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From the start of digital video microscopy over 20 years ago, single particle tracking has been dominated by algorithmic approaches. These methods are successful at tracking well-defined particles in good imaging conditions but their performance degrades severely in more challenging conditions. To overcome the limitations of traditional algorithmic approaches, data-driven methods using deep learning have been introduced. They managed to successfully track colloidal particles as well as non-spherical biological objects, even in unsteady imaging conditions.

This article concentrates on the analysis of mercury concentration in uneven-aged needles of different wood species on the territory of Altay Region. The following original data is given: level of mercury accretion and peculiarities of allocation depending on a strain of conifers, needles age, and landscape and climate conditions. The mercury content increases in the zone of impact of cities along the vector of the prevailing winds.

The study of biological objects using a light microscope is one of the main methods of diagnostic practice in many areas of natural science. Most modern methods of researching objects using a light microscope include preliminary preparation of objects. However, in this case it is impossible to achieve a high degree of reliability of information about the object under study.

The paper aims to study the criteria of harmony by example of protective coloration for antelopes and dynamics of the parameters for human cardiovascular system at different stages of obesity. The criteria of harmony reflecting the adaptive mechanisms of the biological objects under consideration are obtained. In the case of antelopes (Taurotragus oryx), criteria of harmony chosen were colorimetric parameters of protective coloration, subjected to change due to the domestication of these animals. In the case of the human cardiovascular system, the parameters of heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were selected. The results of the simulation show that the increase in body weight, due to hypodynamia in women, leads to a deterioration of the harmony of the dynamics of the cardiovascular system. As a criterion of harmony, the variety of combinations of values observed in the cycle of changes of these parameters built in the result of modeling is used. A similar dependence takes place in the example of protective coloration of antelopes. As a criterion of harmony, in this case, a variety of combinations of colorimetric parameters of the protective color of antelopes is used. The results of mathematical modeling obtained in the work allow us to propose a new approach to finding a universal criterion of harmony of living systems related to biodiversity and adaptation to living conditions.

Optical structure disturbances localization algorithm for time-resolved diffuse optical tomography of biological objects is described. The key features of the presented algorithm are: the initial approximation for the spatial distribution of the optical characteristics based on the Homogeneity Index and the assumption that all the absorbing and scattering inhomogeneities in an investigated object are spherical and have the same absorption and scattering coefficients. The described algorithm can be used in the brain structures diagnosis, in traumatology and optical mammography.

It was shown /1,2/ that laser FIR emission has an influence on biological objects, in particular it has the effect on cells growth velocity /2/. Investigation of FIR emission - biological object interaction mechanism needs to carry out experiments on biological macromolecules.

Of great interest for the researches is the influence of electromagnetic emission on biological objects. This paper describes the effect of far-infrared radiation on the process of growth of A.laidlawii cells as a function of culture age.

One of the promising methods for early diagnosis of malignant diseases of the respiratory organs and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is now considered a fluorescence method. Application autofluorescence phenomenon in endoscopy allows to obtain a fluorescent image of the mucosa, which shows the difference in the intensity of the autofluorescence of healthy and the affected tissue in the green and red regions of the spectrum. The result of the work is to determine on the basis of scientific research and prototyping capabilities of creating fluorescence video endoscope and the development of fluorescent light (illuminator FLU) for videoendoscopy complex. The solution of this problem is based on the method of studying biological objects in lifetime condition.

Design and fabrication of appropriate biocompatible microstructures that ensure fixation and control of experimental conditions for live cell and bacteria observations is an important prerequisite for number of real time experiments. Our approach is to design engineered microfabricated 3D structures for growth of cells in culture without significant modification of their metabolic state. Presented approach is aimed at evaluation of the potential applicability of biocompatible constructs in the biomedical field and thus live cell monitoring in controlled conditions. Design and evaluation of properties of materials and structures with mesoscopic arrangement and their interaction with biological objects is a prerequisite for establishment of physiologically relevant in vitro models of pathologies as well as for development of a new generation of nano / micro / bio-sensors.

