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Objective The aims of the study were: (1) to clarify the definitions of “migrant” used in occupational health research; (2) to summarize migrant workers’ industry sectors, occupations and employment conditions; (3) to identify the occupational health and safety services available to migrant workers; (4) to summarize work-related health problems found among migrant workers; (5) to identify the methodological challenges to research into occupational health of migrant workers; and (6) to recommend improvements in migrant occupational health research. Methods This position paper was prepared by researchers from several European countries and Australia, working within the EU COST Action OMEGA-NET. The paper drew on two recent systematic reviews on the occupational health of international migrant workers and other literature, and also identified uncertainties and gaps in the research literature. Migrants may, for example, be temporary or permanent, moving for specific jobs migrants or other reasons. Their ethnicity and language capabilities will affect their work opportunities. Results The occupational health literature seldom adequately identifies the heterogeneity or characteristics of the migrant group being studied. Migrants tend to work in more physically and mentally demanding environments with higher exposures than native workers. Migrants tend to have an increased risk of physical and mental ill health, but less access to health care services. This has been demonstrated recently by high rates of COVID-19 and less access to health care. There have been a number of cross-sectional studies of migrant health but few long-term cohort studies were identified. Other study designs, such as registry-based studies, surveys and qualitative studies may complement cross-sectional studies. Mixed-methodology studies would be valuable in research on migrants’ occupational health. Language and lack of trust are barriers to migrant research participation. Conclusion Targeted research, especially longitudinal, identifying how these economically important but often-vulnerable workers can be best assisted is needed. Researchers should identify the characteristics of the migrant workers that they are studying including visa/migration circumstances (temporary, permanent, undocumented), racial and ethnic characteristics, existing skills and language abilities.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) make up a significant proportion of the global burden of disease in vulnerable groups and tend to substantially impair the quality of life of those affected, making timely detection of UTIs a priority for public health. However, economic and societal barriers drastically reduce accessibility of traditional lab-based testing methods for critical patient groups in low-resource areas, negatively affecting their overall healthcare outcomes. As a result, cellulose-based materials such as paper and thread have garnered significant interest among researchers as substrates for so-called frugal analytical devices which leverage the material’s portability and adaptability for facile and reproducible diagnoses of UTIs. Although the field may be only in its infancy, strategies aimed at commercial penetration can appreciably increase access to more healthcare options for at-risk people. In this review, we catalogue recent advances in devices that use cellulose-based materials as the primary housing or medium for UTI detection and chart out trends in the field. We also explore different modalities employed for detection, with particular emphasis on their ability to be ported onto discreet casings such as sanitary products. Graphical abstract

Fraudulent papers from paper mills are a serious threat to the entire scientific community. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology has become the target of a massive attack of fraudulent papers originating from paper mills. This editorial highlights 20 important features we observed with paper mills and explains how the journal is responding to this serious threat to restore the integrity of science. Hopefully, this editorial is also helpful for editors of other scientific journals.

The acute and long-lasting side effects of modern multimodal tumour therapy significantly impair quality of life and survival of patients afflicted with malignancies. The key components of this therapy include radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies. In addition to established tumour therapy strategies, up to 30 new therapies are approved each year with only incompletely characterised side effects. This consensus paper discusses the risk factors that contribute to the development of a potentially adverse reaction to tumour therapy and, in addition, defines specific side effect profiles for different treatment groups. The focus is on novel therapeutics and recommendations for the surveillance and treatment of specific patient groups.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a useful measure for strengthening authentication. Despite its security effectiveness, the adoption of MFA tools remains low. To create more human-centric authentication solutions, we designed and evaluated the efficacy of a risk-reduction-based incentivization model and implemented our proposed model in a large-scale organization with more than 92, 025 employees, and collected survey data from 287 participants and interviewed 41 participants. We observed negative perceptions and degraded understandings of MFA technology due to the absence of proper risk and benefit communication in the control group. Meanwhile, the experimental group employees showed positive perceptions of MFA use for their work and personal accounts. Our analysis and implementation strategy are critical for reducing users’ risks, creating positive security tool usage experiences, and motivating users to enhance their security practices.

