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Testicular adrenal rest tumors and adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) - Do not mix up with malignant testicular tumors! Testicular adrenal residual tumors (TARTs) frequently occur in men with adrenogenital syndrome. Without knowledge of AGS, diagnosis is problematic due to difficult differentiation from other testicular tumors. However, early treatment is crucial for maintaining or regaining fertility, among other aspects. This article provides background knowledge for general practitioners., (© 2024. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Tattoos and permanent make-up have enjoyed great popularity during recent years. However, a careful consideration of the risks is made only rarely before each procedure. Above all the undefined pigment compositions create unforeseeable health and appearance problems. The family physician should be familiar with the techniques, materials, as well as the possible risks of tattoos and permanent make-up when advising patients. Medical complications include, among other things, infections, allergies, keloid and granuloma formation.

Fibroblast proliferation is a key process in tissue remodeling and mast cells (MCs) are thought to play a crucial role. Having established that the three major MC products, tryptase, histamine and TNF-alpha (TNF) are normally present in human skin MCs, which are in close proximity to dermal fibroblasts, we studied their individual effects on cell cycle-controlled human dermal fibroblasts (HFFF2). These cells express receptors (H1, PAR2, TNFR1/2) for the major MC mediators, but only tryptase or a PAR2 agonist peptide stimulated proliferation and gene expression. TNF was antimitotic, and histamine, while elevating intracellular Ca2+ levels at high concentrations, did not affect proliferation. We conclude that MC products but also composition and numbers of respective receptors on fibroblasts are crucially responsible for fibroproliferative events.

Acquired disorders of hair growth in women may present clinically either as effluvium or alopecia. The relevant pathologies include androgenetic alopecia, postpartum effluvium, tinea capitis, trichotillomania and alopecia areata.

Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis may be preceded, followed or accompanied by a variety of extra-intestinal diseases affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Amongthe most important of these associated lesions are, for example, erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum.

Diabetes mellitus may be associated with dermatological lesions affecting the skin and mucous membranes. In some cases they may even provide the physician with a first indication that the patient may be suffering from diabetes. Typical examples include necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, acanthosis nigricans and vitiligo.

Sexually transmitted infections caused by viruses include infections by the Herpes simplex virus (HSV), the human papillomavirus (HPV), and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The diagnosis is established on the basis of clinical presentation and the direct demonstration of the antigen or antibodies.