The results of studies of influence of oil on vegetative biological objects using Raman spectroscopy method are presented. The characteristics of Raman spectra of plants growing under the influence of oil fractions were obtained. The main changes were detected at 605 cm-1 , 840 cm-1 , 2120 cm-1 wavenumbers, which is associated with increasing concentration of bromine, aromatic carbons and methane in plant leaves.

Object of study: The research is aimed at development of personalized medical treatment. Algorithm was developed for patient-specific surgical interventions of the cardiovascular system pathologies. Methods: Geometrical models of the biological objects and initial and boundary conditions were realized by medical diagnostic data of the specific patient. Mechanical and histomorphological parameters were obtained with the help mechanical experiments on universal testing machine. Computer modeling of the studied processes was conducted with the help of the finite element method. Results: Results of the numerical simulation allowed evaluating the physiological processes in the studied object in normal state, in presence of different pathologies and after different types of surgical procedures.

The force exerted by optical tweezers can be measured by tracking the momentum changes of the trapping beam, a method which is more general and powerful than traditional calibration techniques as it is based on first principles, but which has not been brought to its full potential yet, probably due to practical difficulties when combined with high-NA optical traps, such as the necessity to capture a large fraction of the scattered light. We show that it is possible to measure forces on arbitrary biological objects inside cells without an in situ calibration, using this approach. The instrument can be calibrated by measuring three scaling parameters that are exclusively determined by the design of the system, thus obtaining a conversion factor from volts to piconewtons that is theoretically independent of the physical properties of the sample and its environment. We prove that this factor keeps valid inside cells as it shows good agreement with other calibration methods developed in recent years for viscoelastic media. Finally, we apply the method to measuring the stall forces of kinesin and dynein in living A549 cells. Publisher PDF

A method of reducing measuring time of temperature measurements of biological objects based on preheating the resistance temperature detector (RTD) up to the temperature close to the temperature to be measured, is proposed. It has been found that at the same measuring time, the preheating allows to decrease the measurement error by a factor of 5 to 45 over the temperature range of 35-41°С. The measurement time is reduced by 1.6-4 times over this range, keeping the same value of the measurement error.

The article concerns the development of the methods and systems for non-invasive optical diagnostics of tissues. The problems of information content tissue backscattering characteristics, planning the optical measurements and the interpretation of the data of optical sensing of the tissue by fibre-optic devices and systems of multispectral video reflectometry are considered.

Developmental biology studies frequently require rapid analysis of the morphology of a large number of embryos (highthroughput analysis). Conventional microscopic analysis is time-consuming and, therefore, is not well suited for highthroughput analysis. OCT facilitates rapid generation of optical sections through small biological objects at high resolutions. However, due to light scattering within biological tissues, the quality of OCT images drops significantly with increasing penetration depth of the light beam. We show that optical clearing of fixed embryonic organs with methyl benzoate can significantly reduce the light scattering and, thereby, improves the usability of OCT for high-throughput analysis of embryonic morphology.

We have devised an analytical and sorting system combining optical trapping with Raman spectroscopy in microfluidic environment, dedicated to identification and sorting of biological objects, such as living cells of various unicellular organisms. Our main goal was to create a robust and universal platform for non-destructive and non-contact sorting of micro-objects based on their Raman spectral properties. This approach allowed us to collect spectra containing information about the chemical composition of the objects, such as the presence and composition of pigments, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids, avoiding artificial chemical probes such as fluorescent markers. The non-destructive nature of this optical analysis and manipulation allowed us to separate individual living cells of our interest in a sterile environment and provided the possibility to cultivate the selected cells for further experiments. We used a mixture of polystyrene micro-particles and algal cells to test and demonstrate the function of our analytical and sorting system. The devised system could find its use in many medical, biotechnological, and biological applications.

