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The facilities that energy delivers to social life and economic activities render it indispensable. Hence, it is equally critical that the energy cycle must have a sustainable structure. Therefore, it is an indisputable fact that developing and performing correct and consistent energy policies is vitally necessary. Energy consumption planning includes a continuous process to reassess existing and potential alternative energy approaches and strategies. The public and private decision-makers in charge of planning and managing energy consumption policies must adapt their strategies to novel and superior alternative resources according to sustainability and efficiency criteria. In this paper, the fuzzy EDAS method is used to address the best renewable energy consumption by taking political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) dimensions into account. The analysis of the paper indicates the most efficient renewable energy consumption is sourced by geothermal, solar, wind, hydroelectricity, and biomass, respectively. By further investigation, it is concluded that the most optimum renewable energy consumption alternatives based on PESTLE dimensions are geothermal and solar energies.

The rise of China since World War II has been centralized in the form of a series of five-year plans. These plans affected society at all levels and have now reached a zenith in terms of ecological, environmental, energy, and economic outcomes. A new power law was enacted to govern the Chinese Electricity sector. The central government intent is to decentralize energy generation, transmission, and storage through the formulation of policies which affect energy generation through tighter supervisory controls, through innovation and economic rebates and aid. These new provisions are targeted to slow down the rate of energy consumption and enable the transition of China to an electricity generator based on renewables including hydroelectric, biomass natural gas, and nuclear with a lesser reliance on coal-fired electricity generation. The policies are derived from earlier noticed in area of electricity generation, transmission, and environmental protection. The formulated policies using southern China as a test case migrated from general pronouncements to specific policy outcomes; the acceptance of which is based on the level of gain, fairness, and transparency. Heavy electricity users can buy directly from the power generator competitive rates; however, the social justice principle ensures that users who do not choose to participate in the electricity market are quoted prices that are not at far higher levels than high volume users. Also, there needs to be tighter integration between the supply and return of investment or rebates either at the government or province-level to ensure transparency and fairness to supply. To meet the ambitious targets of decarbonization and environmental goal’s, the policymakers have allowed the local municipalities meet the projected targets using local knowledge, expertise, and resources; however, more research and development (R&D), technical assistance, and workforce training are required to meet the new policies scenario by 2040.

The RAVE research project Grid Integration investigated how the fluctuating output of large offshore wind farms is successfully integrated into the German grid. This is important because it is only possible to take as much out of the grid as is being fed in at exactly the same time. By combining several offshore wind farms it is possible to operate them like a large power plant network, including operating reserve. Doing this requires precise wind prediction models. Different prediction models were developed with regard to the safety and stability of the grid. With a joint North Sea offshore supergrid between Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany it would be possible to intercept power peaks, balance power deficits with energy from the offshore wind farms or with excess Scandinavian hydroelectric power, and also increase system reliability. Offshore wind farms acting as an offshore power plant network would then be the key component of such a future grid system.

This paper presents a multi-mode discrete time-cost-environment trade-off problem of construction systems for large scale hydroelectric projects. The objective functions are to minimize the total project cost, project duration, crashing cost, and environmental impact. Furthermore, an adaptive-hybrid genetic algorithm is developed for finding feasible solutions. The one-point crossover and repairing strategy for mutation are designed to avoid infeasible solutions. Finally, the Jinping-II Hydroelectric Project is used as a practical example to demonstrate the practicality and efficiency of the model. Results and sensitivity analysis are presented to highlight the performances of the optimization method, which is very effective and efficient as compared to other algorithms.

This paper established a new scale matrix and quantitative decision-making model for the characteristic that development of hydropower resources has great impact on the ecological environment of the whole basin based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) decision theory. The model put forward the quantifying AHP decision method based on variation characteristics of effects of cascade hydropower environmental factor. This paper takes the development plan of Yuanshui hydropower energy as an example to make an evaluation and decision. In consideration of the impact on the ecological environment of the entire basin, we evaluated the development plan. The empirical study shows that the effect of quantization AHP decision model is very good.

