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Within Mycoplasma genus, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis or U. urealyticum are the main species that have been traditionally linked to infectious processes. However, there are many other species involved in these conditions and that are, frequently, unfamiliar to healthcare professionals. The aim of this review is to identify all Mycoplasma genus species that have been isolated in human beings and to determine their involvement in infectious pathology., (©The Author 2021. Published by Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).)

Objective: Acinetobacter baumannii infections have increased over time becoming a significant issue. Consequently, those applications that allow to predict the evolution of an outbreak and the relevance of the different control methods, are very important. The design of mathematical models plays a central role in this topic., Methods: Development of a deterministic mathematical model based on ordinary differential equations whose variables and parameters are defined upon the basis of knowledge of the epidemiology and characteristics of A. baumannii. This model is analyzed from a qualitative point of view and, also, its computational implementation is derived., Results: Several simulations were obtained developed from different initial conditions. The qualitative analysis of these simulations provides formal evidence of most effective control measures., Conclusions: The implementation of the computational model is an extremely useful tool in terms of managing A. baumannii outbreaks. There is mathematical proof of the fact that the observance of efficient hygiene and screening rules reduces the number of infected patients.

The various species included in the genus Clostridium are very heterogeneous, both from a phenotypic and a phylogenetic point of view. The advances in polyphasic taxonomy, particularly in phylogeny, are allowing to resolve this dysfunction reclassifying several species in other genres, although there is still work to be done. Changes in generic denominations are quite normal in taxonomy, but can turn into a problem when they affect species with strong clinical impact and that have been recognised for a long time, as in the case of some traditional Clostridium species. After knowing these changes clinical microbiologists, in whose work taxonomy is an essential tool, should evaluate what matters most, if the communication with other health professionals or the phylogeny, and think about the possibility of combining both things. This paper reviews some of the taxonomic changes that have took place in well-known Clostridium species that can be clinically interesting and evaluates, as far as possible, their significance in the scientific and medical communication.

Objective: To know the most relevant epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) between 2005- 2014 in the province of Salamanca (Spain)., Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out through review of the clinical microbiologic records at Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. Detection was performed according to standard methodology., Results: 2.6% of stool samples analyzed for detection of C. difficile toxins (9,103) were positive. The average prevalence was 6.8 cases per 100,000 people per year. The mean age was 65 ± 21.4 years and the median 70 years. 59% of cases occurred in patients over 64 years, with an average prevalence of 16.5 (4 times higher than the 15-64 group). Most cases (86.4%) occurred in hospitalized patients, and the group of over 64 had the highest percentage of hospital CDI, with 55%., Conclusions: A significant increase in the number of requests and in the prevalence of CDI over the decade studied is observed, and prevalence rates were significantly lower than those of other studies. The percentage of CDI increased significantly in both inpatient and community. Age and hospitaliza-tion were risk factors for developing CDI. After the introduc-ion of a molecular detection technique in 2014, the prevalence increased, being 2.5 times higher than 2013.

Objective: In Spain there are not many updated population studies about salmonellosis, despite being one of the most common etiologies of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) caused by bacteria in the world. The aim of the study was to know the most relevant epidemiological features of AGEs produced by Salmonella spp. between 2005 and 2014 in Salamanca (Spain)., Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out through review of the clinical microbiologic records at Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. Culture, isolation, identification and serotyping were performed according to standard methodology., Results: Salmonella was isolated in 1,477 patients, representing 47.7% of all positive stool cultures and 53.3% of all income bacterial AGE. The average prevalence was 42.1 cases/100,000 people per year. The mean age was 23 ± 28 years and the median 7 years. 40.2% of all isolates occurred in children under 5 years, with an average prevalence of 45.1 cases/ 10,000 people per year. Overall, the most frequently isolated serotype was S. Typhimurium with 57%, followed by S. Enteritidis with 35.8%., Conclusions: The prevalence of Salmonella decreased over time. The group aged 0-4 years had the highest rate throughout the period. However, Salmonella produced the highest percentage of hospitalizations for bacterial AGE. In recent years, S. Typhimurium serotype has replaced S. Enteritidis serotype and predominates in younger patients. It is observed under-reporting of cases of salmonellosis produced in Salamanca despite being mandatory notification of these since 2007.

Noma is an aggressive orofacial gangrenous pathology that damages hard and soft tissues of the mouth and the face. Throughout the centuries it has been present around the globe, but nowadays it has practically disappeared from developed countries and mainly affects children from the most disadvantaged places, especially in Africa. Noma disease is a multifactorial process; malnutrition, debilitating diseases (bacterial or viral systemic diseases, HIV-associated immunosuppression, etc.) and intraoral infections are some of the factors implied. The characteristic tissue necrosis is produced by a polymicrobial infection. Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacillus cereus, Trueperella pyogenes, spyrochetes, etc, are some of the species that have been isolated from the affected areas. Without treatment, noma is lethal in a short period of time, and the patients that survive show severe sequelae that hinder their life and interpersonal relationships. The aim of this paper is to unify the existing information and to promote wider knowledge and awareness among the population.

