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In this work an implementation of angular sensor movements is made based on the Sagnac effect, made it in volume optics, using a detection method of the interference lines and its amplified pattern. The new devices of sensing through optical systems, have given a new vision of measurement and instrumentation, guiding to new studies on designs and prototypes of themselves. An example of these developments is the advance in devices of sensing in fiber optic, such is the fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) which is based on the Sagnac effect. This device has a great sensitivity because the area enclosed by the interferometric ring, is through a fiber optic coil, which increases the sensitivity and diminishes the size of the device. It is possible to indicate that in previous years, with the technology then existing, the utility to use the Sagnac effect like a gyroscope was very limited, because it was just employed to measure angular movements of great magnitudes and with very big areas, since there was not the optical detection systems of the great sensitivity that now exist or coherent sources with high power, indispensable elements in the implementation of the system. For that reasons, the application of this effect began to grow with the development of the fiber optic, and was possible diminish the size and increase the area of the device. Thus the Sagnac effect in volume optics was relegated by the fiber optic interferometer. Nevertheless using the new electronic systems of amplification and optoelectronic devices that now exist, we have rescued the Sagnac effect in volume optics to make measurements of angular velocities in an interferometric system of 0.25m2. For this work, was necessary to create a detection system of great quality, this was made using a detection method of the interference lines and amplification of the interferometric pattern.

Throughout all this paper we are going to analyze one application of the optical beam deflection method (OBDM), the procedure for its development, as well as its ideal implementation to reach measurements of displacements that could be the most accurate and of the smaller scale possible, this condition is essential for the magnitude of the results to evaluate. We also give an application of the OBDM such as a fine particle densimeter principally in solids. This present work will analyze the laser beam deflection technique, the procedure to apply, as well as its ideal implementation in order to obtain measures of displacements that can sense to the most exact and the smaller possible scale, obtaining results from microns, micrometers and even, until nanometers. Our objectives that are considered in this investigation are two: the first one is to build a device based on this technique, make accurate measures on a very low scale, which could be reliable and in the order of scale of microns until nanometers. The second objective that we are searching is to obtain an alternative method for verify the values of density that some substances that are hard to get like titanium oxide.

Most of the investigations that exist about the interferometer of Sagnac in our days, are made through fiber optic, which has the great advantage of having a big area size in very little space wound in a nucleus. The first interferometers of Sagnac, were used for very big angular speeds measures, it didn't have the advances to carry out detections of small signs, because the measurements systems like photo-detectors, amplifiers, filters, etc. didn't have the capacity of the systems that now exist. That is one reason that our experiments are based on the electronic advances, to make detections of phase changes of until less than 0.1 nm with area of 0.025 m 2 . Besides we proposed changes in the original interferometer diagram, adding some elements that can help s to achieve a bigger sensibility, accuracy and reduction of noise. Another of the advantages of use an interferometer of Sagnac, is work directly with the beams that travel through it, because we can observe the behavior from the optic road to external physical effects, like angu lar velocity or speed and little movements. Finally the acquisition devises and the software were used for calculate the angular frequency of the sensor directly from the experiment and know the parameters of the movement. Keywords : Fiber optic gyroscope, Sagnac’s interferomete r, optic interference, electronic stage.

We propose a simple technique for determining the refractive indices of highly absorbing materials. This method uses two transmittance measurements at oblique incidence. A theoretical analysis of the proposed method is presented. The refractive index of water was experimentally determined with a relative error ranging from 0.12% to 1.3%. We discuss the extension of this method to spectroscopic measurements.

Most of the investigations that exist about the interferometer of Sagnac in our days, are made through fiber optic, which has the great advantage of having a big area size in very little space wound in a nucleus. The first interferometers of Sagnac, were used for very big angular speeds measures, it didn't have the advances to carry out detections of small signs, because the measurements systems like photo-detectors, amplifiers, filters, etc. didn't have the capacity of the systems that now exist. That is one reason that our experiments are based on the electronic advances, to make detections of phase changes of until less than 0.1 nm with area of 0.025 m2. Besides we proposed changes in the original interferometer diagram, adding some elements that can helps to achieve a bigger sensibility, accuracy and reduction of noise. Another of the advantages of use an interferometer of Sagnac, is work directly with the beams that travel through it, because we can observe the behavior from the optic road to external physical effects, like angular velocity or speed and little movements.

Throughout all this paper we are going to analyze one application of the optical beam deflection method, the procedure for its development, as well as its ideal implementation to reach measurements of displacements that could be the most accurate and of the smaller scale possible, this condition is essential for the magnitude of the results to evaluate. We also give and introduction of the optical beam deflection method, it is characteristics and some of their latest applications as an auxiliary technique on research and commercial fields. This present work will be analyzed the laser beam deflection technique, the procedure to apply, as well as its ideal implementation in order to obtain measures of displacements that can sense to the most exact and of smaller possible scale, obtaining results from microns, micrometers and until nanometers. The importance of this work resides in that the technique although is simple and has easy implementation, the results that can hurtle they are very reliable; thanks to it, the laser beam method of deflection has been not only diffused in many fields of the science and the technology of the optics, but also in those where its application is innovating. This has ended up being a technique of huge utility on interdisciplinary use and has been used to measure physical parameters in a great variety of experiments.