To study the relationship between exposure to airborne particles in a pulp and paper mill and markers of inflammation and coagulation in blood. Personal sampling of inhalable dust was performed for 72 subjects working in a Swedish pulp and paper mill. Stationary measurements were used to study concentrations of total dust, respirable dust, PM10 and PM2.5, the particle surface area and the particle number concentrations. Markers of inflammation, interleukins (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen and markers of coagulation factor VIII, von Willebrand, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and D-dimer were measured in plasma or serum. Sampling was performed on the last day of the work free period of 5 days, before and after the shift the first day of work and after the shifts the second and third day. In a mixed model analysis, the relationship between particulate exposures and inflammatory markers was determined. Sex, age, smoking, and BMI were included as covariates. The average 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) air concentration levels of inhalable dust were 0.30 mg/m(3), range 0.005-3.3 mg/m(3). The proxies for average 8-h TWAs of respirable dust were 0.045 mg/m(3). Significant and consistent positive relations were found between several exposure metrics (PM 10, total and inhalable dust) and CRP, SAA and fibrinogen taken post-shift, suggesting a dose-effect relationship. This study supports a relationship between occupational particle exposure and established inflammatory markers, which may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare [2006-0152]

This open access White Paper details the status of hip and knee arthroplasty care in Germany. Hip and knee replacements are amongst the most frequently performed procedures and usually become necessarily due to age-related wear of the joint, osteoarthritis and fractures of the femoral neck. In light of demographic change, demands with regard to standards of care and the procedures are likely to rise.

GSMA is developing and standardizing specifications for embedded SIM cards with remote provisioning, called eUICCs, which are expected to revolutionize the cellular network subscription model. We study GSMA’s “Remote Provisioning Architecture for Embedded UICC” specification, which focuses on M2M devices, and we analyze the security of remote provisioning. Our analysis reveals weaknesses in the specification that would result in eUICCs being vulnerable to attacks: we demonstrate how a network adversary can exhaust an eUICC’s memory, and we identify three classes of attacks by malicious insiders that prevent service. We disclosed our findings to GSMA; GSMA confirmed the validity of these attacks and acknowledged their potential to disrupt the cellular industry. We propose fixes, which GSMA is incorporating into its specification. Thus, we improve security of next generation telecommunication networks.

Fraud victims are often refused a refund by their bank on the grounds that they failed to comply with their bank’s terms and conditions about PIN safety. We, therefore, conducted a survey of how many PINs people have, and how they manage them. We found that while only a third of PINs are ever changed, almost half of bank customers write at least one PIN down. We also found bank conditions that are too vague to test, or even contradictory on whether PINs could be shared across cards. Yet, some hazardous practices are not forbidden by many banks: of the 22.9% who re-use PINs across devices, half also use their bank PINs on their mobile phones. We conclude that many bank contracts fail a simple test of reasonableness, and ‘strong authentication’, as required by the Payment Services Directive II, should include usability testing.

We introduce a model for examining the factors that lead to the adoption of new encryption technologies. Building on the work of Brock and Durlauf, the model describes how agents make choices, in the presence of social interaction, between competing technologies given their relative cost, functionality, and usability. We apply the model to examples about the adoption of encryption in communication (email and messaging) and storage technologies (self-encrypting drives) and also consider our model’s predictions for the evolution of technology adoption over time.

This case study examines the European Transport White Paper of 2011 as an example of a planning domain application. The European Union is an economic and political union of some 28 states in Europe. Some of the key premises of the European Union have been to open up markets to free trade within the region and to seek to harmonise technical standards, laws, and processes to facilitate the free movement of people and goods. It is interesting that sustainability is also emphasized as an overarching goal for all areas of European policy making. The European Union employs a wide range of assessment and monitoring mechanisms to track progress on the implementation and performance of policies in the transport area, which is seen as a keystone for the so-called Single European Market. These mechanisms clearly reflect tensions between the different goals and pose challenges for the interpretation of indicators on transportation trends. Also the sheer size and complexity of the Union raises challenges for the effective application of indicator based evidence. The chapter will place the indicator- and application rich example of the ex ante assessment of the European Transport Policy White Paper in the wider context European Union policy making.

