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Aims: In this study, we attempt to compare the pure tone audiometry findings with ossicular chain status intraoperatively in patients of chronic otitis media., Materials and Methods: 102 patients who presented with COM during a period of one year and met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. All patients underwent preoperative pure tone Audiometry and findings were tabulated. All patients were evaluated intraoperatively by the same surgeon and observations were made regarding ossicular chain integrity., Results: Small central perforation was noted in 10%, medium central perforation in 38.57%, large central perforation in 27.14% and subtotal perforation in 24.28%. 71.56% patients had an intact ossicular chain, of which 94.5% was mucosal disease and 5.5% were squamous disease. 29 cases showed eroded/absent ossicles, out of which, 28 had squamous type and 1 case had central perforation. Ossicular status was classified based on Austin Classification. Conductive hearing loss was found to be maximum where all 3 ossicles were eroded/absent, with a mean AB gap of 45.33 and mean air conduction threshold of 60.33., Conclusion: There is a good correlation between the hearing threshold of the patient and the status of ossicular chain. Preoperative knowledge of the degree of hearing loss and status of ossicular chain would allow the surgeon to plan proper ossicular reconstruction and give the patient a better advice regarding prognosis of hearing improvement after surgery., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe author(s) declare none., (© Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

The physical, mental, financial, social and emotional constraints encountered by an individual having voice disorder can be easily anticipated as communication is the utmost need in day to day life and some professions. To study the clinical epidemiology of voice disorders in surrounding population and identify the risk factors. It also intended to make people aware of vocal hygiene programme. This observational, prospective, cross sectional study was conducted in Chirayu medical college and hospital, Bhopal from September 2016 to August 2017. All the patients were subjected to diagnostic flexible video laryngoscopy and stroboscopy and in some patients Chest X-ray PA view, USG Neck, Computerized tomography and Magnetic resonance imaging were advised for the confirmation. Amongst 45 patients who formed this study group, male preponderance was seen with male to female ratio of 2.2:1. Laryngeal malignancy (13 cases) was the commonest pathology, followed by vocal polyp (7 cases) and vocal cord palsy (6 cases). Rare cases of tubercular laryngitis and hemorrhage were also diagnosed. The largest group of patients belonged to labor/farming occupation suggesting the rural referral to this tertiary care center followed by housewives., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestNone., (© Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2021.)

This Retrospective observational study was done over a period of 5 years, consisting of 2530 patients with chronic otitis media (COM) attended ENT OPD of a tertiary care hospital of Central India.COM commonly occurs in the age group from 11 to 20 years (37.12%). Females are more predominantly effected than males. Mucosal type (76.4%) is more common. Complications were associated with squamous type of COM.Pus culture showed positive growth of Pseudomonas in 33.9% cases. COM is a common public health problem that is often wrongly trivialized by people. Health awareness campaign, improved health education and easy accessibility to health care facilities can reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease and therefore can reduce the incidence of this disease., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThere is no conflict of interest., (© Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2017.)