This paper studies the time-cost-quality-environment trade-off problem of construction project and establishes a multi-objective decision making model under a fuzzy environment. The objective functions are to minimize the total project time, total executed cost, quality defect of all activities, and the environment impact. Furthermore, a fuzzy based adaptive-hybrid genetic algorithm is developed for finding feasible solutions. Finally, Jinping-II hydroelectric project was used as a practical example to demonstrate the practicality and efficiency of the method.

The health of river basins throughout the world is under pressure from economic activities and a changing climate. Water is necessary for life, agriculture and many industrial production processes. But water is also a receptor for our waste products. In Europe, diffuse pollution from agriculture and our industrial legacy, together with hydraulic engineering for navigation, water supply, hydroelectricity or flood control, is seen as the main factor adversely influencing the quality and ecology of European freshwaters and estuaries. Economic activities affect the chemical and ecological status of our rivers, lakes and groundwater and deplete available soil–sediment–water resources. The wide range of economic activities and the ecohydrological complexity of many river basins, in terms of the functioning of the soil–sediment–water system and the links between water quantity, quality and economic activities, make a more integrated management approach to river basins complex and challenging.

The chapter presents an application of a two-dimensional depth averaged numerical model FESWMS to calculate flow in the Porąbka retention reservoir. The lake in question has complex flow characteristics due to the presence of an outlet of a pumped-storage hydro power plant. Results of sample steady-state and dynamic simulations are shown and discussed.

The aim of this study was to develop an ergonomic methodology to verify the compliance and usability of software, in line with, ISO 9241, which may assist software developers, maintainers and assessors in a power distribution utility in northeastern Brazil to improve the quality of Human-Computer Interactions. It also set out to develop and implement a software tool that might incorporate the methodology developed, thus enabling IT professionals to conduct a compliance review with a view to increasing productivity and reducing failures of the services managed or implemented by using this software which had undergone ergonomic verification.

The control method applied to our hydraulic generator product is still the traditional PID control. This method can’t realize self-tuning of control parameters online. To enhance the adaptability of the system, the intelligent control technology is applied to the hydraulic turbine generator set which has effectively improved the dynamic operation performance in different cases. Through theoretical derivation and simulation analysis, we summarized the control performance of improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is superior to the fuzzy PID control, when both of them are applied to the hydroelectric regulating system and excitation control system.

Abandoned mines are already being used for various purposes, ranging from ultimate waste disposal to energy storage and the heating and cooling of spaces. Some examples of the energy storage systems in use include hydroelectric pumping storage, wind, and compressed air. These sites represent independent and sustainable sources of energy that can be exploited to added value to local communities after the cessation of mining activity.

The Maurice Ile Durable (MID) initiative was launched by the Government of Mauritius in year 2009 to transform the country into a sustainable island. The wind sector is experiencing a sustained growth and many wind farm projects have been announced by the private sector under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and sales of carbon credits namely the 18 MW wind farm project at Plaine des Roches and the 22 MW Wind Farm at Britannia. As land resource in Mauritius and Rodrigues is not unlimited and only a few sites have the necessary characteristics for exploiting wind potential. Therefore, it is essential for policy decision makers to consider the possibility of using other local renewable energy resource as part of the energy mix (including wind energy) for electricity production in Mauritius and not to concentrate solely on wind energy. In that context, this study was initiated to assess the renewable energy configuration system in Mauritius and Rodrigues including wind energy using a simulation optimization model. An economic assessment was carried out for different configuration of renewable energy system including wind energy for Mauritius and the island of Rodrigues using a simulation tool namely HOMER software. Two case studies were proposed for Mauritius and Rodrigues to include renewable energy sources such as the use of bio-fuel, renewable biomass, mini hydro plant and solar energy using PV Grid tied systems.

The term “renewable energy” is used for a source of energy from a reservoir that can be restored on a “short time scale” (in human time scales). Renewable energy includes geothermal energy and several forms of solar energy such as bio-energy (bio-fuel), hydroelectric, wind-energy, photovoltaic and solar-thermal energy. These sources of energy are converted to heat or electricity for utilization.

