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All source navigation technology is the method using any available information for navigation and positioning. While the full source of space-based navigation used satellite navigation signal to obtain the position and time reference to generate the navigation signal, and then broadcast through the microwave downlink. It is a new scheme and the cost is relative low. In the paper, the payload carrying platform, signal receiving, building and maintain of clock, RF signal generation and broadcast and other aspects are analysed and discussed on this full source of space-based navigation.

Compass Navigation Satellite System is a precise satellite navigation which is independently created by Chinese scientists. Base on its characteristics of providing all-weather, continuous, real time and high accuracy three-dimensional positioning, it has been widely concerned on military and the civilian. At present, the first phase of Beidou second generation satellite system has been put into trial operation and the second phase of Beidou second generation satellite system is speeding up research and development. The number of received satellites under natural condition with different time and different places can be predicted through Ephemeris. However, it generally requires that the satellite positioning receiver can position stably while the missile’s attitude keeps changing in missile’s application field. The satellite usability under the condition that missiles in different poses, especially under the condition of big pitch attitude is very important to navigation and guidance scheme design. This paper formulates reasonable simulation scheme with Beidou satellite constellation distribution, typical microstrip antenna directional diagram and typical ballistic. It focus on the simulation of some key parameters, such as the number of Beidou satellites, geometric distribution and positioning success rate of Beidou area navigation system and Beidou global navigation system in different time and places when the single antenna or dual antenna layout scheme has been adopted, which under the condition of great pitching against missiles or in different course. Meanwhile, it gives the analysis of satellite availability and guidance. The simulation scheme and the result of simulation and analysis in this paper has important engineering significance to make full use of the Beidou satellite in the process of missile trajectory planning and navigate tactic designing.

Geo-image navigation is a new type of navigation. It’s based on the geographical image as its main background data and the digital map as its supplemented background data. It provides users with intuitive, rich navigation background information, thereby enhancing the navigation visual effect. The paper shows the concept and characteristics of geo-image navigation. To improve the response speed, the organization of geo-image data in server–side of the dynamic application which relying on network is be studied. In order to improve the display efficiency, the data acquisition and display of the client are researched. The study can be ensuring real-time demand of navigation.

Navigation is designed for the targeted control of processes. But navigation maps, navigation software, and above all, the integrability of communal information as well as internal company or industry content and functions has not yet been sufficiently achieved. In the interest of the efficient control in downstream networks of vehicles in business transport, the affected road traffic participants must be provided with up-to-date, dependable information that is relevant for them. Urban Business Navigation implements new concepts, procedures and algorithms in order to design navigation applications in accordance with practical requirements in a manner that is flexible, configurable and integrable. It is only in this way that industries which until now have been unable to implement an appropriate navigation solution can efficiently meet the future’s increasing requirements, such as time and access restrictions.

In the field of imaging-assisted navigation, three-dimensional (3D) navigation with a mobile C-arm currently represents the gold standard in trauma surgery in terms of flexibility and mobility, and can now also be deployed rapidly and in a more user-friendly manner in changing anatomical situations. It has been in routine use for 10 years at several centers in the treatment of spinal and pelvic injuries, as well as in the foot and ankle joint region.

Positioning and map technology integrated to smart mobile devices allows the users to locate themselves and find routes between locations. Such route finding typically works only outdoors due to reliance on the GPS system and lack of indoor map data. This work introduces a prototype for combined indoor and outdoor mobile navigation system for a university campus. An important part of the prototype implementation is the conversion of CAD floor plans to GIS data that can be used together with existing outdoor maps for locating and for finding shortest routes between locations. This work describes a semi-automatic conversion process that produces indoor map data, which is combined with OpenStreetMap and Bing map data for route finding and displaying a hybrid map. The prototype application, which uses this data, has been implemented on the iPad. The prototype uses GPS for outdoor positioning and QR codes for indoor positioning. The work is currently in process, and future prospects of the prototype are discussed.