Background The main aim of emergency medical services (EMS) should be to provide universal emergency medical care which is EMS system available to all those who need it. Most of the developed countries have an integrated EMS system that is accessible by a single dial number in the whole country. Nepal does not have a proper EMS system. We conducted a literature review regarding methods of developing an integrated EMS system in Nepal. Result The fragmented system, high demand–low supply, inequity with the service, and inadequately trained responders are major problems associated with EMS in Nepal. Nepal too should develop an integrated single dial number EMS system to meet the current demand of EMS. Having a paramedic in ambulances as the first responders will prevent chaos and save critical time. Funding models have to be considered while developing an EMS considering the capital as well as operational cost. Conclusion Nepal can develop a public private partnership model of EMS where capital cost is provided by the government and operational cost by other methods. Community-based insurance system looks more feasible in a country like Nepal for generating operational cost.

Part 8: Pattern Recognition and Image Processing; International audience; Paper-based documents are important and still widely used in government agencies and private entities as some documents cannot be replaced by electronic documents. These include loan agreements, dispatch or contracts, household registrations and passports. They must be paper-based. Paper-based documents can be easily forged with a printer and a scanner, and imaging software can easily edit them. This paper presents a paper-based document authentication by applying a digital signature and HC2D barcode to verify the integrity of the text message and the sender of the document. This is useful both for a quick inspection of documents with large quantities and monitoring that may help prevent fraud and forgery which may have occurred.

Introduction In adults with a suspicion of peripheral bone infection, evidence-based guidelines in choosing the most accurate diagnostic strategy are lacking. Aim and methods To provide an evidence-based, multidisciplinary consensus document on the diagnostic management of adult patients with PBIs, we performed a systematic review of relevant infectious, microbiological, orthopedic, radiological, and nuclear medicine literature. Delegates from four European societies (European Bone and Joint Infection Society, European Society of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, European Society or Radiology, and European Association of Nuclear Medicine) defined clinical questions to be addressed, thoroughly reviewed the literature pertinent to each of the questions, and thereby evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of each diagnostic technique. Inclusion of the papers per statement was based on a PICO (Population/problem – Intervention/indicator – Comparator – Outcome) question following the strategy reported by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. For each statement, the level of evidence was graded according to the 2011 review of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. All approved statements were addressed taking into consideration the available diagnostic procedures, patient acceptance, tolerability, complications, and costs in Europe. Finally, a commonly agreed-upon diagnostic flowchart was developed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-019-4262-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Electrocardiographic (ECG) acquisition has evolved imensly over the last decade in particular with regards to sensing technology. From classical silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes, to textile electrodes, and recently paper-based electrodes. In this paper we study a new type of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes based on a paper substrate that are produced using an inkjet printing technique. The cost reduction, easy-to-produce methodology, and easier recycling increase the potencial of application of these electrodes and opens this technology for everyday life use. We performed a comparison between this new type of electrode, with classical gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes and dry Ag/AgCl electrodes. We also compared the performance of each electrode when acquired using a professional-grade gold standard device, and a low cost platform. Experimental results showed that data acquired using our proposed inkjet printed electrode is highly correlated with data obtained through conventional electrodes. Moreover, the electrodes are robust to both high-end and low-end data acquisition devices.

This paper presents the results from a tertiary entrance test that was delivered to two groups of candidates, one as a paper based test and the other as a computer based test. Item level differential reveals a pattern that appears related to item type: questions based on diagrammatic stimulus show a pattern of increased difficulty when delivered on computer. Differential in performance was not present in other sections of the test and it would appear unlikely to be explained by demographic differences between the groups. It is suggested this differential is due to the inability of the candidates to freely annotate on the stimulus when delivered on computer screen. More work needs to be done on considering the role of annotation as a problem solving strategy in high-stakes testing, in particular with certain kinds of stimulus, such as diagrams.

Consumers are often willing to contribute their personal data for analytics projects that may create new insights into societal problems. However, consumers also have justified privacy concerns about the release of their data.

The purpose of paper wrapping is to protect goods from external shocks, decorate goods beautifully, carry out materials/goods safely, etc. Also, the paper wrapping is intelligent and creative work. The knowledge about paper wrapping is dependent on the features of target-objects, paper sheets and wrapping purposes. This article addresses a method to design the wrapping process. We introduce the knowledge about paper wrapping and then construct a stage tree, which represents various kinds of wrapping means successfully. We propose a framework for designing the wrapping process appropriate to target-objects, and also describe an interactive support interface in the wrapping process.