The work is devoted to the analysis of tools for the research of the indicatrix of scattering optical radiation by biological objects and their systematization. Simulation of system of spatial photometry for biomedical diagnostics which is designed to research the scattering within the solid angle 4π and the system of determining the optimal photometric distance of various biological structures were made.

Lensless imaging has recently attracted a lot of attention as a compact, easy-to-use method to image or detect biological objects like cells, but failed at detecting micron size objects like bacteria that often do not scatter enough light. In order to detect single bacterium, we have developed a method based on a thin wetting film that produces a micro-lens effect. Compared with previously reported results, a large improvement in signal to noise ratio is obtained due to the presence of a micro-lens on top of each bacterium. In these conditions, standard CMOS sensors are able to detect single bacterium, e.g. E.coli, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis, with a large signal to noise ratio. This paper presents our sensor optimization to enhance the SNR; improve the detection of sub-micron objects; and increase the imaging FOV, from 4.3 mm2 to 12 mm2 to 24 mm2, which allows the detection of bacteria contained in 0.5μl to 4μl to 10μl, respectively.

Active contactless optical sorting of microobjects represents very useful technique in many areas of biology, chemistry, and medicine. We suggest here a configuration that combines optical sorting, trapping, excitation, and detection paths and provides efficient sorting of biological samples according to their various parameters (fluorescence, Raman spectrum, CCD image, motion etc.). This approach is based on the shape of the laser beam and we succeeded in sorting of several types of living microorganisms.

A specially developed complex, combining functions of optical and force microscopy, was used for investigation human blood cells, namely erythrocytes. The evaluation of the red blood cells form has a significant practical interest, so far as it determines the functional states of these cells and may change under the influence of many external factors and also in the case of some pathology. We received erythrocytes surface topography recorded by atomic force microscopy in the air conditions comparing two methods of simples' preparation. Also we derived the contrast image of cytoskeleton spatial structure of intact red blood cells and made the quantitative analysis of their elastic properties using the techniques of force spectroscopy. The possibility of the investigations of these biological objects using atomic force microscopy gives wide opportunities for the future research.

There have been theoretically analyzed the ways of the formation of the polarization singularities of the biological tissues images of various morphological structures. There have been also experimentally examined the coordinate distributions of a single and doubly degenerated polarization singularities of the physiologically normal and pathologically changed biological tissues.

It is well known that weak electromagnetic fields of extremely high frequencies cause significant modification of the functional status of biological objects of different levels of organization. The aim of the work was to study the combinatory effect of metronidazole - the drug form of 1-(2'hydroxiethil)-2-methil-5-nitroimidazole - and electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequencies (52...75 GHz) on the hemolytic stability of erythrocytes and hemotaxis activity of Infusoria Paramecium caudatum .© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The ultra-weak photon emission is an intrinsic and spontaneous process in biological objects without any external excitation and is referred to as "biophoton emission". This paper reports the design of the rotation ellipsoidal cavity that was used in detecting ultra-weak photon emission from biological objects. The cavity can assemble the photons from biological sample at one focal plane of the rotation ellipsoidal cavity to the photomultiplier tube at another. The paper discusses the mathematical model of the cavity and the efficiency of collecting photons with the cavity. The measuring results for biological sample are given. The results are shown that the efficiency of collecting photons for the system with the cavity is evidently raised.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using optically polarized 3 He is a new and very promising diagnostic method for studying structure and function of lungs. A novel low field MRI system based on permanent magnet and a home-built 3 He polarizing unit is presented. The system is designed to perform experiments on small animals. First 'H and 3 He images of phantoms, small biological objects, and rat lungs in vivo are shown.

