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Although there are multiple arteries supplying the breast parenchyma and skin lying over the breast, there are many situations in breast surgery that require careful analysis of the blood supply and avoidance of damage to the vessels. The author describes the arterial vascular anatomy of the breast.

Cerebral Arterial Blood Supply The purpose of this tutorial is to outline the arterial anatomy for the student endovascular therapist. These details are reproduced widely in text books, so why include them in the tutorials of the Oxford Course? The answer is to give guidance by providing context and suggesting priorities in this core knowledge. The tutorial therefore intends to equip the reader with an understanding of the detail that they need to master in order to practise. Like other tutorials, the attempt is to be both comprehensive and selective. By emphasising areas important to the performance of endovascular treatments, it aims to avoid simply reproducing a standard anatomical text.

Most cases of hypospadias, regardless of severity, are associated with a prepuce that could be sufficient to create a neourethra to bridge the existing gap and cover the repair with skin. Success is in a major part dependent on three preconditions: The inner layer of the prepuce has to be long enough. The epithelial surface of the prepuce has to be ade quate. The subcutaneous tissue between the outer and in ner layer of the prepuce has to be sufficient and carry enough blood vessels for vascularisation of the two layers.

With disease processes that involve the large bowel but leave the rectum free (Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, neoplasms), a surgical procedure used for their treatment will result in an anastomosis that may be seen during rectoscopy. During the postoperative follow-up period, careful attention should be given to any recurrence, which in cases of Crohn’s disease is seen very early on rectoscopy.

The clinical manifestations of a fistula — stool from the vagina, air from the urethra — are often difficult to recognize because the fistulous opening is hidden by the edematous and swollen mucosa. Larger defects occur particularly after radiation therapy and with Crohn’s disease.

There is wide agreement that posttraumatic and nontraumatic femoral head necroses are based on ischemia. This may be caused at the level of extraosseous arteries, the small intraosseous vessels and sinusoids or the afferent venules and veins by vessel rupture or obstruction.

The use of penile prostheses is the oldest and best-known treatment of erectile dysfunction. In the last few years, alternative methods have been presented, i.e., self-injection of the corpora cavernosa with vasoactive drugs, ligature of the penile deep dorsal vein, and bypass operations to improve the arterial blood supply to the penis. Although increasingly popular, these alternative methods have not been able to reduce the number of prosthesis implantations in the long run. After a short initial drop, the implantation rate is again increasing worldwide. This is due to critical reports on the alternative treatments.

The arterial blood supply of the dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa is often attributed to the pharyngeal artery, whereby the role of the occipital artery is not considered. It is our aim to draw attention to the meningeal ramus of the occipital artery, as this meningeal artery is important in regard to diagnosis as well as to operation.