TV viewing was positively correlated with parents TV viewing time. For each hour of increase (from cero to seven) in daily TV viewing children were more likely to be overweight or obese (OR=1.22 95% Cl 1.02-1.45, p=0.026). Conclusion: EDF, fruit and vegetable availability in and near home and school along with hours of TV viewing were positively associated with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is a pandemic disease in Latin America. The purpose of this review was to analyze the studies exploring food advertising in TV conducted in Latin-American countries and in the USA geared to Hispanics. Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SCIELO, and CINAHL, databases and open access internet, of food advertising directed to children in TV in Latin American countries and Hispanics living in the USA, published from 1985 to January, 2015 Results: Twenty three studies were found, six were conducted in Chile, five in Mexico, four in Brazil, three among Hispanics in the USA, and one in each of the following countries: Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Honduras and Venezuela. A high exposure of TV food advertised is geared toward children and their family. This exposure has been shown to be associated with the preference and purchase of those foods by adults and children with a high BMI, overweight and obesity. Conclusion: An alarming high exposure of the TV food advertised directed toward children was reported, which warrants effective regulations, supervision and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adiposity has been described as a risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective: To conduct a systematic review of prospective studies assessing risk factors of adiposity indicators for developing NAFLD. Methodology: All prospective studies in English and Spanish from January 2005 to December 2013 published in the database MEDLINE/PubMed, with a follow up greater than or equal to one year were reviewed. The quality of the articles was assessed using GRADE criteria. Results: Total study population was 10,640 (6,394 men and 4,246 women), and the age range was 20-88 years. Five prospective studies met the inclusion criteria and the follow-up ranged from one to seven years. The diagnostic criteria used were ultrasonography (4) and computed tomography (1). The OR of BMI, waist circumference and weight gain ranged from 1.19 to 1.43, 1.04 to 2.15 and 1.21 to 1.57, respectively. Conclusion: A consistent relationship between adiposity indicators and NAFLD was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adiposity has been described as a risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective: To conduct a systematic review of prospective studies assessing risk factors of adiposity indicators for developing NAFLD. Methodology: All prospective studies in English and Spanish from January 2005 to December 2013 published in the database MEDLINE/PubMed, with a follow up greater than or equal to one year were reviewed. The quality of the articles was assessed using GRADE criteria. Results: Total study population was 10,640 (6,394 men and 4,246 women), and the age range was 20-88 years. Five prospective studies met the inclusion criteria and the follow-up ranged from one to seven years. The diagnostic criteria used were ultrasonography (4) and computed tomography (1). The OR of BMI, waist circumference and weight gain ranged from 1.19 to 1.43, 1.04 to 2.15 and 1.21 to 1.57, respectively. Conclusion: A consistent relationship between adiposity indicators and NAFLD was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gestational diabetes has been associated with obesity later in life. However, reported results have not been consistent and the methods used have shown weakness. Objective: To analize prospective and retrospective cohort studies that assess the gestational diabetes effects on adiposity indicators in the offspring during their first 18 years. Methodology: A search was made for prospective or retrospective cohort studies registered in Medline/ Pubmed database, from January 2011 to September 2013 that evaluated the gestational diabetes effects on adiposity indicators at birth or after birth. Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 472,959 pairs of mother and child were studied. Children age at the moment of evaluation ranged from birth to 18 years. In nine out of eleven articles an association between gestational diabetes and adiposity indicators was observed. In seven studies adjustments for potential confounders (pre gestational BMI, maternal age) were made. In five of those an association between gestational diabetes and adiposity was found. Conclusion: The results of this review indicate that the evidence showing that gestational diabetes increase adiposity indicators later in life is moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gestational diabetes has been associated with obesity later in life. However, reported results have not been consistent and the methods used have shown weakness. Objective: To analize prospective and retrospective cohort studies that assess the gestational diabetes effects on adiposity indicators in the offspring during their first 18 years. Methodology: A search was made for prospective or retrospective cohort studies registered in Medline/ Pubmed database, from January 2011 to September 2013 that evaluated the gestational diabetes effects on adiposity indicators at birth or after birth. Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 472,959 pairs of mother and child were studied. Children age at the moment of evaluation ranged from birth to 18 years. In nine out of eleven articles an association between gestational diabetes and adiposity indicators was observed. In seven studies adjustments for potential confounders (pre gestational BMI, maternal age) were made. In five of those an association between gestational diabetes and adiposity was found. Conclusion: The results of this review indicate that the evidence showing that gestational diabetes increase adiposity indicators later in life is moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is recommended that a healthy lunch packs (LP) should include fruits, vegetables and whole grains, but LP have been found to be unhealthy. Several studies have explored the efficacy of promoting the inclusion of fruits and vegetables in the LP. We have not found published systematic reviews of randomized intervention trials that assess the efficacy of these interventions. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of interventions addressed to improve the quality of the content of LP and the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in /PubMed and Ebsco data base, of randomized intervention trials published up to April 2013. Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria, which included 2.5 to 11yo children. The time of intervention ranged from 0.5 to 10 months, and the retention rate was 75%. In all the studies a significant increase in the quantity of fruit and vegetables in the LPs and their consumption in the intervention group was observed. Conclusions: this review shows a consistent and positive effect of intervention programs addressed to improve the quality of the LPs and the consumption of fruits and vegetables among school age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Association between sugar sweetened beverages consumption and several metabolic diseases has been observed. Aim: To analyze randomized studies among 16 yo children of 52 weeks of intervention assessing the effect of the reduction of sugar sweetened beverages, carbonated drinks, flavored drinks, and fruit juices on adiposity indicators. Methods: Medline was searched for randomized controlled trials published up to August 21st, 2013. The following search terms were used: 'Sugar Sweetened Beverages' and 'Weight gain'. Papers without basal or final data, without accurate description of control groups and those without the eligibility criteria were excluded. Results: Three studies met the eligibility criteria. In the three studies an increase among the adiposity indicators were observed among those with sugar beverage consumption or a reduction in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among those with reduction of sugar beverages. Conclusion: This result show the evidence of a positive effect of the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages on adiposity indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An association between consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) and metabolic diseases has been observed. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze randomized clinical trials (RCT) of 18 or more weeks of intervention among 13 year old individuals, which examined the consumption of SSB on adiposity indicators. Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted in the PubMed database of RCT studies published up to April 10th, 2013. Term used for this search was 'Sugar Sweetened Beverages'. Results: Four studies were found. In one of the studies, after the reduction of SSB consumption, a small reduction of BMI was observed (p = 0.045). Another study showed that the reduction of 355 ml/day was associated with a weight loss of 0.7 kg (95% CI: 0.2-1.1, p = 0.01). In a different study, in the group consuming regular Coke, an increase in the visceral: abdominal subcutaneous fat ratio, was observed (p = 0.01). In another study, there were no differences on adiposity between the intervention and control groups. Conclusion: The results of this review indicate a trend toward an effect of the consumption of SSB on adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is recommended that a healthy lunch packs (LP) should include fruits, vegetables and whole grains, but LP have been found to be unhealthy. Several studies have explored the efficacy of promoting the inclusion of fruits and vegetables in the LP. We have not found published systematic reviews of randomized intervention trials that assess the efficacy of these interventions. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of interventions addressed to improve the quality of the content of LP and the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in /PubMed and Ebsco data base, of randomized intervention trials published up to April 2013. Results: Four studies met the inclusion criteria, which included 2.5 to 11yo children. The time of intervention and follow-up ranged from 4 to 24 months, and the retention rate was ≥ 75%. In all the studies a significant increase in the quantity of fruit and vegetables in the LPs and their consumption in the intervention group was observed. Conclusions: this review shows a consistent and positive effect of intervention programs addressed to improve the quality of the LPs and the consumption of fruits and vegetables among school age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An association between consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) and metabolic diseases has been observed. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze randomized clinical trials (RCT) of 18 or more weeks of intervention among ≥ 13 year old individuals, which examined the consumption of SSB on adiposity indicators. Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted in the PubMed database of RCT studies published up to April 10th, 2013. Term used for this search was “Sugar Sweetened Beverages". Results: Four studies were found. In one of the studies, after the reduction of SSB consumption, a small reduction of BMI was observed (p = 0.045). Another study showed that the reduction of 355 ml/day was associated with a weight loss of 0.7 kg (95% CI: 0.2-1.1, p = 0.01). In a different study, in the group consuming regular Coke, an increase in the visceral: abdominal subcutaneous fat ratio, was observed (p = 0.01). In another study, there were no differences on adiposity between the intervention and control groups. Conclusion: The results of this review indicate a trend toward an effect of the consumption of SSB on adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Association between sugar sweetened beverages consumption and several metabolic diseases has been observed. Aim: To analyze randomized studies among ≤ 16 yo children of ≥ 52 weeks of intervention assessing the effect of the reduction of sugar sweetened beverages, carbonated drinks, flavored drinks, and fruit juices on adiposity indicators. Methods: Medline was searched for randomized controlled trials published up to August 21st, 2013. The following search terms were used: “Sugar Sweetened Beverages" and “Weight gain". Papers without basal or final data, without accurate description of control groups and those without the eligibility criteria were excluded. Results: Three studies met the eligibility criteria. In the three studies an increase among the adiposity indicators were observed among those with sugar beverage consumption or a reduction in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among those with reduction of sugar beverages. Conclusion: This result show the evidence of a positive effect of the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages on adiposity indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess physical activity promotion programs in school children from 6 to 12 years old. METHODS: Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of physical activity studies with an intervention period equal to or more than 12 months, published in the databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, EBSCO and SPORTDiscus through may 2010 were searched. RESULTS: Seven studies were analyzed. Overall, the study design, the follow-up periods, the ethnic characteristics of the population, and the instruments used to evaluate the interventions were heterogeneous. The outcomes showed moderate impact of intervention programs to increase the physical activity in children and adolescents. In two of the studies was observed an increase in the physical activity and in five of the studies no significant difference in the physical activity assessed with accelerometers and pedometers. CONCLUSION: In five out of seven studies it was not shown statistical differences in cpm, including the longest experimental study. These results suggest the need of designing studies including modifications in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess physical activity promotion programs in school children from 6 to 12 years old. Methods: Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of physical activity studies with an intervention period equal to or more than 12 months, published in the databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, EBSCO and SPORTDiscus through may 2010 were searched. Results: Seven studies were analyzed. Overall, the study design, the follow-up periods, the ethnic characteristics of the population, and the instruments used to evaluate the interventions were heterogeneous. The outcomes showed moderate impact of intervention programs to increase the physical activity in children and adolescents. In two of the studies an increase in physical activity was observed and in five of the studies no significant difference in the physical activity assessed with accelerometers and pedometers was observed. Conclusion: Five out of seven studies did not show statistical differences in cpm, including the longest experimental study. These results suggest the need to design studies including modifications in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different glycemic load diets on biochemical data and body composition, in overweight and obese subjects, during a 6-month period. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was an experimental, randomized, parallel design. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical data were measured at baseline at 3 and at 6 months. All subjects completed 3-day dietary intake diaries at the baseline period and during the third and the sixth months. At the sixth month, LGL group had a mean intake of 1,360 ± 300 kcal/day and the high glycemic load group (HGL) had a mean intake of 1,544 ± 595 kcal/day. RESULTS: LGL group obtained a weight reduction of 4.5% (p = 0.006) and the HGL group of 3.0% (p = 0.18). Significant reductions in waist circumference (5%, p = 0.001) of the LGL group were observed, 10% of body fat percentage (p = 0.001), 4.3 kg (13%) of body fat (p = 0.001), 14% of total cholesterol (p=0.007), 35% of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (p = 0.001), and 10% of HOMA (p = 0.009). In the HGL group, reductions of 4.5% of waist circumference (p = 0.02), 37% of HDL (p = 0.002), and an increase of 8 % of LDL (p = 0.04) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that long term LGL diets are more effective for reducing body mass index, body fat, waist circumference and HOMA and, therefore, may contribute in the prevention of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the association of maternal migration to Baja California, body mass index (BMI) status, children's perceived food insecurity, and childhood lifestyle behaviors with overweight (BMI > 85% ile), obesity (BMI > 95% ile) and abdominal obesity (Waist Circumference > 90% ile). Methods: Convenience sampling methods were used to recruit a cross-sectional sample of 4th, 5th and 6th grade children and their parents at Tijuana and Tecate Public Schools. Children's and parents' weights and heights were measured. Children were considered to have migrant parents if parents were not born in Baja California. Results: One hundred and twenty-two children and their parents were recruited. The mean age of the children was 10.1 ± 1.0 years. Forty nine per cent of children were overweight or obese. Children with obese parents (BMI > 30) had greater odds of being obese, Odds Ratio (OR) 4.9 (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.2-19, p = 0.03). Children with migrant parents had greater odds of being obese, OR= 3.7 (95% CI, 1.6-8.3), p = 0.01) and of having abdominal obesity, OR = 3.2 (95% CI, 1.4-7.1, p = 0.01). Children from migrant parents have greater risk of higher consumption of potato chips, OR = 8.0 (95% CI, 2.1 -29.1, p = 0.01). Children from non-migrant parents had greater odds of being at risk of hunger. Conclusions: Parental obesity and migration are associated with increased risk of obesity among Mexican children. Children whose parents were born in Baja California have greater odds of being at risk of hunger. Further studies should evaluate the role of migration on risk for childhood obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different glycemic load diets on biochemical data and body composition, in overweight and obese subjects, during a 6-month period. Research design and methods: This study was an experimental, randomized, parallel design. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical data were measured at baseline at 3 and at 6 months. All subjects completed 3-day dietary intake diaries at the baseline period and during the third and the sixth months. At the sixth month, LGL group had a mean intake of 1,360 ± 300 kcal/day and the high glycemic load group (HGL) had a mean intake of 1,544 ± 595 kcal/day. Results: LGL group obtained a weight reduction of 4.5% (p = 0.006) and the HGL group of 3.0% (p = 0.18). Significant reductions in waist circumference (5%, p = 0.001) of the LGL group were observed, 10% of body fat percentage (p = 0.001), 4.3 kg (13%) of body fat (p = 0.001), 14% of total cholesterol (p=0.007), 35% of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (p = 0.001), and 10% of HOMA (p = 0.009). In the HGL group, reductions of 4.5% of waist circumference (p = 0.02), 37% of HDL (p = 0.002), and an increase of 8 % of LDL (p = 0.04) were observed. Conclusions: These results suggest that long term LGL diets are more effective for reducing body mass index, body fat, waist circumference and HOMA and, therefore, may contribute in the prevention of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery has increased substantially in the last years. However, there are controversies of the long-term efficacy and safety. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (BGRY) and gastric banding (Band) in randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. METHODS: We searched for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies of BGRY and Band, with a follow-up > 48 months, with description of weight loss, complications and mortality. RESULTS: Four randomized trials and one cohort study met the inclusion criteria. Mean weight loss was greater with BGRY (27%-39%) than with Band (13%-35%). In both procedures the complication rate is high. Second operation rate is higher with Band. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes observed from this revision are not sufficient to generalize the efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery to population attended at different health care systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bariatric surgery has increased substantially in the last years. However, there are controversies regarding its long-term efficacy and safety. Objective: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (BGRY) and gastric banding (Band) in randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. Methods: We searched for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies of BGRY and Band, with a followup ≥ 48 months, with description of weight loss, complications and mortality. Results: Four randomized trials and one cohort study met the inclusion criteria. Mean weight loss was greater with BGRY (27%-39%) than with Band (13%-35%). In both procedures the complication rate is high. Second operation rate is higher with Band. Conclusions: The outcomes observed from this revision are not sufficient to generalize the efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery to the population attended at different health care systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beneficial effect of intentional weight loss on mortality is controversial. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and analyze the quality of prospective studies that assess weight loss on mortality. An electronic search at MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, and EBSCO data base, of studies with a follow-up of five or more years, published from January, 2000 to October, 2009, was conducted. Quality of the studies was assessed by Simonsen's criteria. Twenty studies were analyzed. At the beginning of the studies, the age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 101 years. Nine studies included those who intended to loose weight. The quality of the studies ranged from 8 to 17 points (out of 20). Weight loss increased the mortality rate in 15 studies and decreased it in 5. Seven of the studies assessing intention to loose weight showed that weight loss increased the mortality rate, whereas in two the mortality rate decreased. In three out of the four studies that assessed weight fluctuation, the mortality rate increased. These results underline the importance of preventing weight increase, as well as the need to avoid gaining or loosing weight more than 4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the association of overweight and obesity with insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemic among 12 to 15 year olds from private and public schools in Chiapas. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with a random selection of 259, 12 to 15 year old teenagers from private and public middle schools. Conventional methods were used to measure body weight, height and blood pressure. After a 14-hour fasting period, a blood sample was taken for glucose, total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin levels. HDL-cholesterol and HOMA-IR were estimated. Weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age were calculated using the CDC tables for growth. To assess the difference between overweight and obesity by gender and type of school a X2 and t-test was performed in order to evaluate the mean difference between biochemical indicators of normal and overweight adolescents. The Mann-Whitney test was conducted to assess differences in blood pressure. RESULTS: Observations included high prevalence of overweight (19%) and obesity (13%) with no difference between type of school, gender, or group of age (Table 2). High prevalence of hipercholesterolemia (26%), LDLcholesterol (7%), HDL hypolipoproteinemia (3%), triglycerides (10%), systolic blood pressure (6%), and metabolic syndrome (1.6%) were also observed. The BMI was associated to total lipid, total cholesterol, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels. The Overweight and obese had higher levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and blood pressure and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association of overweight and obesity with insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemic among 12 to 15 year olds from private and public schools in Chiapas. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a random selection of 259, 12 to 15 year old teenagers from private and public middle schools. Conventional methods were used to measure body weight, height and blood pressure. After a 14-hour fasting period, a blood sample was taken for glucose, total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin levels. HDL-cholesterol and HOMA-IR were estimated. Weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age were calculated using the CDC tables for growth. To assess the difference between over-weight and obesity by gender and type of school a X²2 and t-test was performed in order to evaluate the mean difference between biochemical indicators of normal and overweight adolescents. The Mann-Whitney test was conducted to assess differences in blood pressure. Results: Observations included high prevalence of overweight (19%) and obesity (13%) with no difference between type of school, gender, or group of age (Table 2). High prevalence of hipercholesterolemia (26%), LDL- cholesterol (7%), HDL hypolipoproteinemia (3%), triglycerides (10%), systolic blood pressure (6%), and metabolic syndrome (1.6%) were also observed. The BMI was associated to total lipid, total cholesterol, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels. The Overweight and obese had higher levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and blood pressure and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity in Mexico has reached epidemic proportions; and body image and body satisfaction might be culturally related. Body dissatisfaction has been related to low self-esteem. The aim of this study was to assess the range of perception among Mexican teachers and parents of the ideal body size of adults, boys and girls. Two-hundred and five teachers and eighty parents from Tijuana and Tecate schools participated in the study. Participants were asked to indicate the ideal body size for each group, as well as their own ideal body size. Average perception of ideal body weight for adults 35 to 45 years of age was 4.0 ± 0.84. Average perception for boys and girls was 4.6. Positive correlations were shown between self-perception of body size and body mass index (0.62, P < 001), waist circumference (0.55, P < 0.001). Self-perception of body size was associated with perception of ideal body size for boys (0.23, P 0.001) and girls (0.22, P < 0.001), but BMI was not associated to perception of ideal body size for boys and girls. These results suggest that teachers and parents should be taught to more accurately assess excess weight status and to initiate action to prevent or correct excessive weight among children and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the prevalence of risk of overweight, overweight, and the perception of hunger among Mexican children from Indian and migrant parents over the periods of 2001 and 2003 Method: A total of 1,200 and 1,452 children were measured to assess anthropometric status and their perception of hunger experience. Results: There was no difference between 2001 and 2003 in the total prevalence of risk of overweight and overweight in either boys or girls. The prevalence of abdominal obesity is higher in the 2003 group than in the 2001 group among girls older than 9y (p < 0.001). During 2003, the risk of hunger was higher (58%) than in 2001 (46%). Conclusion: The prevalence shown in our study is alarming since these children suffering from food insecurity have higher risk to develop obesity and diabetes during adulthood, particularly if they show rapid catch-up fat after periods of economic recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and diabetes are epidemics in Mexico and the prevalence is currently highest among the low-income population. The aim of the present study was to compare the action of different breakfasts on satiety and subsequent food intake among healthy women. Eight healthy women participated in the study. Participants were given four experimental breakfasts. Visual analogue rating scales were completed before and every 30 minutes for 3 hours after each experimental meal to record subjective feelings of satiety. Subjects were exposed to an ad libitum buffet 3 h after the experimental breakfast. Energy and macronutrient intakes were calculated at each meal. Mean ± SD SAUC for white bread was 355 ± 60, for rice and bananas: 405 ± 108, for whole wheat bread and boiled beans: 446 ± 83, and for fruit salad: 585 ± 79 (Table II). Statistical differences were observed among the four experimental meals (p = 0,002). After the consumption of white bread, energy intake was the highest with 872 ± 58 kcal, and after the consumption of fruit salad the intake of calories was the lowest: 461 ± 51 kcal. Energy intake 4 h after each breakfast shows statistical differences (p = 0,0001). These results suggest the need to promote culturally based combined foods with high fiber and low GI, as well as foods with high volume and water content. This approach might contribute to the prevention of obesity by increasing satiety and reducing food consumption and energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify the consumption of beverages among high school Mexican studentsand to determine obesity (OB) and abdominal obesity (AB). Differences in range and calorie beverage consumption between gender and BMI categories were calculated with the Mann-Whitney test. We assessed 1,677 students 15 to 17 yo. The prevalence of OB and AO was 15% and 53% in men and 12% and 47% in women. The consumption of energy, sugary drinks, and alcohol in milliliters and kilocalories per week, was higher in men (p = 0.001). More than 70% of students consumed per daymore than 25 g/day of sugar from beverages, and more than 38% consumed more than 50 g/day of sugar. This high risk food consumption warrants immediate intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritionists play a major role in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Currently, fat phobia among nutrition students and health workers is resulting in health and social consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the fat phobia among nutrition college students of two schools from different regions in Mexico. Six hundred and thirty 18 to 25 yo nutrition students participated in the study. Fat phobia was assessed using the F-scale, containing 14 pairs of adjectives that described people with obesity. Participants achieved a mean F-scale score of 3.45, which could be considered a moderate amount of fat phobia. Only twelve per cent showed neutral or positive attitudes towards obesity (≤ 2.5), while negative attitude (≥ 2.5) was observed among 88% of all students showing a high prevalence of fat phobia towards obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented relating to medical research on the prevalence of obesity in Latin America.

Introduction: Water intake has been proposed for weight loss; however, the evidence of its efficacy is limited. The aim of this study was to systematically review the randomized clinical trials that assessed the effect of water consumption on weight with a follow up ≥ 12 weeks. A systematic query-based search was performed on PubMed, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library to identify eligible records that quantitatively measured body weight change after interventions. This review included six RCTs that reported different strategies for weight loss achievement: increasing daily water intake, replacement of caloric beverages with water, and premeal waterload. All the studies showed a weight loss effect after follow-up, ranged from -0.4 kg to -8.8 kg with a mean percentage of weight loss of 5.15%. The most effective intervention among the studies was the replacement of caloric beverages with water. The quality of the evidence for the primary outcome of weight loss was rated low to moderate. The main limitation of these results is the short-term follow up-period. In conclusion, despite 5.15% of weight loss, the low to moderate quality of evidence and the short term of follow-up are limitations to support evidence-based recommendations of water consumption for weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo habla de los efectos prolongados de la dieta Mediterránea sobre la pérdida de peso. Los resultados del estudio muestran semejanzas entre los efectos de la dieta Mediterránea y de una dieta baja en grasas debido al déficit de energía en vez del tipo de dieta.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "The “Healthy Lifestyle Guide Pyramid” for Children and Adolescents," by M. González-Gross, J. J. Gómez-Lorente, J. Valtueña, and J. C. Ortiz y A. Meléndez in a 2008 issue.

El artículo presenta un análisis de una investigación que enfoca en la obesidad infantil. Según el autor, actitudes negativas sobre la obesidad tienen que ver con ideas falsas en médicos mexicanos. El artículo ofrece dos tablas que contienen las estadísticas de un cuestionario.

Introduction: different studies have shown a strong relationship between self-monitoring and weight loss. The objective of this review was to analyze randomized clinical trials using self-monitoring as a strategy for weight loss.Methods: a search was conducted in PubMed database of randomized controlled trials using self-monitoring for weight loss in adults, published in English and Spanish, from January 1st, 2009 to April 30th, 2015. The sample size, age, weight loss, BMI, intervention strategy, duration, and retention rate, were recorded.Results: six studies met the selection criteria. The intervention and the follow-up ranged from 3 to 12 months. The study population ranged from 18-74 years of age and included subjects from 50-329. Weight loss ranged from 1.14 to 2.1 kg in the control group and -1.27 to -6.1 kg in the intervention group. The six studies determined a greater weight loss in the self-monitoring group with moderate to high evaluation evidence.Conclusion: greater weight loss was consistently found in the self-monitoring group. These results suggest the need to use self-monitoring as a strategy for weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: prospective trials that assess the effect of weight loss on all-cause mortality have shown controversial results. We conducted a systematic review of prospective studies, with a follow up ≥10y, assessing the association of weight loss and weight cycling with all cause- mortality.Methods: we searched Pubmed of prospective studies with a follow up of ≥10y, published from January 1st 2004 to December 31th 2014.Results: nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Five studies assessed the association between weight loss and mortality, two of the studies examined weight cycling and mortality, and two other weight loss and weight cycling with mortality. Weight loss increased all-cause mortality in those that assessed weight loss and mortality. In the two studies evaluating the association between weight cycling and mortality, weight cycling made no difference on mortality. In the two studies assessing weight loss and weight cycling, results showed weight cycling increased mortality in both of them, and weight loss increased mortality in one study.Conclusion: six out of seven (≥10 y of follow up) prospective studies showed that weight loss was associated with increased mortality; the results from studies assessing weight cycling were inconsistent. None of the studies found evidence showing that weight loss improved life expectancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In most Latin American countries, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, growth stunting, morbidity and mortality are highly present in children. Single micronutrient deficiencies such as zinc have been associated to growth retardation. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomized control trials that examined the association between zinc supplementation and children s growth in Latin America. METHODOLOGY: An electronic literature search was conducted with the keywords 'Micronutrients supplementation and growth' in the PubMed databases, of RCT, published from January 2005 to April 2013. There were 279 RCT found assessing the effect of zinc supplementation on linear growth; 34 were conducted in Latin American countries, of which five met the inclusion criteria. A study referred by other authors was also included. RESULTS: Six studies were analyzed. The studies were conducted in Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Ecuador, and Guatemala. None of the studies analyzed observed the positive effect of zinc on lineal growth. CONCLUSIONS: The conducted review suggests that zinc supplementation has not a significant effect on linear growth; however, zinc supplementation might be beneficial over lineal growth to zinc-deficient children, if other deficient nutrients are added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In most Latin American countries, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, growth stunting, morbidity and mortality are highly present in children. Single micronutrient deficiencies such as zinc have been associated to growth retardation. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomized control trials that examined the association between zinc supplementation and children s growth in Latin America. Methodology: An electronic literature search was conducted with the keywords "Micronutrients supplementation and growth" in the PubMed databases, of RCT, published from January 2005 to April 2013. There were 279 RCT found assessing the effect of zinc supplementation on linear growth; 34 were conducted in Latin American countries, of which five met the inclusion criteria. A study referred by other authors was also included. Results: Six studies were analyzed. The studies were conducted in Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Ecuador, and Guatemala. None of the studies analyzed observed the positive effect of zinc on lineal growth. Conclusions: The conducted review suggests that zinc supplementation has not a significant effect on linear growth; however, zinc supplementation might be beneficial over lineal growth to zinc-deficient children, if other deficient nutrients are added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of obesity among Mexicans is alarming in both the child and adult populations. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in pre-school (PS), elementary (ES), and middle high (MHS) public school children from Tijuana. From February to April of 2011, a bietapic random sample was selected by cluster method of 30 PS, 30 ES, and 30 MHS children. And a sample of 30 groups for each level was chosen. Twenty elementary teachers and eight graduate students were trained at one central location on how to take anthropometric measurements using a portable scale, a stadiometer, and a measuring tape to determine weight, height, and waist circumference. Body Mass Index values were computed and compared to age/gender BMI percentiles according to WHO criteria. Waist circumference for-age at the 90th percentile from NHANES III (Mexican-American) was used to define abdominal obesity. The sample was composed of 646 PS children, 961 ES children, and 1,095 MHS children. Their ages ranged from 4- 16 years. Results showed an overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in younger than 5y preschool children (> 2 SD) of 23.1%, in >= 5 y PS (> 1 SD) of 33.8%, in ES children of 46.3%, and in MHS children of 41.9%. Abdominal obesity in PS children was 18%, in ES children was 16.7%, and in MHS children was 15.2%. These results warrant immediate and comprehensive actions to prevent a critical public health problem in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of obesity among Mexicans is alarming in both the child and adult populations. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in pre-school (PS), elementary (ES), and middle high (MHS) public school children from Tijuana. From February to April of 2011, a bietapic random sample was selected by cluster method of 30 PS, 30 ES, and 30 MHS children. And a sample of 30 groups for each level was chosen. Twenty elementary teachers and eight graduate students were trained at one central location on how to take anthropometric measurements using a portable scale, a stadiometer, and a measuring tape to determine weight, height, and waist circumference. Body Mass Index values were computed and compared to age/ gender BMI percentiles according to WHO criteria. Waist circumference for-age at the 90th percentile from NHANES III (Mexican-American) was used to define abdominal obesity. The sample was composed of 646 PS children, 961 ES children, and 1,095 MHS children. Their ages ranged from 4-16 years. Results showed an overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in younger than 5y preschool children (> 2 SD) of 23.1%, in > 5 y PS (> 1 SD) of 33.8%, in ES children of 46.3%, and in MHS children of 41.9%. Abdominal obesity in PS children was 18%, in ES children was 16.7%, and in MHS children was 15.2%. These results warrant immediate and comprehensive actions to prevent a critical public health problem