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Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common event in cardiovascular disease. Carvedilol, a β-blocker with multiple pleiotropic actions, is widely used for the treatment cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of carvedilol on alleviating MI are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the beneficial effects of carvedilol were associated with regulation of microRNA-1 (miR-1). It was demonstrated that carvedilol ameliorated impaired cardiac function and decreased infarct size in a rat model of MI induced by coronary artery occlusion. Similarly, carvedilol reversed the H2O2-induced decrease in cardiomyocyte viability in a dose-dependent manner. The in vivo and in vitro models demonstrated the downregulation of miR-1 following treatment with carvedilol. Overexpression of miR-1, a known pro-apoptotic miRNA, decreased cell viability and induced cell apoptosis. Transfection of miR-1 abolished the beneficial effects of carvedilol. The expression of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), a direct target of miR-1, was identified to be decreased in MI and H2O2-induced apoptosis, which was associated with a decrease in Bcl-2 and an increase in Bax; expression was restored following treatment with carvedilol. It was concluded that carvedilol partially exhibited its beneficial effects by downregulating miR-1 and increasing HSP60 expression. miR-1 has become a member of the group of carvedilol-responsive miRNAs. Future studies are required to fully elucidate the potential overlapping or compensatory effects of known carvedilol-responsive miRNAs and their underlying mechanisms of action in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]