In this chapter we describe a complete solution for autonomous navigation and exploration in indoor environment. We introduce some new concepts to achieve several tasks giving a robotic platform the ability to explore autonomously and safely its environment. We use a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm based on IML concept with low drift. We also introduce a new navigation method based on potential fields, with proven convergence. These methods and algorithms have been tested using a real mobile robot. This system proved its capabilities during the CAROTTE Robotics Contest. Our team CoreBots won the first and second edition of this contest using these methods.

This paper takes research on the reason and elimination method of overall pseudo-rotation of navigation constellation. The inter-satellite ranging system errors can cause the overall pseudo-rotation of navigation constellation. In this paper, the reasons for overall pseudo-rotation of navigation constellation have been analyzed for four different systematic errors. Studies show that, short-cycle system errors and long-cycle system errors do not cause the overall pseudo-rotation, constant system errors may cause the overall pseudo-rotation, and linear system errors usually can cause the overall pseudo-rotation. When constant system errors or linear system errors of all satellites have the same direction, the overall pseudo-rotation of navigation constellation will occur. On this basis, this paper uses the overall pseudo-rotation correction algorithm to eliminate the overall pseudo-rotation of navigation constellation, simulation analysis shows that the algorithm can effectively eliminate the overall pseudo-rotation of navigation constellation. Finally, combining with the engineering practice of autonomous navigation, the paper gives the conclusions that on-board data processing units should adopt the overall pseudo-rotation correction algorithm to eliminate the overall pseudo-rotation of navigation constellation.

In this work we propose a novel approach to navigate users in GPS-denied environments with the help of sensors. The basic idea is to deploy wireless sensors over the field of interest and use the change of signal strength from multiple sensors to navigate users to the destination. To deal with RSS irregularity in a practical environment, an adaptive scheme is proposed to decide the scheme parameters online. We evaluated the proposed scheme through simulations and experiments. Results show that the proposed scheme navigates users to the destination successfully and efficiently with low movement overhead.

Process models can be seen as the “maps” describing the operational processes of organizations. Similarly, information systems can be looked at as “navigation systems” guiding the flow of work in organizations. Unfortunately, many organizations fail in creating and maintaining accurate business process maps. Often process models are outdated and have little to do with reality. Moreover, most information systems fail to provide the functionality offered by today’s navigation systems. For instance, workers are not guided by the information system and need to work behind the system’s back to get things done. Moreover, useful information such as the “estimated arrival time” of a running case is not provided. Process mining can help to overcome some of these problems.

Mobile robots and animals alike require the ability to move around in their environments. For a large number of animals such as insects, this ability is provided by reactive movement schemes. With an appropriate set of reactive behaviours an insect can function quite well in complex environments. However, there is a limit to what can be achieved through pure reactivity. A whole class of navigation problems become solvable if an animal or robot is able to form some sort of map of its environment.

One determinant of navigation concerns the ability to use landmarks. However, despite wide acceptance of the concept of landmarks, there is considerable debate as to what is meant by the term ‘landmark’ and how landmarks are used to assist in navigation. Sorrows and Hirtle [30] introduced a tripartite theory of landmarks that can be applied to navigation by humans in real and electronic spaces. Their approach was to classify landmarks along three dimensions: visual, semantic, and structural. These dimensions can be defined independently for navigation in physical space and for navigation in electronic spaces, such as the World Wide Web. It is argued in this paper, that the same framework can be extended to robot navigation, but with the realization of the dimensions appearing quite different in robotics world. The term landmark remains a fundamental concept of navigation and can provide a theoretical bridge between scientific camps of researchers.

The fast transfer rates via UMTS and their corresponding high-tech devices provide the opportunity to develop easily accessible Location Based Services, which can be utilised to guide pedestrians in unfamiliar environments. With the help of cartographic multimedia data navigation systems can be responsive to the needs of pedestrians by presenting information in the preferred forms. In order to facilitate ongoing tasks, not only the presentation forms themselves are decisive, but also their combination and deliberate design is a crucial factor for usability. Moreover landmarks are an important enhancement for pedestrian navigation systems, yet their immense diversity makes it difficult to effectively include them in guiding instructions. For that reason this paper discusses the use of active and passive landmarks, as well as multimedia presentation forms and general design goals for a combined indoor/outdoor pedestrian navigation service.

