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Purpose: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) represents a rare group of inherited inborn errors of immunity (IEI) characterized by bacterial infections, delayed umbilical stump separation, and autoimmunity. This single-center study aimed at describing the clinical, immunological, and molecular characterizations of 34 LAD-I Egyptian pediatric patients., Methods: Details of 34 patients' personal medical history, clinical and laboratory findings were recorded; Genetic material from 28 patients was studied. Mutational analysis was done by Sanger sequencing., Results: Omphalitis, skin and soft tissue infections with poorly healing ulcers, delayed falling of the umbilical stump, and recurrent or un-resolving pneumonia were the most common presentations, followed by chronic otitis media, enteropathy, periodontitis; and recurrent oral thrush. Persistent leukocytosis and neutrophilia were reported in all patients, as well as CD18 and CD11b deficiency. CD18 expression was < 2% in around 90% of patients. Sixteen different pathological gene variants were detected in 28 patients who underwent ITGß2 gene sequencing, of those, ten were novel and six were previously reported. Three families received a prenatal diagnosis. Patients were on antimicrobials according to culture's results whenever available, and on prophylactic Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 5 mg/kg once daily, with regular clinical follow up. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was offered for 4 patients. However due to severity of the disease and delay in diagnosis, 58% of the patients passed away in the first 2 years of life., Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of early diagnosis and distribution of ITGß2 gene mutation in Egyptian children. Further molecular studies, however, remain a challenging necessity for better disease characterization in the region., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited primary immunodeficiency disorder of phagocytes, characterized by recurrent fungal and bacterial infections. Our aim is to describe the different clinical presentations, non-infectious auto-inflammatory features, types and sites of infections, and to estimate the mortality among our large cohort., Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at the Pediatric Department of Cairo University Children's Hospital in Egypt, including cases with a confirmed CGD diagnosis., Results: One hundred seventy-three confirmed CGD patients were included. AR-CGD was diagnosed in 132 patients (76.3%) including 83 patients (48%) with p47 phox defect, 44 patients (25.4%) with p22 phox defect, and 5 patients (2.9%) with p67 phox defect. XL-CGD was diagnosed in 25 patients (14.4%). The most common recorded clinical manifestations were deep-seated abscesses and pneumonia. Gram-negative bacteria and Aspergillus were the most frequently isolated species. Regarding the outcome, 36 patients (20.8%) were lost from follow-up. Among patients with known outcome, 94/137 patients (68.6%) are living, while 43/137 patients (31.4%) died., Conclusion: AR-CGD is predominant in Egypt; CGD must always be ruled out in any patient presenting with typical or atypical mycobacterial or BCG-disease., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of heterogeneous disorders with geographic and ethnic diversities. Although IEI are common in Egypt, genetic diagnosis is limited due to financial restrictions. This study aims to characterize the genetic spectrum of IEI patients in Egypt and highlights the adaptation of the molecular diagnostic methods to a resource-limited setting., Methods: Genetic material from 504 patients was studied, and proper diagnosis was achieved in 282 patients from 246 families. Mutational analysis was done by Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting customized genes panels, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) according to the patients' phenotypes and availability of genetic testing., Results: A total of 194 variants involving 72 different genes were detected with RAG1/2 genes being the most encountered followed by DOCK8, CYBA, LRBA, NCF1, and JAK3. Autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance was detected in 233/282 patients (82.6%), X-linked (XL) recessive inheritance in 32/282 patients (11.3%), and autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance in 18/282 patients (6.4%), reflecting the impact of consanguineous marriages on the prevalence of different modes of inheritance and the distribution of the various IEI disorders., Conclusion: The study showed that a combination of Sanger sequencing in selected patients associated with targeted NGS or WES in other patients is an effective diagnostic strategy for IEI diagnosis in countries with limited diagnostic resources. Molecular testing can be used to validate other nonexpensive laboratory techniques that help to reach definitive diagnosis and help in genetic counseling and taking proper therapeutic decisions including stem cell transplantation or gene therapy., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are heterogeneous disorders that mainly present with severe, persistent, unusual, or recurrent infections in childhood. Reports from different parts of the world indicate a difference between Western and Eastern populations., Aim: The aim of this study was to report on the different patterns of PIDs and identify subgroup characteristics in a highly consanguineous population in Egypt., Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review for children below 18 years diagnosed with PID at Cairo University Pediatric Hospital from 2010 to 2014., Results: Four hundred seventy-six children were diagnosed with PID disorders. Major categories included combined immunodeficiency disorders, which constituted a large proportion (30 %) of cases, along with predominantly antibody disorders (18 %) followed by syndromic combined disorders (16.8 %), phagocytic disorders (13.2 %), immune dysregulation disorders (10.5 %), and autoinflammatory disorders (9 %)., Conclusion: PIDs have different patterns within inbred populations with high consanguinity.

Introduction: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited mutational defect in any of the NADPH oxidase complex, CYBB (gp91-phox), NCF1 (p47-phox), CYBA (p22-phox), NCF2 (p67-phox), or NCF4 (p40-phox) leading to inability of phagocytes to perform effective respiratory burst and thus diminished killing of bacteria and fungi. The identification of defective proteins aids in establishing a diagnosis prior to genetic analysis, which is rather labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming., Aim: The present study aims at assessing the NADPH proteins by performing the intracellular staining with specific monoclonal antibodies and their assessment on flow cytometry. The use of flow cytometry is less laborious and faster to perform than western blot. It also confirms the diagnosis of CGD and detects the affected components allowing proper management of patients., Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients from 25 different kindred, clinically suspected as CGD were recruited in Egypt. Dihydrorhodamine test was performed to confirm the diagnosis of the patients. Intracellular staining of NADPH components using specific monoclonal antibodies was performed followed by flow cytometric analysis., Results: The present study revealed that the most common defective protein in our cohort is p22-phox, found in 13 patients (46.4 % of cases) followed by p47-phox in 8 patients (28.6 %), gp91-phox in 5 patients (17.9 %), and finally p67-phox in 2 patients (7.1 %)., Conclusion: In countries with limited resources and yet large number of CGD patients, the analysis of the defective proteins by flow cytometry is an optimum solution for confirming the diagnosis and is a step for targeted sequencing in families seeking prenatal diagnosis.