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In the quest for early cancer diagnosis, early identification and treatment are paramount. Recently, ctDNA detection has emerged as a viable avenue for early screening of cancer. The examination of ctDNA in fluid biopsies has gained substantial attention in tumor diagnosis and therapy. Both the scientific community and industry are actively exploring this field. However, developing cost-effective, portable, and real-time ctDNA measurement methods using conventional gene detection equipment poses a significant challenge. This challenge has led to the exploration of alternative approaches. Electrochemical biosensors, distinguished by their heightened sensitivity, remarkable specificity, affordability, and excellent portability, have emerged as a promising avenue for ctDNA detection. This review is dedicated to the specific focus on ctDNA detection, highlighting recent advancements in this evolving detection technology. We aimed to reference previous studies related to ctDNA-targeted cancer detection using electrochemical biosensors to advocate the utilization of electrochemical biosensors in healthcare diagnostics. Further research is imperative for the effective integration of ctDNA analysis into point-of-care cancer testing. Innovative approaches utilizing multiple markers need to be explored to advance this technology and make substantial contributions to societal well-being., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The fatal amplification of lung cancer across the globe and the limitations of current treatment strategies emphasize the necessity for substitute therapeutics. The incorporation of phyto-derived components in chemo treatment holds promise in addressing those challenges. Despite the significant progressions in lung cancer therapeutics, the complexities of molecular mechanism and pathways underlying this disease remain inadequately understood, necessitating novel biomarker targeting. The Himalayas, abundant in diverse plant varieties with established chemotherapeutic potential, presents a promising avenue for investigating potential cures for lung carcinoma. The vast diversity of phytocompounds herein can be explored for targeting the disease. This review delves into the multifaceted targets of lung cancer and explores the established phytochemicals with their specific molecular targets. It emphasizes comprehending the intricate pathways that govern effective therapeutic interventions for lung cancer. Through this exploration of Himalayan flora, this review seeks to illuminate potential breakthroughs in lung cancer management using natural compounds. The amalgamation of Himalayan plant-derived compounds with cautiously designed combined therapeutic approaches such as nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery and synergistic therapy offers an opportunity to redefine the boundaries of lung cancer treatment by reducing the drug resistance and side effects and enabling an effective targeted delivery of drugs. Furthermore, additional studies are obligatory to understand the possible derivation of natural compounds used in current lung cancer treatment from plant species within the Himalayan region., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

A novel approach has been developed for the detection of  56   kDa tissue - specific antigen  (TSA) gene of  Orientia tsutsugamushi  a causative agent of scrub typhus disease. The approach was developed by immobilization of 5' NH2 labeled ssDNA probe selective to 56   kDa   TSA  gene, to the surface of AuNPs/CNF modified screen-printed electrode. An electrochemical response was recorded with single stranded genomic DNA (ssDNA) of O. tsutsugamushi isolated from patient sample, using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrode surface was characterized by Field-Emission Scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy at each step of fabrication. The DNA biosensor shows optimum response within 50-60 s at room temperature (25 ± 3 °C). The sensor shows higher sensitivity [7849 (µA/cm 2 )/ng DNA], fast response time (60 s), wider linear range (0.04-2.6 ng) with limit of detection of 0.02 ng/µl of ssDNA sample., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in the publication., (© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020.)

Scrub typhus is a mite-borne, acute febrile illness caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi . It is a re-emerging infectious disease of the tsutsugamushi triangle. Scrub typhus is transmitted through bites of contaminated chiggers (larval stage). Diagnosis of scrub typhus is challenging as its symptoms mimic with other acute febrile illnesses. Several methods are effectual for diagnosis of scrub typhus that includes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), immunochromatographic test (ICT), Weil-Felix, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Weil-Felix test was initially used for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in underdeveloped countries but not preferred due to a lack of both specificity and sensitivity. Other immuno-based methods like IFA and ELISA are most outrank for detection of scrub typhus due to their higher sensitivity and specificity, but not vigorous to lay bare the infection at early stages and need the convalescent sampling for verification of positive samples. On another deed, PCR based methods becoming acceptable over era due to its dexterity of early-stage diagnosis with higher specificity and sensitivity but lack its applicability in circumstances of scrub typhus due to the variegated genetic makeup of Orientia tsutsugamushi among its serotypes. The present review focused on various detection methods along with their advantages and disadvantages used in the diagnosis of scrub typhus. A comparison between available methods of diagnosis with challenges in the detection of scrub typhus is also summarized., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in the publication., (© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020.)

An optimized DNA-based bioassay for Leptospira interrogans detection has been developed. Electrochemical studies of the developed biosensor were done using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Surface characterization of the biosensor was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biosensor showed specificity to L. interrogans as determined by specificity studies. The sensitivity of the biosensor was 264.5 µA/cm 2 /ng and lower limit of detection (LOD) was 0.015 ng/6 µl using CV. The biosensor was also validated with serum samples spiked with single-stranded leptospiral DNA. The developed biosensor also showed good stability for a period of 6 months at 4 °C as shown by the DPV analysis., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThere is no conflict of interest for authorship or related to any other context between authors.