Publishing the results of your research is a fulfilling experience, both from a personal viewpoint, but also helping advance the orthopaedic knowledge. This chapter discusses the process from completing the study to formulating the final manuscript that is ready for submission, providing a structure to follow in preparation of the manuscript and tips on improving your writing style.

Paper and pulp industries can broadly be divided into three categories—(1) handmade paper industries, (2) mill-made paper industries and (3) cardboard industries. All of these industries utilise water in different stages of making paper which is later discharged to nearby water bodies due to which these are considered as a major cause of water pollution. These effluents possess very high BOD, COD and toxic substances. As paper can be recycled a limited number of times, pulp fibres accumulate in the nearby area in the form of sludge which not only pollutes the soil or land but also produces enormous odour. Mycoremediation technology is a great boon which will be helpful in improving the existing situation and to minimise environmental and health problems associated with paper industrial wastes and pollutants. Therefore, in this chapter, we have discussed about the types of wastes and pollutants generated by handmade paper, mill-made paper and cardboard industries. Besides this, we have discussed about the fungi, their enzymes and role of both in mycoremediation of these wastes. In this chapter, we have also explained the suitable types of bioreactor, availability of culture, inoculation techniques and factors affecting the process. This information provides a platform for the workers who are working in field of mycoremediation of paper and pulp industrial wastes.

This Paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the papers published in the journal of Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education (TEFLE), a core professional academic journal in China, during the years from 2006 to 2015. Our result aims to provide a clear view of the evolution of literature in the research field of technology enhanced foreign language learning over the past decade, intending to put forward a preliminary framework for TEFLE to improve its publication quality and at the same time foster better technology enhanced foreign language education in China. Bibliometric indicators of paper amount, author information, total citations, and frequency of keywords have been analyzed with the use of tools of BICOMB and SPSS and methods of co-word and cluster analysis, which indicates that, over the past decade, both of the quality of the published papers and the paper evaluation system has been improved. The statistics also reveal that the authors in TEFLE are mainly from eastern China, a research group that has been formed with more researchers constantly joining in, and a number of papers have been highly cited, bringing further interest in the related disciplines. Currently, the reform of foreign language classroom teaching with technological aids appears the hotspot topic in the related applied field. An effort is made to demonstrate that the research method has shifted to a new way that places equal emphasis on both quantitative and qualitative study in technology enhanced learning (TEL) and technologies have a bigger influence on foreign language learning in China, but in the meantime, there is an imbalance in the distribution of authors from different national geographic areas in TEL research.

Over several decades, a large body of research has been established that focuses on Pen-and-Paper Computing. This chapter reviews previous work of the field – both from a technological and interface perspective – and discusses future directions of research and development.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are a viable technology for providing access to Electronic Medical Records at the point-of-care. However, acceptance of this technology by clinicians will depend on how easy they can make the transition from the system they normally use to a PDA-based system. Since many hospitals are still using paper-based patient record systems this study intends to provide some insight on the aspects that need to be considered in the transition from a paper-based system to a PDA-based system. The study compares the interaction of nurses with PDA-based and paper-based nursing documentation systems in terms of performance and subjective satisfaction. Twenty staff nurses from a metropolitan hospital performed twelve tasks on each system. The study supports the conclusion that a PDA-based nursing documentation system can be superior to a paper-based system in term of performance for tasks that don't required writing notes. Nurses were significantly more satisfied with the PDA-based system than with the paper-based system with every interaction and system aspect evaluated on the study. In general the results of the study provide hard evidence to predict an easy transition for nurses from a paper-based system to a PDA-based system nursing documentation system.

There is an on-going movement in manufacturing industry towards Product-Service Systems (PSS), which manifests the importance of making experience based knowledge organizationally available. In this paper a study of how white books is used and discussing any delimitations in transferring experiences is in focus. The paper builds on an empirical study in a manufacturing company, which has long ago implemented the white book approach and also has the vision of PSS development. It has been found that the format of a white book and the guidelines for authoring them could be a barrier for expressing individually gained experiences. Subsequently, does not support a knowledge transfer between projects having different aims, perspectives and knowledge domains.

