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Recently, there has been a notable rise in the prevalence of persistent pollutants in the environment, posing a significant hazard due to their toxicity and enduring nature. Conventional wastewater treatment methods employed in treatment plants rarely address these persistent pollutants adequately. Meanwhile, the concept of green synthesis has garnered considerable attention, owing to its environmentally friendly approach that utilizes fewer toxic chemicals and solvents. The utilization of materials derived from sustainable sources presents a promising avenue for solving pressing environmental concerns. Among the various sources of biological agents, plants stand out for their accessibility, eco-friendliness, and rich reserves of phytochemicals suitable for material synthesis. The plant extract-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) has emerged as a promising solution for applications in wastewater treatment. Thorough investigations into the factors influencing the properties of these green ZnONPs are essential to establish a detailed and reliable synthesis process. Major weaknesses inherent in ZnONPs can be addressed by changing the optical, magnetic, and interface properties through doping with various semiconductor materials. Consequently, research efforts to mitigate water pollution are being driven by both the future prospects and limitations of ZnO-based composites. This review underscores the recent advancements of plant extract-mediated ZnONP composites for water treatment., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: Research does not involve any human participants and/or animals. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Methylene blue (MB) is hazardous in natural water because this dye causes serious diseases that endangers public health and ecosystems. Photocatalytic degradation is a prominent technique for achieving the effective elimination of dye pollutants from wastewater and contribute vitally to ecology and environmental safety. Herein, Cu 2+ -substituted ZnFe 2 O 4 nanomaterials (Cu x Zn 1-x Fe 2 O 4 ; x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6) were synthesized, characterized, and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye beneath visible light with the assistance of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). The feature of the photo-catalysts was determined by XRD, EDX, FTIR, DRS, BET, SEM, and TEM techniques. Incorporation of Cu 2+ ions changed the crystalline phase, particle size, morphology, and surface area. The photocatalysis condition was optimized with the following major factors, the amout of doping Cu 2+ ions, H 2 O 2 concentration, adsorbent dosage, and MB concentration. As a result, the photocatalytic MB degradation efficiency by Cu 0.6 Zn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 catalyst was 99.83% within 90 min under LED light (λ ≥ 420 nm), which was around 4 folds higher than that of pure ZnFe 2 O 4 . The photo-Fenton kinetics were in accordance with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R 2  = 0.981), giving the highes rate constant of 0.034 min -1 . It can be, therefore, concluded that Cu 2+ substitution considerably boosted the photocatalytic activity of Cu x Zn 1-x Fe 2 O 4 ZnFe 2 O 4 , suggesting a bright prospect of Cu 0.6 Zn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 as a photo-catalyst in the dyes wastewater treatment., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Disclosure: The authors declare that all authors have been personally and actively involved in substantive work leading to the manuscript and will hold themselves jointly and individually responsible for its content., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

A major challenge that humans facing is the uncontrolled discharge of antibiotic-containing wastewater into the environment, accompanying with huge threats to human community. The utilization of cost-effective biomass-based adsorbents is considered a potential solution for the treatment of antibiotic wastewater. This study aims to optimize the synthesis of MgFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles loaded on prickly pear biochar (PPB) with outstanding sulfadiazine adsorbability using response surface methodology. Thirteen materials (MgFe 2 O 4 -PPB) produced based on Box-Behnken design were tested to evaluate the impact of the main factors on the material preparation process, including ratio of MgFe 2 O 4 :PPB precursors, calcination temperature and calcination time. Under optimized conditions, i.e., MgFe 2 O 4 :PPB ratio 0.5, temperature 600 °C and time 1 h, the production yield of 46.5% and sulfadiazine removal percentage of 85.4% were obtained. Characterization of optimized MgFe 2 O 4 -PPB indicated the good porosity and functionality suitable for the adsorption of sulfadiazine. Elovich model showed the best description of kinetic process. Temkin model was considered to be an accurate description of the isotherm adsorption. Proposed mechanism for antibiotic adsorption onto MgFe 2 O 4 -PPB was described. We clarify cost-benefit analysis to asses the importance of MgFe 2 O 4 -PPB as well as the economic and environmental impacts of biochar-based composites., Competing Interests: Declarations: The authors declare that • The manuscript has not been published anywhere nor submitted to another journal. • The manuscript is not currently being considered for publication in any another journal. • All authors have been personally and actively involved in substantive work leading to the manuscript, and will hold themselves jointly and individually responsible for its content. • Research does not involve any Human Participants and/or Animals. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The situation of discharging a large amount of dyes from the textile industries has caused many adverse effects on human health and the ecosystems. Emerging bio-nanomaterials represent a new trend in efficient dye removal in aqueous media. Herein, we mention that MgFe 2 O 4 bioprepared using gerbera extract has been successfully used to adsorb malachite green (MG) in water. A comparison was made to determine the dye removal efficiency between biogenic MgFe 2 O 4 (MFOB) and chemical MgFe 2 O 4 (MFOC). The spherical MFOB material exhibited a large surface area of 85.0 m 2 g -1 and high crystallinity. The obtained outcomes showed that the highest adsorption capacity of MG dye was 584.49 mg g -1 at a MFOB dose of 0.05 g L -1 and MG concentration of 10 mg L -1 . Higher correlation coefficients in the Langmuir isotherm suggested monolayer adsorption of MG. The Box-Behnken design and response surface method were established to optimize MG removal percentage under the conditions, i.e., initial MG concentration (10-30 mg L -1 ), adsorbent dose (0.02-0.08 g L -1 ), and pH of dye solution (6-8). MFOB had good reusability with high removal efficiencies after three continuous cycles. Post reuse, this adsorbent still showed excellent stability through the verification of their structural properties in comparison with fresh MFOB, showing potential for practical applications., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is characterized by high fever, respiratory distress, and high mortality in pigs of all ages and has severely affected the Vietnam pork industry in recent years. The study was conducted to compare the efficacy, safety, and overall performance of a modified live PRRSV-2 vaccine (Fostera PRRS) to an existing PRRSV modified live vaccine on a farm with a recent history of HP-PRRSV-associated respiratory diseases. A total of 351 pigs were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: (i) vaccinated with Fostera PRRS at 1 day of age (n = 118), (ii) vaccinated with Fostera PRRS (n = 118) at 21 days of age, and (iii) vaccinated with Amervac PRRS (n = 115) at 21 days of age. The Fostera PRRS vaccinated pigs had milder clinical symptoms, lower levels of HP-PRRSV viremia, fewer pathological changes in the lung, and higher body weight gain at the end of the study compared with the Amervac PRRS group. Vaccination of pigs with Fostera PRRS at 1 day of age also significantly reduced viral loads in their blood (P < 0.05) and induced higher anti-PRRSV antibody titers (P < 0.01) compared with pigs vaccinated with Amervac PRRS at 21 days of age. Fostera PRRS vaccination at 1 day of age can be useful in protecting young piglets from early HP-PRRSV infection because the immunized pigs were marketed 20 days earlier than their peers immunized at 21-day old as they reached the target market weight earlier in this study.