The High Atlas Mountains in Morocco as other mountains throughout the world are landscape providing major economic resources and ecosystem services. Mountain systems represent one-fifth of the world’s land and are home to 570 million people. Mountain zones are also important suppliers of water, food, hydroelectricity, timber, other mineral resources and biological diversity, increasingly vulnerable to climate change. As precipitation in Morocco is expected to reduce by 5 % in mountainous areas and 30 % in the southern regions of the country for the period between 2011 and 2050, water as a prime commodity will be greatly affected by these changes. Water shortage is in turn likely to alter agricultural production.

The prediction of seasonal streamflow series is very important in countries where power generation is predominantly done by hydroelectric plants. Echo state networks can be safely regarded as promising tools in forecasting because they are recurrent networks that have a simple and efficient training process based on linear regression. Recently, Boccato et al. proposed a new architecture in which the output layer is built using a principal component analysis and a Volterra filter. This work performs a comparative investigation between the performances of different ESNs in the context of the forecasting of seasonal streamflow series associated with Brazilian hydroelectric plants. Two possible reservoir design approaches were tested with the classical and the Volterra-based output layer structures, and a multilayer perceptron was also included to establish bases for comparison. The obtained results show the relevance of these networks and also contribute to a better understanding of their applicability to forecasting problems.

The basic cost-benefit rule used in this book has a major cost item. This is the profit lost as water is diverted from electricity generation to other uses. In this chapter we discuss the magnitude of the different components of the profit loss term. We introduce a simple way of estimating the loss of hydroelectricity as water is diverted to other uses. A key question is how to come up with a forecast for the spot electricity price. Electricity is traded on the Nord Pool spot market. A large portion of the Nordic electricity supply comes from hydropower and nuclear power. However, in terms of costs the marginal suppliers are fossil-fueled plants. These plants set the spot price but since demand shifts over the day, the week, and the season and the supply of hydropower varies depending on whether the season is rainy or dry one sees large variations in the spot price. Moreover, the nordic market is linked to other markets such as the German-based EEX-market. Thus measures taken in Germany, such as closing down nuclear plants and expanding wind power, will affect the Nord Pool spot price. Similarly recent plans to further connect different European submarkets will affect future electricity prices. We discuss these complications and suggest two price scenarios to be used in the cost-benefit analysis, one implying “business as usual” and one implying a merger of the Nord Pool and the EEX markets. Finally, we discuss the magnitude of the considered hydropower plants marginal costs (exclusive of the water value) and how its long run investment costs might be affected by the measures or projects under evaluation.

With increasing amounts of power generation from intermittent sources like wind and solar, capacity planning has not only to account for the expected load variations but also for the stochastics of volatile power feed-in. Moreover investments in power generation are no longer centrally planned in deregulated power markets but rather decided on competitive grounds by individual power companies. This poses particular challenges when it comes to dispatch. Within this article an approach is presented which allows assessing electricity market development in the presence of stochastic power feed-in and endogenous investments of power plants and renewable energies.

River fishways are hydraulic structures enabling fish to overcome stream obstructions (for instance, dams in hydroelectric power plants). This paper presents a combination of mathematical modelling and optimal control theory in order to improve the optimal shape design of a fishway. The problem can be formulated within the framework of the optimal control of partial differential equations, approximated by a discrete optimization problem, and solved by using a gradient-type method (the Spectral Projected-Gradient algorithm). Numerical results are shown for a standard real-world situation.

The King River Power Development, on the rugged west coast of Tasmania, is a good example of excellence in hydroelectric power development, and in many ways provides a guide for the overall development and sustainable operation of other hydroelectric power schemes. The scheme demonstrates sustainable environmental and economic development, and has noteworthy technical innovations. It was developed and is owned, operated and maintained by Hydro Tasmania.

The Turkish economy recorded a significant growth in its gross national product (GNP), with the annual growth rate reaching 8.2 percent in 2008. Parallel with economic development, energy demand in Turkey has increased significantly over the past decades. Today already, Turkey’s domestic energy resources are not sufficient to meet increasing demand and the country is highly dependent on energy imports to such an extent that in 2008 the imported energy rate reached 76 percent (MENR 2009). Society faces possible energy shortages and even power cuts if necessary measures and investments are not considered and implemented in due time. Since the increase in energy consumption is parallel to the increase in the GNP, this further emphasizes the key role of energy for Turkey’s economic development. The socio-economic development of Turkey, therefore, urgently requires the exploitation of additional energy resources.