The history of effects-directed investigations of pulp and paper mill effluents has been driven primarily by the environmental effects associated with mill discharges. The first effect to confront the industry was acute toxicity to aquatic biota. Through a series of effects-directed studies in the 1970s and 1980s the causative agents were elucidated, subsequent regulations enacted, and effluent treatment technologies implemented to reduce the loadings of resin acids, chlorophenolics and other toxic compounds in mill discharges. Effects-directed investigations in the pulp and paper sector have since focused on other endpoints, primarily mutagenicity and endocrine disruption. Identification of these active substances has proven to be much more challenging due to the evolving complexities of effluent matrices and the intricacies of the responses themselves. Residual lignin in final effluents remains a significant barrier to the isolation and identification of low molecular weight bioactive substances. The evolution of analytical techniques (e.g., from XAD resins to SPE cartridges) coupled with new approaches (e.g., studying in-mill waste streams and fish tissue burdens of active substances) have nevertheless provided insights into the sources and identities of mutagens and endocrine disruptors. Active chemicals have been identified primarily using GC–MS with recent limited applications of LC–MS. A high proportion of substances originating from wood feedstocks have been identified or implicated in the effects studied. Differences in the patterns of effects between North and South American mill effluents may be reflective of the different tree species utilized. Careful selection of the endpoint used to direct such investigations, its reproducibility, robustness and linkages to whole organism responses and regulatory applications are emphasized.

Paper production can be considered as an important factor for the development of one country. On the way of development, Vietnam has increased steadily in paper consumption; however, the paper production did not get to the same speed. One of the reasons remains in input material which composes of wood or other agricultural fiber sources and recovered paper. Statistical data on pulp and paper production have been taken into consideration. Reasons for the low in recycling rate have been analyzed.

Chinese folk paper-cut is the most representative of artistic form in Chinese folk, which is the basis of folk art and the maternal art, providing good learning and reference for modern graphic design has played. This paper focuses on an in-depth analysis of how the traditional Chinese folk paper-cut art to make combination and fusion in modern graphic design.

This paper presents a proposed approach to address risk and regulation management within the highly active and volatile financial domain by employing semantic based technologies within a collaborative networks environment. Firstly the problems and motivation are introduced, with accent on big data and high frequency trading issues that are creating major problems to the current software systems. Secondly the state of the art on Big Data, Regulation and Risk Management are presented. Next the FIORD platform architecture is detailed and the envisioned approach explained. Finally conclusions are presented where benefits for real time monitoring are emphasized so high frequency trading irregularities are detected in real time for the benefit of involved financial institutions.

We present a method of selective wireless power transferring for paper computing. The novelty of this method lies in the power transmitter can be controlled to selectively activate different receivers in the context of wireless power transferring with multiple receivers. This was achieved by changing the output frequency of the power transmitter and the impedance of the receivers. With this method, users could easily design new types of paper-computing system without worrying about the arrangement of the massive wire connection to power supply. This technology combining with paper computing can become a physical rendering system using paper-crafts, such as paper folding and cutting.

Repositories are being popular as places for publication of research outputs. To make more efficient use of scholarly information on the internet, repositories are required to cooperate with other databases. One of the essential processes of the cooperation is identification of scholarly papers and their authors. The straightforward approach is string matching of the title and authors' name, however this approach cannot always solve the difficulties by basic clerical errors and same names. This paper proposes a method to compensate for the inaccuracy of the identification by connecting different databases. The main idea of the method is that different metadata of a scholarly paper is linked by the authors themselves, therefore the correspondence is guaranteed by the authors. The authors of this paper are developing a system based on the idea on the repository and the researcher database in their university.

This paper takes the management system of paper machine’s disassembly and assembly as research objects, and introduces RFID technology as well as the application of RFID. Then it establishes basic information management of paper machine, marking information management, installation information management, serial communication and other functional modules. The monitoring system adopts VC6.0 and SQL as the original developing tools. At first, it needs to analyse and construct system functional modules of paper machine, then it designs engineering framework-a kind of visual user management interface- in VC platform. Finally, it does the mapping coefficient and data transmitting from the engineering framework to database by ADO database access.