Evaluation of the accuracy of objective diagnostic modalities for nasal obstruction and their comparison to each other to reach the correct diagnosis with minimum cost and highest accuracy. This study was conducted in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal from August 2016 to September 2017. A total of 50 patients from age group 1-70 years irrespective of sex with complaints of chronic nasal obstruction, which were unresponsive to routine appropriate medical therapy, were selected for this study. Comparative study among findings of nasal endoscopy and CT scan of the paranasal sinuses done. After clinical examination, patients were subjected to high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of paranasal sinuses and diagnostic nasal endoscopy (DNE). The diagnostic results of both modalities were compared. The most common symptoms were nasal obstruction and nasal discharge 100%, followed by post nasal drip 62%. The complaints related to eye and ears were less frequent, found in 4% only. CRS (Chronic Rhinosinusitis) was most common pathology of nose for nasal obstruction which is in 72% cases. Sinonasal polyp is present in 20% of cases. Inverted papilloma in 4% cases. Granulomatous disease (Rhinosporidiosis) in 2% cases. Malignancy in 2% cases. In this series of 50 cases, nasal endoscopy revealed various pathological abnormalities mainly in the osteomeatal area. These include mucopurulent discharge in middle meatus seen in 100% of cases (50 patients). This could not be revealed in HRCT. Oedematous and polypoid infundibular mucosa/polyp in nasal cavity in 28% cases (14 patients) where it was not diagnosed in HRCT in three patients. Hence DNE proved superior to HRCT. Other abnormalities detected on nasal endoscopy were septal deviation 80% of cases (40 patients), inferior turbinate hypertrophy 66% of cases (33 patients), middle turbinate hypertrophy/concha bullosa in 48% of cases (24 patients). DNS was diagnosed in 42 patients in HRCT other causes of nasal obstruction such as Agar nasi cell is detected in 16% (8 patients), medialised uncinate process in 16% (8 patients), paradoxical MT in 30% cases were diagnosed more accurately in nasal endoscopy than HRCT. So nasal endoscopy proved better than CT scan. Nasal obstruction is the most common presenting complaint in day to day otolaryngology practice. Nobody would disagree with the role of CT scan and diagnostic nasal endoscopy in diagnosing the nasal and paranasal pathologies. But as a treating physician we are always concerned about early diagnosis and cost effectiveness. At the same time we also have to consider about patient waiting and work load. In this study we attempted to find out whether diagnostic nasal endoscopy can be better then CT scan, so that we can treat our patient appropriately. Though there has been an increased demand for imaging the paranasal sinuses with coronal CT because of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, nasal endoscopy is a better option in diagnosing and assessing the extent of disease and anatomy., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestAll authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2018.)

Control and regulation of mitochondrial and cellular respiration by oxygen is discussed with three aims: (1) A review of intracellular oxygen levels and gradients, particularly in heart, emphasizes the dominance of extracellular oxygen gradients. Intracellular oxygen pressure, pO2, is low, typically one to two orders of magnitude below incubation conditions used routinely for the study of respiratory control in isolated mitochondria. The pO2 range of respiratory control by oxygen overlaps with cellular oxygen profiles, indicating the significance of pO2 in actual metabolic regulation. (2) A methodologically detailed discussion of high-resolution respirometry is necessary for the controversial topic of respiratory control by oxygen, since the risk of methodological artefact is closely connected with far-reaching theoretical implications. Instrumental and analytical errors may mask effects of energetic state and partially explain the divergent views on the regulatory role of intracellular pO2. Oxygen pressure for half-maximum respiration, p50, in isolated mitochondria at state 4 was 0.025 kPa (0.2 Torr; 0.3 microM O2), whereas p50 in endothelial cells was 0.06-0.08 kPa (0.5 Torr). (3) A model derived from the thermodynamics of irreversible processes was developed which quantitatively accounts for near-hyperbolic flux/pO2 relations in isolated mitochondria. The apparent p50 is a function of redox potential and protonmotive force. The protonmotive force collapses after uncoupling and consequently causes a decrease in p50. Whereas it is becoming accepted that flux control is shared by several enzymes, insufficient attention is paid to the notion of complementary kinetic and thermodynamic flux control mechanisms.

IgG subclasses of anti-pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) antibodies were determined in 72 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. All isotypes were detected, but IgG3, IgG1, and IgG2 predominated independently or in association. An average of 33.3 +/- 19.1% of the anti-PDH IgG was IgG1 (mean optical density, 0.863 +/- 0.783, vs 0.053 +/- 0.038 in the normal controls), 25.0 +/- 17.8 IgG2 (0.652 +/- 0.656 vs 0.062 +/- 0.030), 39.5 +/- 23.4% IgG3 (1.140 +/- 0.917 vs 0.010 +/- 0.023), and 2.4 +/- 7.4% IgG4 (0.060 +/- 0.182 vs 0.012 +/- 0.007). Anti-PDH IgG were restricted to IgG1 in the family members of patients (0.180 +/- 0.403).