The economics of a hydropower plant is quite different from that of any other type of power plant since various considerations such as water supply, irrigation and river navigation are involved besides regular economic aspects of cost of generated power. In fact, some of these aspects, such as effect on irrigation or recreation facilities are difficult to quantify. Hence, true economic analysis of a hydro power plant, especially a large hydro power plant, is a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches.

By supplying water and generating hydroelectricity, dams play a prominent role in Turkey’s economic and social development. Hydroelectric energy generation, for instance, enjoys high priority in the domestic energy mix, and it factors as one of the core elements in Turkey’s climate mitigation strategy because it compares favourably with fossil energies in terms of carbon emissions. As the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) reasons: “(…) hydroelectric power is environment-friendly, clean, renewable, able to meet peak demands, highly efficient (over 90 percent), involves no fuel cost, is a balancer of energy prices, has a long life-span (200 years), its cost recovery is short-run (5-10 years) its operational costs are low (approximately 0.2 cent/kWh), and it is an indigenous source of energy which is (…) natural.”.

Besides saving energy, using it at the right time (i.e. when there is a supply surplus, and the power is produced by sustainable power sources such as hydroelectricity or wind) is an important possibility to achieve positive effects for the environment. To enable the user to align their behavior with the dynamics of the energy generation they need to be informed about the current status of power supply and grid capacity. Furthermore, to be able to plan their behavior and possibly delay or advance consumption activities to more proper moments they also need to have access to high-quality forecasts about the future status of green energy supply. In this paper we present an ambient display design solution based on a common watch that is optimized for providing this information in an unobtrusive, ambient and persuasive way. We present and discuss requirements identified by use of literature analysis, focus groups and end-user questionnaires, outline approaches to calculate basic power generation forecasts based on weather forecast data and present an ambient interface concept designed to meet the identified requirements. We conclude that the developed approach has high potential to support desired behavior changes, and that achieving acceptable accuracy levels for the generation forecast is feasible with relatively little effort.

This paper analyzed the influence of mutation operator of diploid genetic algorithm (DGA) on population diversity. It shows that DGA has a better performance than HGA in terms of preserving the diversity. An improved method of mutation operator for DGA was developed to deal with the nonlinear optimization problem for hydro scheduling in power market. The results interpreted using a realistic example.

As one of the first worldwide initiatives provisioning ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) services entirely based on renewable energy such as solar, wind and hydroelectricity across Canada and around the world, the GreenStar Network (GSN) is developed to dynamically transport user services to be processed in data centers built in proximity to green energy sources, reducing GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions of ICT equipments. Regarding the current approach, which focuses mainly in reducing energy consumption at the micro-level through energy efficiency improvements, the overall energy consumption will eventually increase due to the growing demand from new services and users, resulting in an increase in GHG emissions. Based on the cooperation between Mantychore FP7 and the GSN, our approach is, therefore, much broader and more appropriate because it focuses on GHG emission reductions at the macro-level. Whilst energy efficiency techniques are still encouraged at low-end client equipments, the heaviest computing services are dedicated to virtual data centers powered completely by green energy from a large abundant reserve of natural resources, particularly in northern countries.