This paper reports on the longitudinal dynamics of TCP flows at an international backbone link over the period from 2001 to 2010. The dataset was a collection of traffic traces called MAWI data consisting of daily 15min pcap traffic trace measured at a trans-pacific link between Japan and the US. The environment of the measurement link has changed in several aspects (i.e., congestion, link upgrade, application). The main findings of the paper are as follows. (1) A comparison of the AS-level delays between 2001 and 2010 shows that the mean delay decreased in 55% of ASes, but the median value increased. Moreover, largely inefficient paths disappeared. (2) The deployment of TCP SACK increased from 10% to 90% over the course of 10 years. On the other hand, the window scale and timestamp options remained under-deployed (less than 50%).

In recent years, development of the global paper industry is quite fast, so the research on China paper industry is becoming much-needed. From the angle of Kearney’s industrial evolution theory, this paper analyzes indicators such as CR3 of the global paper industry and focuses on the development modes of 20 global paper firms, and determines the global paper industry is in the scale stage of Kearney’s theory and China paper industry needs to accelerate the pace of horizontal mergers and acquisitions to improve their market share.

This position paper presents the main problems in classical and modern Fuzzy Theory and gives solutions in Formal Concept Analysis for many of these problems. To support the successful cooperation between scientists from the communities of Fuzzy Theory and Formal Concept Analysis the author starts with this position paper an initiative, called "Pragmatics in Fuzzy Theory".

Sustainability is a multidimensional concept in continuous evolution. However, the suitability of using several indicators of a diverse nature to characterise and quantify this concept has been widely accepted. Within this orientation, in this work, the paper industry’s sustainability in a significant number of European countries has been analysed. To achieve this purpose, a set of economic, environmental and social indicators have been defined for the year 2004. With the help of a binary goal programming model, these indicators were aggregated into a synthetic index that measures the overall sustainability of the industry analysed. In this way, a “ranking” according to the sustainability of the paper industry in the European countries studied has been obtained.

Almost everyone agrees on the central role that simulation plays in the understanding of complex systems such as the 3D network formed by stacking millions of fibers on top of each other in a paper sheet. Clearly, the computational implementation of the few models which describe the microstructure of paper is far from trivial. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there is no description in the literature of the methodology used for programming these algorithms. As a contribution towards overcoming this gap, the present article explains the software implementation of key features of a 3D random fiber deposition model into a high-level MATLAB computer code.

When performing quality inspection of recycled paper one phenomenon of concern is the appearance of macroscopic undulations on the paper sheet surface that may emerge shortly or some time after its production. In this paper we explore the detection and measurement of this defect by means of computer vision and statistical pattern recognition techniques that may allow early detection at the production site. We propose features computed from Gabor Filter Banks (GFB) and Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) for the characterization of paper sheet surface bumpiness in recycled paper images. The lack of a precise definition of the defect and the great variability of the sheet deformation shapes and scales, both within each image and between images, introduce additional difficulties to the problem. We obtain, with both proposed modeling approaches (GFB and DWT), classification accuracies are comparable to the agreement between human observers. The best performance is obtained using DWT features.

This paper introduces the compelled certificate creation attack, in which government agencies may compel a certificate authority to issue false SSL certificates that can be used by intelligence agencies to covertly intercept and hijack individuals' secure Web-based communications.

In this paper we consider 1-round almost perfectly secure message transmission protocols with optimal transmission rate, and give constructions for two levels of connectivity, n=2t+k and $n = (2+c)t, c > \frac{1}{t}$ . Here n and t are the total number of wires and the number of corrupted wires, respectively, and k and c are constants. The first protocol has a modular construction that with appropriate instantiations of each module results in optimal protocols for n=2t+k. The second protocol is the first construction for optimal protocol when n=(2+c)t.

Most African countries have limited health information systems infrastructure. Some health information system components are implemented but often on an adhoc, piecemeal basis, by foreign software developers and designed to solve specific problems. Little attention is usually paid to how these components can fit into an integrated national health information system and interoperate with other components. The Health Enterprise Architecture Laboratory was recently established in the School of Computer Science at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa to undertake research and build capacity in open health architectures for developing African countries. Based on field experiences and requirements in South Africa, Mozambique and Rwanda, the laboratory is evolving a generic Health Enterprise Architecture Framework and Repository of Tools specifically for low resource settings. In this paper we describe these three initiatives and the expected impact on implementing health information systems in developing African countries.