Dynamic interferometry is a highly sensitive means of obtaining phase information that can determine phase at rates of a few measurements per second. The sensitivity of these phase-measurement instruments is on the order of thousandths of a wavelength at visible wavelengths enabling the measurement of small temperature changes and thermal fields surrounding living biological objects. Temperature differences are clearly noticeable using a visible wavelength source because of subtle changes in the refractive index of air due to thermal variations between an object and the ambient room temperature. Living objects can also easily be measured over a period of time to monitor changes as a function of time. This technique has many promising applications in biological and medical sciences for studying thermal fields around living objects. In this paper we compare differences in thermal fields measured with dynamic phase-measuring interferometry surrounding room temperature and body temperature inanimate objects as well as living biological objects at data rates of many measurements per second.

Simplified pretreatment of biological objects united chemical (HNO3+H2O2) and further photochemical sample oxidation has been suggested. Optimization of conditions was performed using the method of fractional factorial design of experiments. Availability of excimer gas discharge excilamp based on working molecule XeBr* has been shown as an alternative to mercury quartz at pretreatment of biological objects of complex organics. The XeBr-excilamp is remarkable by its long lifetime and operation reliability.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A bioferroelectric approach to analysis of ferroelectric behavior of biological systems is presented. The optical properties of nerve fibers, biomembrane ion channels, and purple membrane films containing bacteriorhodopsin are analyzed. The features, influence of the proton subsystem and proton transfer on the hydrogen-bonded biomolecular structures are analyzed within the ferroelectric liquid-crystal model and possible biomedical applications discussed. The ferroelectric behavior of biological systems and the set of various bioferroelectric effects are considered within the limits of phenomenological theory of ferroelectrics. The nonlinear response to weak actions under conditions critical to human organism is one of specific features characterizing biological objects on molecular, cell and organism levels.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The results of theoretical and experimental investigations of pulsed optoacoustic (PA) method for tomography of biological objects in the requency range 1-10 MHZ at the depths up to 5 centimeters are presented. Some key problems of imaging are to reduce the effect of surface PA pulse and enhance the contrast of imaging. In this paper, we propose compensation methodology to restrain the noise signal of the surface, and apply the methodology to reconstruct PA tomography

The choice of acoustical receiver for deep investigating of biological tissues by pulsed optoacoustic (OA) method is described. Acoustical receiver is one of the fundamental parts of the device for AO diagnostics. This unit includes acoustical transducer and matched radio frequency amplifier. Received signals are stored and processed mathematically. Complexity of such processing is strongly dependent on acoustical receiver parameters. Acoustical receivers diffuser by used transducer type, registered signal frequency bandwidth, measurement resolution and sensitivity. All these factors determine quality of object tomographic image. The report includes both theoretical and experimental results demonstrating that application of resonant acoustical receivers with simplified transducers allows to improve inverse filtering procedure providing spatial resolution comparable with that for quasi-resonant transducers. This work was supported by RFBR.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The ways of development of high sensitive area IR sensors for medical thermovision, conducted at National Research Institute (NRI) 'Electron' (Russia) are presented. Registration of temperature and spectral variation of IR illumination from small area of human's skin (or other biological objects) in wide spectral range requires use of an area IR sensor of large format, operating in signal accumulation mode. It is shown that IR Schottky Barrier (SB) CCDs comply with majority of requirements and are the most suitable for the purpose from cost/quality point of view. The basic parameters of an area IR SB CCDs and IR cameras for 1,5 - 5,5 μm spectral range, developed at 'Electron' NRI and program of development IR cameras for 1,2 - 12 μm for medical applications are considered.

New method and instrument intended for checking the content of biology particles in dimension band 0.1-10.0 mkm in water flow is described in this report. The instrument measures the intensity of light scattered by the particles suspended in liquid flow when they are crossing the laser beam. The results of studying light scattered by platelet and bacterium's such a Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus lutteus in such a liquid mediums as physiological solution and glucose solution are described.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The original program was developed for biological objects imaging using the data obtained with laser scanning microphotometer. The program might be applied for two- dimension data arrays visualization.