The remains of rockslide dams are widespread in the river valleys of the northwest Himalayas (Pakistan and India) and the adjacent Pamir Mountains of Afghanistan and Tajikistan, Central Asia. The region contains in excess of two hundred known rockslide deposits of, as yet, unknown age that have interrupted surface drainage and previously dammed major rivers in the region in prehistoric time. In addition, the region contains (1) the highest rockslide dam (the 1911 Usoi rockslide, Tajikistan) in the world that dams the largest rockslide-dammed lake (Lake Sarez) on Earth, (2) the largest documented outburst flood associated with a historical rockslide dam outburst (the 1841 Indus Flood, Pakistan), and (3) the world’s most recent (2010) rockslide-dammed lake emergency, the Attabad rockslide dam on the Hunza River, in the Upper Indus basin of northern Pakistan. We show that some prehistoric rockslide dams in the northwest Himalayas impounded lakes with volumes in excess of 20 Gm3, significantly larger than present-day Lake Sarez. We use SRTM-3 digital terrain data and satellite imagery to analyse four major historical rockslide damming events (1) our analysis of the 1841 Indus rockslide-damming event indicates that the volume of the impoundment and subsequent outburst was 6.5 Gm3, the largest outburst from a rockslide-dammed lake in historical time, (2) the 1858 Hunza Valley rockslide dam impounded about 805 Mm3 before catastrophic outburst in August 1858, (3) the development of the 2010 Hunza rockslide-dammed lake is described in detail for the first time. It reached a maximum volume of 430 Mm3 before stable overflow of the rockslide debris began on May 29, 2010. This remains the situation as of July 25, 2010 (200 days after impoundment), (4) the filling of Lake Sarez was conditioned by excessive outflow seepage through the debris as the lake filled to the extent that a freeboard of ca. 50 m is still naturally maintained without engineering intervention. The emplacement of rockslide dams and the behaviour of their impounded lakes are critical hazards to communities and the development of infrastructure, including hydroelectric facilities, in this region of Central Asia.

Climate change is recognized as one of the greatest environmental threats facing the world today. To tackle this problem, a protocol was adopted in Kyoto in 1997 which establishes legally binding commitments to developed countries to bring down the emissions of six major greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990. Three flexibility mechanisms have been provided to developed countries to achieve the target of emission reduction under this protocol and one of them is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which allows industrialized nations or private entities therein to implement emission reduction projects in developing countries and receive credits in the form of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs), which may be counted against their national reduction targets. The fund channelled through the CDM by developed countries can assist developing countries to achieve objectives contributing to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Against this background, the paper discusses about the scope of hydroelectric and wind projects in the CDM market in India and also looked at the options available other than the CDM market, namely the Voluntary Carbon Market. It also identifies to what extent the potential of these projects could be harnessed and also presents the key challenges to making full use of these opportunities.

Fossil fuels, like petroleum and coal, are fast-depleting, nonrenewable sources that were produced over million years ago, when the higherand lower-order plants were buried under the surface of the earth by volcanic activities and sedimentation. These were further acted upon by microorganisms leading to the formation of nonrenewable fuels. There is an urgent need to find alternative sources of energy in order to cope with the energy demands of the human race and the much-debated global climate change in the coming years. So intense is the problem that the world has been divided into energy-independent producers and energy-dependent consumer economies, triggering trade war and political unrest, leading to monopoly over production and pricing issues. In such a scenario, there is a greater urge for the fossil-fuel-dependent economies to look for alternative sources of energy to become more self-reliant when it comes to their own energy needs (Hill et al. 2006). Several alternative energy sources, which exist and are being exploited today, include wind, solar, hydroelectric, nuclear energy and possibly methane gas reserves entrapped in the underground seabed. These may provide a part of the solution. There are practical problems associated with harnessing, storage and transport of these new renewable resources compared with other popular nonrenewable sources. Biofuels or agrofuels are basically carbon-derived fuels (solid, liquid or gaseous state) where the source of carbon is either plants or animals, and are therefore indirectly solar energy sources. They can be derived from animal fats, vegetable oils (biodiesel), or from agro-residues (bioethanol, biomethanol, or biobutanol), or can be derived from solid forms (like refuse fuels, pellets, wood, sewage, and

The Qattara Depression, which has a nearly triangular shape with a vertex at about 67 km distance from the Mediterranean Sea, is the largest natural closed land depression (19,605 km2) of the Eastern Sahara. It forms the most significant geomorphologic feature in the northern part of Egypt’s Western Desert. The deserted periphery of the depression is taken at the present sea level contour, while the lowest point in the depression is 134 m below mean sea level (b.m.s.l.). The large area of the depression, and the fact that it falls to a depth of 134 m b.m.s.l., has led to several proposals of major hydropower projects, to generate a huge hydroelectric power by conveying seawater from the Mediterranean Sea in an open channel or tunnel (Ball 1933). Recently, there is a serious concern to use the Qattara Depression as a basin to discharge the extra ocean water possibly resulting from Earth’s climate change. The transformation of Qattara Depression into isolated anthropogenic inland sea could provide some ocean level adjustment, as well as generate energy, induce rainfall over some of the adjacent desert, reduce hottest desert daytime and nighttime air temperatures, and permit new local-use fisheries (aquaculture) as well as international tourism resorts. Persons visiting the Aswan High Dam will surely also be drawn to view the proposed seawater canal and the enormous anthropogenic desert seawater lake located so close to Alexandria’s great Library.