The purpose of this study is to discover a design methodology for User Centered Design (UCD) Innovation. This paper focuses on paper prototype method for user evaluation and design. After proposing an approach to utilize paper prototype method, author proposed detail approach based on UCD process. In case study, author utilized this method for design education of design course on university. As a result, author received several innovative ideas from UCD view point.

Aerosol and fly ash sampling was carried out at a 80MWth bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) boiler plant co-firing solid recovered fuel (SRF), spruce bark and paper mill wastewater sludge in two experimental conditions. The SRF-Bark ratio in the fuel mix was kept constant at 50%–50% on dry mass basis in both experiments but two sludge proportions were used: 15% and 4% on dry mass basis. Aerosol samples were collected from the superheater region of the boiler furnace and fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Na, K, Cl and S were found to be in mainly water soluble compounds in the aerosols sampled by means of a Dekati type Low Pressure Impactor (DLPI). Bromine was found in several weight percentages in aerosols and it was amongst the main elements in some of the samples collected. Bromine is assumed to mainly originate from flame retarded plastics and textiles in the SRF. According to the measurements, the fate of Br seems to be analogous to the other main halogen, Cl, and its conversion from fuel to aerosols was high, indicating a strong tendency to form bromine salts.

Plant automation in the timber (wood) industry and paper industry has many analogies due to the similar process characteristics, i.e., hybrid process. From a plant automation point of view these industries are challenging because of their technical requirements. The USA is the largest producer of paper and paperboard. In a census by the America Census Bureau, the paper industry is placed 7 among 21 different industry groups, with 6% of the total value of product shipments for the years 2005 and 2006 [58.1]. China, as the second largest paper producer after the USA, is expecting a growth rate of 12.4% per annum (for the forecast from 1990 to 2010) [58.2]. The German woodworking machinery sector, with more than 26% of the world market share, had a € 3.4 billion turnover in 2006 and 72% export quota [58.3]. In 2006, the German print and paper industry grew by more than 7%, to € 8.5 billion and more than 84% export quota ([58.4], more details in [58.5]). This chapter will not only highlight the specific requirements from a technical point of view but also from the marketing point of view. Observations from these two points of view will lead to a heterogeneous automation system with proprietary devices for real-time and machinery-safety-related tasks, and standard devices for the rest. Both industries belong to plant manufacturing industries with their typical business characteristics. Automation in this field is technology driven and its importance is growing because more functionalities are being implemented using automation software to increase systems flexibility. The interface from automation level to enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems is being standardized in international manufacturing companies. Engineering is the key factor for improvement that needs to be considered in the coming years, and therefore also modularity and reusability where applicable.

With tactile paper prototyping user interfaces can be evaluated with blind users in an early design stage. First, we describe two existing paper prototyping methods, visual and haptic paper prototyping, and indicate their limitations for blind users. Subsequently, we present our experiences while preparing, conducting and analysing tests performed using tactile paper prototyping. Based on our experiences, we provide recommendations for this new usability evaluation method.

Today, allogeneic donor blood transfusion has evolved as a life-saving treatment for many acute anemic conditions. In developed countries, safe donor blood supply is generally adequate for routine clinical demands.

DO-178C/ED-12C, six years in preparation, is expected to be published in 2011. This updated document will provide guidance for the development and verification of safety-related software for avionic systems. As this position paper will describe, DO-178C/ED-12C is good news for Ada.

Paper making was invented in China around 105 A.D. At that time, vegetable fibres served as the raw material. Later on, old cotton rags were the most common raw material, and they are still used for some special paper grades, e.g. note paper. Paper was made by hand until 1799, when the first continuous paper machine was invented.

The goal of this chapter is to help authors recognize and avoid a set of pitfalls that recur in many rejected information visualization papers, using a chronological model of the research process. Selecting a target paper type in the initial stage can avert an inappropriate choice of validation methods. Pitfalls involving the design of a visual encoding may occur during the middle stages of a project. In a later stage when the bulk of the research is finished and the paper writeup begins, the possible pitfalls are strategic choices for the content and structure of the paper as a whole, tactical problems localized to specific sections, and unconvincing ways to present the results. Final-stage pitfalls of writing style can be checked after a full paper draft exists, and the last set of problems pertain to submission.