1. Toxicity of binary mixtures of Cu, Cr and As to the earthworm Eisenia andrei
- Author
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Ari Väisänen, Cornelis A.M. van Gestel, Johanna Kilpi-Koski, Olli-Pekka Penttinen, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Teachers' Academy, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), and Animal Ecology
- Subjects
Chromium ,Dendrodrilus rubidus ,LUMBRICUS-RUBELLUS ,Bioavailability ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,mixture toxicity ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,MIXTOX model ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,COCOON PRODUCTION ,Toxicology ,01 natural sciences ,raskasmetallit ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Soil Pollutants ,SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT ,biosaatavuus ,maaperä ,biology ,Chemistry ,Copper toxicity ,General Medicine ,Freundlich sorption isotherms ,CONTAMINATED SOILS ,Lumbricus rubellus ,COPPER TOXICITY ,Soil contamination ,FOLSOMIA-CANDIDA ,ekotoksikologia ,Environmental chemistry ,Arsenates ,maaperän saastuminen ,lierot ,Eisenia andrei ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,myrkyllisyys ,Article ,Arsenic ,HEAVY-METALS ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,ENCHYTRAEUS-ALBIDUS ,Toxicity Tests ,medicine ,Animals ,Oligochaeta ,Chromated copper arsenate ,1172 Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Mixture toxicity ,CCA metals ,Earthworm ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,EISENIA-FOETIDA ,puunsuoja-aineet ,DENDRODRILUS-RUBIDUS ,bioavailability ,Copper - Abstract
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures were used in the past for wood preservation, leading to large scale soil contamination. This study aimed at contributing to the risk assessment of CCA-contaminated soils by assessing the toxicity of binary mixtures of copper, chromium and arsenic to the earthworm Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil. Mixture effects were related to reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) using the MIXTOX model, with effects being related to total and available (H2O and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable) concentrations in the soil. Since only in mixtures with arsenic dose-related mortality occurred (LC50 92.5 mg/kg dry soil), it was not possible to analyze the mixture effects on earthworm survival with the MIXTOX model. EC50s for effects of Cu, Cr and As on earthworm reproduction, based on total soil concentrations, were 154, 449 and 9.1 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Effects of mixtures were mainly antagonistic when related to the CA model but additive related to the IA model. This was the case when mixture effects were based on total and H2O-extractable concentrations; when based on CaCl2-extractable concentrations effects mainly were additive related to the CA model except for the Cr–As mixture which acted antagonistically. These results suggest that the CCA components do interact leading to a reduced toxicity when present in a mixture.
- Published
- 2020