The special importance of these hydroelectric hydrokinetic power plants consists, such as in energy production from renewable and non-polluting sources, as by their ecological building in the absence of dams so as not to hinder the normal circuit of migratory fishes as well as the passage of ships (Cazacu 1999).

The integration of natural gas and electricity sectors has increased sharply in the last decade as a consequence of combined cycle natural gas thermal power plants. In some countries such as Brazil, gas-fired generation has been a major factor in the overall growth of natural gas consumption. When related to the operations planning, in some hydrothermal systems, a national system operator dispatches these gas-fired plants (along with other thermal sources such as coal, oil, and nuclear) in conjunction with the country’s hydroelectric plants by using a production-costing model based on stochastic programming. The algorithm determines the optimal hydro-to-thermal energy production ratio on the basis of the expected benefit of reducing thermal plant generation over a large number of hydrological scenarios, along a planning horizon of some years. This means that the optimal scheduling decision today depends on the assumptions about future load growth and future entrance of new generation capacity. Stochastic dynamic programming models are extensively used. However, the hydrothermal scheduling models usually do not take into account the possibility of future fuel supply constraints, either in production or in transportation. The assumption of fuel supply adequacy is felt to be reasonable for the more mature markets such as coal and oil. However, because of the fast growth of the natural gas market, it is possible that demand outpaces supply or transportation investments. Indications that gas-related constraints could be relevant were observed in New England, in the US, and in Brazil in 2004, where several megawatt of combined-cycle generation could not be dispatched when needed due to constraints in pipeline capacity. The objective of this work is to present a methodology for representing the natural gas supply, demand, and transportation network in the stochastic hydrothermal power scheduling model. Application of the integrated electricity–gas scheduling model is illustrated in case studies, with realistic configurations of the 90GW Brazilian system.

River basins worldwide are under pressure from economic activities. In Europe, the two main factors hindering the achievement of good chemical and ecological status of European river basins are pollution, mainly coming from agriculture, and hydromorphology (e.g. for navigation, hydroelectricity and flood control). The economic activities affect the chemical and ecological status of rivers, lakes and groundwater and deplete available soil, sediments and water resources. The wide range of these activities and the eco-hydrological complexity of many river basins, both in terms of the functioning of the soil–sediment–water system and of the links between water quantity, quality and economic activities, make the integrated management of river basins extremely complex. Approaches to this management across Europe have been dramatically impacted by the introduction of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The WFD promotes the integrated management of water resources based on the natural geographical and hydrological unit of the river basin rather than administrative or political boundaries. In this chapter, experiences and recommendations on the implementation of the WFD in a number of representative river basins across Europe are described and regarded as a support on the implementation of the WFD in the Ebro river basin.

Water power plants mean the design, configuration, execution and operation of buildings and of hydraulic and electrical machines. Their many types are due to the stages of development and the technical alternatives of the use of waterpower and the associated energy economy aspects. The main points of this work are the use of water power, different hydro-electric powerstations, water collection, machines and electrotechnical equipment. In the 2nd revised edition parts on electrical engineering, environment, minimum water run-off pumped storage plants, small scole plants, economical aspects and finite elements were broadened. It is a comprehensive textbook and technical book for students of civil engineering and particularly suitable for engineers active in the theory and practice of waterpower construction. (orig./GL) [German] Dieses Standardwerk der Wasserkraft liegt hiermit bereits in 4. Auflage vor. Es wurde noch staerker an die Erfordernisse der Praxis angepasst, komplett ueberarbeitet, aktualisiert und - wo es angebracht war - ergaenzt. Wasserkraftanlagen bedeuten Planung, Gestaltung, Ausfuehrung und Betrieb von Bauwerken sowie hydraulischen und elektrischen Komponenten. Ihre Typenvielfalt erklaert sich aus den Entwicklungsstufen und den technischen Alternativen der Wasserkraftnutzung und der dazu gehoerenden energiewirtschaftlichen Ausrichtung. Schwerpunkte des Werks sind die Wasserkraftnutzung, die zugehoerigen, unterschiedlichen Bauweisen und -elemente einschliesslich der maschinen- und elektrotechnischen Ausruestung. Das Buch richtet sich als umfassendes Lehr- und Fachbuch an Studierende, Ingenieure und Praktiker des Konstruktiven Wasserbaus bzw. Wasserkraftanlagenbetreiber. (orig.)