Introduction: Although in past decades, Acinetobacter baumanni infections have been sporadically identified in hospitals, nowadays the nosocomial infections due to this pathogen have notably increased. Its importance is due to its multidrug- resistance, morbidity and mortatility in healthcare settings. Consequently, it is important to predict the evolution of these outbreaks in order to stablish the most efficient control measures. There are several experimental studies shown that the compliance with hand and environmental hygiene and the efficient management of the healthcare work help to control the evolution of these outbreaks. The goal of this work is to formally proof these experimental results by means of the analysis of the results provided by the model., Methods: A stochastic mathematical model based on cellular automata was developed. The variables and parameters involved in it have been identified from the knowledge of the epidemiology and main characteristics of Acinetobacter infections., Results: The model provides several simulations from different initial conditions. The analysis of these results proofs in a formal way that the compliance with hand and environmental hygiene and an efficient plannification of the work of healtcare workers yield a decrease in the colonized patients. Moreover, this is the unique model proposed studying the dynamics of an outbreak of A. baumanni., Conclusions: The computational implementation of the model provides us an efficient tool in the management of outbreaks due to A. baumanni. The analysis of the simulations obtained allows us to obtain a formal proof of the behaviour of the measures for control and prevention.

This work deals with the study of the use of mathematical models to simulate the spreading of infectious diseases. There is no doubt about the importance of the use of computational tools that allow the health staff to model and predict the spreading of an infectious disease. Using such tools one can establish and simulate disease control strategies. The development of such technologies is a multidisciplinary issue; in this sense, the mathematical algorithms -that must be computationally implemented- play a central role. The main goal of this work is to highlight among health community the increasing importance of the use of mathematical models for epidemic disease spreading. Consequently, the main features of such models are introduced and their classification is stated taking into account the behavior, the basic population unit or the mathematical objects used. An exhaustive search of related papers through the most important databases (Medline and Web of Science) are performed. The main conclusion obtained from this work is the central role that mathematical models can play in the simulation of epidemic spreading; moreover,some ideas about the future research are stated.

The antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest challenges of the international health community. The study of antibiotic resistance must be a multidisciplinary task and, in this sense, the main goal of this work is to analyze the role that Mathematical Modeling can play in this scenario. A qualitative and cuantitative analysis of the works published in the scientific literature is done by means of a search in the most important databases: MEDLINE, SCOPUS and ISI Web of Science. Consequently, there are few papers related to our topic but the existing works have been published in high-quality and impact international journals. Moreover, we can state that mathematical models are a very important and useful tool to analyze and study both the treatments protocols for resistance prevention and the assesment of control strategies in hospital environtment, or the prediction of the evolution of diseases due to resistant strains.

A review of some antibacterial products is done motivated by the serious situation arisen by the antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The attention is focus on those drugs with suitable antimicrobial properties that have prospects to be commercialized in the next years because of they are undergoing a clinical development phase (I, II, III). The search for these antibacterial products has been done by an exhaustive study of conference proceedings and web pages of international congresses on chemotherapy, infectious diseases and new antimicrobial drugs. Some of the new antibacterial products acts on known targets, and they belong to already used families. Furthermore, the great majority acts against the gram-positive bacterium. There is also some limited-spectrum antimicrobial drug whose use would minimize the adverse biological effects.

Among the antimicrobial agents, antibacterials are the most frequently mentioned in cinematographic plots. Nevertheless, it is not uncommon to come across other antiviral agents, especially antiretrovirals and antiprotozoals. We analyzed the presence of antiviral and antifungal agents in different commercial films, both when they were merely mentioned in passing and when they played a major role in the film. This review essentially aims to address the historical portrayal of these agents in film and to list their appearances. The fictional treatments that appear in some films are not addressed.

Numerous procedures used as antibacterial therapy are present in many films and include strategies ranging from different antimicrobial drugs to surgery and supporting measures. Films also explore the correct use and misuse of antimicrobial agents. Side effects and other aspects related to antibacterial therapy have also been reflected in some films. This article refers to the presence of antibacterial agents in different popular movies. There are movies in which antibacterial agents form part of the central plot, while in others it is merely an important part of the plot. In still others, its presence is isolated, and in these it plays an ambient or anecdotal role.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the microorganisms causing uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections in the community and their susceptibility to cefixime and another six antimicrobials in frequent use in Spain. In 1998, we conducted an open, prospective study of 1,000 consecutive patients in five large provincial capitals who had positive urine culture, met the inclusion criteria, and were referred to the microbiology laboratory for urinalysis on an outpatient basis. The procedures for sample collection, transportation, laboratory techniques and the evaluation criteria were the same in all cases. The prevalence of the microorganisms found was similar to that published in the last few years by authors of various studies in Spain. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacteria (82.67% of the Gram-negative bacteria). The decrease in susceptibility of the isolates to the antimicrobials most empirically used was confirmed in these infections at the general practitioner's. Therefore, it is suggested that cefixime, an oral cephalosporin with the greatest activity against these microorganisms, is useful.