The problem of the study of an ordered movement of the biological systems by high-resolution light scattering spectroscopy is discussed. The class of the objects for investigation of their dynamic properties in the water solutions is determined. The early experimental results of the observed peculiarities of the macromolecular motility by the example of DNA are presented.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We have developed a new assay in which two mesoscale particles are caused to collide using two independently controlled optical tweezers. This assay involves the measurement of the adhesion probability following a collision. Since the relative orientation, impact parameter (i.e., distance of closest approach), and collision velocity of the particles, as well as the components of the solution, are all under the user's control, this assay can mimic a wide range of biologically relevant collisions. We illustrate the utility of our assay by evaluating the adhesion probability of a single erythrocyte (red blood cell) to an influenza virus-coated microsphere, in the presence of sialic acid-bearing inhibitors of adhesion. This probability as a function of inhibitor concentration yields a measure of the effectiveness of the inhibitor for blocking viral adhesion. Most of the inhibition constants obtained using the tweezers agree well with those obtained from other techniques, although the inhibition constants for the best of the inhibitors were beyond the limited resolution of conventional assays. They were readily evaluated using our tweezers-based assay, however, and prove to be the most potent inhibitors of adhesion between influenza virus and erythrocytes ever measured. Further studies are underway to investigate the effect of collision velocity on the adhesion probability, with the eventual goal of understanding the various mechanisms of inhibition (direct competition for viral binding sites versus steric stabilization). Analysis of these data also provide evidence that the density of binding sites may be a crucial parameter in the application of this assay and polymeric inhibition in general.

A new method of dental introscopy in-vitro is suggested by the authors. This method implies the usage of longitudinal tomography techniques and is characterized by non-invasive and non-harmful diagnostics features, as well as interactive regime of image reconstruction which lets an operator (doctor) to control the diagnostics process in real time. He-Ne laser emission is used for obtaining of the projections. By the means of longitudinal tomography, images of different sections of an object (tooth) can be reconstructed. An experiment was held by the authors in which 100 projections of a tooth (premolar) were obtained and images of 10 different sections were reconstructed. These images were later compared to real sections of the tooth. This experiment proved that optical longitudinal tomography can be successfully used for dental introscopy. Authors claim that optical tomographic methods can be used for diagnostics of other biological objects as well. Such objects are characterized by spatial geometrical anisotropy (tubular bones, phalanxes of fingers, penis, etc.). It is especially promising to use this method for children's dentistry. the authors discuss some features of the data acquisition system for optical longitudinal tomography. Reconstruction algorithms are described. The results of experimental reconstruction are presented and advantages of this diagnostics method are discussed.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The existing laboratory optical methods do not fulfill in full measure the modern accuracy and operational requirements. Primarily this is due to the high sensitivity of the methods to the changes of the optical and electronic signals passing condition, to the optical elements and cuvettes pollution, etc. These drawbacks can be eliminated at the elimination of the dependence of the methods error on the apparatus constants of emitting-receiving and measuring blocks, optics pollution, etc. Below the description is being given to the variant of methodological errors elimination technique in the laboratory optical investigations (illustrated by the example of attenuation coefficient (transparency) determination of optically transparent biological objects).

Radioprotective effect of low-power laser light is a common discussion nowadays. However, specific features of laser radiation do not influence on the results of low-power light effect on biological objects. Taking into consideration the simplicity of the device to produce the luminescence and the possibility to change the radiation range it seems reasonable to study the radiomodifying effect of luminescent light.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The determination of the mean velocity of biological objects providesessential information about different biological systems: (1) motilitymeasurements of microorganisms to test the water quality, (2) motilitytest of spermatozoa, and (3) blood flow measurements in capillaries. Adescription of these phenomena in terms of the speckle effect showsthe correlation between the spectrum of the time dependence of thespeckle pattern and the mean object velocity. No severe assumptionsmust be made. In the case of blood flow, one can differentiate betweenthe blood flow and a superimposed movement of the surrounding tissue. 2 . INTRODUCTION Laser light scattering provides information about the velocitydistribution of objects. The intensity signal of the laser light scattered at a certain angle is usually interpreted in terms of theDoppler effect. Theoretical considerations assume a specified velocity distribution of the objects and calculate the corresponding autocorrelation function of the intensity of the light scattered by