The common feature of CT- and C-arm-based surgical navigation is the coupling of the medical image and the surgical action: The surgeon sees the instrument displayed as a virtual instrument in the medical image in real time. This is achieved by using surgical instruments equipped with infrared (IR) LEDs (active markers) or with reflecting spheres (passive markers), enabling the instrument to be ≫seen≪ by a camera.

Medical imaging modalities in diagnostic and clinical use today offer a wide range of possibilities for design and implementation of computer-assisted surgical systems. Among those modalities, computed tomography (CT) scan has a prominent role, since it provides three-dimensional images of relatively high accuracy. It is especially well suited for orthopaedics, since the bone separates from the rest of the tissue by its intensity, which makes the bone segmentation a relatively simple task.

Herein we build statistical foundations for tackling the navigation problem users encounter during web interaction, based on a formal model of the web in terms of a probabilistic automaton, which can also be viewed as a finite ergodic Markov chain. In our model of the web the probabilities attached to state transitions have two interpretations, namely, they can denote the proportion of times a user followed a link, and alternatively they can denote the expected utility of following a link. Using this approach we have developed two techniques for constructing a web view based on the two interpretations of the probabilities of links, where a web view is a collection of relevant trails. The first method we describe is concerned with finding frequent user behaviour patterns. A collection of trails is taken as input and an ergodic Markov chain is produced as output with the probabilities of transitions corresponding to the frequency the user traversed the associated links. The second method we describe is a reinforcement learning algorithm that attaches higher probabilities to links whose expected trail relevance is higher. The user’s home page and a query are taken as input and an ergodic Markov chain is produced as output with the probabilities of transitions giving the expected utility of following their associated links. Finally, we characterise typical user navigation sessions in terms of the entropy of the underlying ergodic Markov chain.

With remarkable advances of portable computers, users can move around various places with computers in order to achieve their objectives. This paper discusses a dynamic route navigation system which can cope with various kinds of users’ situations, e.g., objectives, profiles, current locations, histories of activities and surrounding status of users. Based on these situations, the system continuously generates users’ action plans in order to navigate to places where the users should visit. In order to obtain the situations effectively, a hierarchical wireless network model is proposed. By utilizing the mobile network, users can acquire information around them and interact with their surroundings. Functions of geographic database systems are employed to visualize the action plans effectively on the small sized display of portable computers. As an example of proposed system, this paper shows navigation system for shopping district where various kinds of shops and many people exist. How to cope with dynamic change of user’s situations in shown for this particular example.

The boldest challenge of the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on “Automation and Systems Issues in Air Traffic Control Systems” was to look at so-called “blue sky” solutions to future ATC systems, unprejudiced by precedent, convention, or existing concepts of ATC system evolution. Given that most ATC services are already committed to programs up to about 2005, the ATC prophet’s task is to go forward to 2040, fifty years from now. From the view point of 50 years ahead, and with a system in mind, the visionary can look back over one shoulder and identify what developments will be needed to take ATC from 2005 to 2040, if indeed there is ATC in 2040. I do not pretend to be enough of a systems expert, or an engineer in either hardware or software, to make a detailed projection; but allow me as a simple lay controller to throw my hat into the ring, as part of the debate.

The algorithm introduced is capable of tracking multiple targets accounting for clutter and missing reports. It is based on sequences of radar images and implemented in a real time environment. The tracking algorithm supplements an auto-pilot, using estimated target position and velocity to facilitate trajectory planning for inland ships. Each radar image supplies a number of measurements; hypotheses considered are association of measurements with previously known targets, initiation of new targets, classification of measurements as noise, and classification of previously known targets as not detected or as false alarms. Target states are estimated from each such data-association hypothesis using a Kaiman filter. In order to keep the number of hypotheses reasonable and to allow real time application tracking gates are introduced, dividing the entire set of targets and measurements into independent clusters. Furthermore, the algorithm automatically eliminates less important hypotheses and combines hypotheses having a similar measurement ‘history’.