in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of prospective studies that examined the association between sugar-sweetened beverage intake before 6y of age and later weight or BMI status among older children. An electronic literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, and EBSCO databases of prospective studies published from 2001 to 2011. Seven studies were analyzed. The study population was from 72 to 10,904 children. Three studies showed a consistent association between SSB intake before 6 y of age and increased weight, BMI, or waist circumference later in childhood, one study showed a positive trend of consumption of SSB and childhood obesity and the OR for incidence of overweight by baseline beverage intake was 1.04, another study it was observed that an increase in total sugar intake and sugar from sweets and beverages in children 1-2 y of age and 7-9 y of age have a tendency to increase BMI, and two studies showed no association. In conclusion, although the trend of the reviews studies, indicate an association between sugar-sweetened beverage intake before 6 y of age and increased weight, BMI or waist circumference later in childhood, to date, the results are inconsistent, and the two studies with the higher number of children showed a positive association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of prospective studies that examined the association between sugar-sweetened beverage intake before 6y of age and later weight or BMI status among older children. An electronic literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, and EBSCO databases of prospective studies published from 2001 to 2011. Seven studies were analyzed. The study population was from 72 to 10,904 children. Three studies showed a consistent association between SSB intake before 6 y of age and increased weight, BMI, or waist circumference later in childhood, one study showed a positive trend of consumption of SSB and childhood obesity and the OR for incidence of overweight by baseline beverage intake was 1.04, another study it was observed that an increase in total sugar intake and sugar from sweets and beverages in children 1-2 y of age and 7-9 y of age have a tendency to increase BMI, and two studies showed no association. In conclusion, although the trend of the reviews studies, indicate an association between sugar-sweetened beverage intake before 6 y of age and increased weight, BMI or waist circumference later in childhood, to date, the results are inconsistent, and the two studies with the higher number of children showed a positive association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of childhood obesity interventions among Hispanic children in the United States. An electronic search was conducted to identify articles published in the PubMED, CINAHL and EBSCO databases. Keyword that used included 'Latino', 'Hispanic', 'childhood', 'obesity', 'interventions'. The inclusion criteria were: published in English from January 2001 to January 2012, studies equal or longer than 6 months of follow-up, Hispanic children and obesity prevention studies (RCT or Quasi-experimental studies). We found 10 studies for inclusion in this review, seven RCT and three Quasi-experimental studies, published from 2005 to January 2012. Overall, improvements in BMI and z-BMI across studies were inconsistent. Only two studies had a follow-up of 3 years, and the most recent study showed an increase in the proportion of children classified as obese. The overall quality rate of evidence with respect to reducing BMI or the prevalence of childhood obesity was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of childhood obesity interventions among Hispanic children in the United States. An electronic search was conducted to identify articles published in the PubMED, CINAHL and EBSCO databases. Keyword that used included "Latino", "Hispanic", "childhood", "obesity", "interventions". The inclusion criteria were: published in English from January 2001 to January 2012, studies equal or longer than 6 months of follow-up, Hispanic children and obesity prevention studies (RCT or Quasi-experimental studies). We found 10 studies for inclusion in this review, seven RCT and three Quasiexperimental studies, published from 2005 to January 2012. Overall, improvements in BMI and z-BMI across studies were inconsistent. Only two studies had a follow-up of 3 years, and the most recent study showed an increase in the proportion of children classified as obese. The overall quality rate of evidence with respect to reducing BMI or the prevalence of childhood obesity was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of long-term consumption of nuts, seeds and vegetable oil (NSO) on weight, glucose, and lipid levels. Methods: We searched English articles published in Pubmed and Ebsco up to May 2011. Studies were included if they were randomized clinical trials, and had an intervention period of 24 or more weeks. Search terms include: 'diabetes mellitus', 'Nuts', 'Diet Mediterranean', 'Seeds', 'Oils', 'Canola oil', 'Olive oil','Walnut', 'Almond', 'Pistachio', 'Paleolithic diet', 'High monounsaturated diet', 'High polyunsaturated diet', 'Soya' and 'Sunflower'. Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria; eight studies had a 24 weeks intervention period, one had 42 weeks, one had 48 weeks, and for the other three the intervention lasted 52 or more weeks. At 24 weeks a consistent increase of HDL levels and inconsistent improvement of weight, BMI, waist to hip index, A1C, total cholesterol, LDL: HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure was observed. Four studies with an intervention >= 48 weeks showed no statistical difference, and in one study a reduction of weight, BMI, waist hip index, glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL: cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure was observed. Conclusion: No evidence of long-term improvement of NSO on weight, glucose or lipids in the adult population was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]