Interest in the interaction of low power light with tissues has increased in the last few years. Very often, the stimulating effects of irradiation have been explained by the role of the coherence of laser radiation as it acts upon biological objects. This argument is not convincing and the purpose of the present report is to describe the experiences during two years working with infrared (IR) GaAs light emitting diodes (LED) as clinical light for the therapy of some dental diseases. Equipment was designed and built, FOTOTER, which was approved by the National Health Office (registration No. 7910B). The treatment was practiced on 360 patients. They presented pain on buccal or facial structures and disorders on buccal tissues. Pathologies, number of patients treated, application time in each trigger point, number of sessions, and the relief pain patients are summarized. We conclude that the therapy with IR LED has the same effects as the HeNe and GaAs laser therapy on the biological buccal tissues. We recommend LED therapy for the treatment of these dentistry diseases. © (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The application of probing beam space-angle intensity moments for investigation of optically inhomogeneous biological objects is considered. Special attention is paid to measurements of lens-like inhomogeneities in the presence of scattering caused by small-scale fluctuations of refraction. The results can be used in ophthalmology for non-invasive early detection of cataractous changes in human eye lens and in laboratory experiments with blood fluxes.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We report a development of analytical techniques and a portable high selective analyzer for measuring mercury content in the atmosphere, water, soil and biological objects to use them in ecological monitoring and to control technological processes with mercury and the compounds thereof. Provision of mercury monitoring is made from background to maximum permissible concentration (MPC).© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In this paper we have researched the influence of pollutants made on such biological objects as photosynthesizing systems in order to reveal the capabilities and features of their application as the controlled sensor in integral ecological monitoring systems.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Time profiles of picosecond Nd:YAG-laser radiation transmitted through homogeneous and inhomogeneous scattering models of biological objects contrasted by new dyphtalocyanine dyes have been investigated. These dyes have specially synthesized as the contrasting substances for biological tissues in order to increase signal-to-noise ratio in optical image processing. By using this dye contrasting technique the ratio improvement has been demonstrated in time-resolved experiments on determination of inner details for some model biological objects.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Theis method facilitates and makes convenient and portable X..ray imaging ofsmall biological objects (grains, leaves, insects, etc.) almost instantly and without any wet developing processes. The key technology that makes that possible is photothermoplastic carrier (film) that is sensitive to the X-rays. Small biological object is placed into an imaging camera, exposed to an X-ray source and the image is registered on the photothermoplastic film. The development process is very simple heating the film to approx.70degrees Celsius fully develops the image, which remain stable after cooling. The camera is ready to the next job. The whole device could be made quite portable and can be used in field research. Our first experimental portable system weigh about 40 lb.

One of the important problems of the theory and practice of spectroscopy of live biological objects is determination of mechanisms of photochemical and biological processes under the influence of light irradiation. As a part of this the revelation of relationship between chemical peculiarities of photosensitizers, their photochemical behavior, and their biological influence character is significant.

Some living biological objects were investigated with `AiryScan'--computer- aided Phase Microscope with spatial resolution up to 0.05 micrometers and time resolution 1 ms. Influence of ATP on the frequency and intensity of Infuzoria Paramecium Caudatum and Unio pictorium cilia beat were observed.

An influence of IR laser irradiation (up to 60 mW) and magnetic field (up to 200 mT1) on reparative process and proliferative potency of cells has been studied in experiments. Irradiation modulation by the frequencies from 1 to 1000 Hz has varied an output laser power. The parameters of magneto-laser action used in this work make it possible to deliver laser energy to maximum depth in biological tissues. It has been shown that there are concrete diapasons of biostimulating doses and frequencies of IR laser irradiation and low magnetic field. An increase of wound closure rate in vivo and proliferative activity of cells in vitro takes place under the magneto-laser effect.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.