The condition of study on safety inspection and evaluation of steel penstocks of hydroelectric stations is expounded briefly in this paper. The contents and methods of safety inspection and evaluation of steel penstocks of hydroelectric stations are analyzed and studied. In combination with project examples, the application of safety inspection and evaluation in hydroelectric stations is presented in this paper. The method of safety inspection and evaluation can be available for reference to other projects.

The aims, principles and methods of slope monitoring are discussed and the general ways of analyzing monitoring results are summarized as well. Combining monitoring design, results analysis and feedback design of rock high-latitude slope of Jinping No.1 hydropower station, the relationship between monitoring and feedback design is introduced by engineering instances in Jingping hydropower station. It is found that the analysis of monitoring information should be in time, efficient and be related to investigation, design and construction, which can provides explicit design perfecting scheme. It is very important to harmonize monitoring, design, construction and investigation especially in hydroelectric projects; therefore, slope monitoring is thought to be the eye of the whole project. This paper provides reference for slope monitoring and dynamic design of other hydropower projects.

Masses of cultivated land resources, which are the pith of land, are submersed by water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering, so it is very important to evaluate the cultivated land resources scientifically. It not only benefits the calculation of investment budgetary estimate of water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering, but also protects legal property rights and interests of reservoir migrators in the aspect of compensation for cultivated land resources acquisition. The value of cultivated land resources, submersed by water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering, should consist of natural character value, social security value, food security value and ecological and environmental value, which are evaluated according to the principle of comprehensive, dynamic and maneuverable. And then study on calculation method and mathematical model of four different values are put forward, based on which an instance is evaluated and the result is that the value of cultivated land resources submersed by the illustrational water conservancy engineering is 127761.6 yuan/mu.

During the recent years, backwater gate with vast aspect ratio has been widely adopted in hydraulic engineering, hydroelectricity project and sea traffic or service in China, making sluice design step into a new stage. Due to the big span of gate and the weak rigidity of structure, with the complex hydrodynamic load action of gate there appears vibration in different forms during the operation process. To guarantee the project safety, we need start with the material project to study countermeasure for anti-vibration, put forward the prioritization scheme of controlling vibration and interrelated mechanical measure.

Kyushu Electric Power Co.,Inc. collects various sensor data and weather information to maintain hydroelectric power plants while the plants are running. However, it is very rare to occur abnormal and trouble condition data in power equipments. And in order to collect the abnormal and trouble condition data, it is hard to construct an experimental hydroelectric power plant. Because its cost is very high. In this situation, we have to find abnormal condition data as a risk management. In this paper, we consider that the abnormal condition sign may be unusual condition data. This paper shows results of unusual condition data of bearing vibration detected from the collected various sensor data and weather information by using one class support vector machine. The result shows that our approach may be useful for unusual condition data detection and maintaining hydroelectric power plants. Therefore, the proposed method is one of risk management for hydroelectric power plants.

In the developed countries the installation of new hydro electric power stations is nowadays very difficult and in many cases impossible. Here the upgrading of old power stations through replacement of critical components is the right measure to considerably increase the production of electricity by use of renewable resources. The development of such improved and more powerful components, most of all the turbine runner, is today possible based on numerical flow simulation and other modern CAE-tools. More than 50 % of old power plant installations have operational problems such as cavitation erosion, vibration of the structure due to vortices at off-design operation or severe noise. As an example the numerical engineering is described, that was carried out in order to upgrade a low head small hydro electric power station in Germany to increase power production by 30 % and to avoid cavitation erosion in the turbine runner. The new components have been installed and successfully put to operation. Now the turbine is performing well and is running surprisingly smooth.

Aiming at the defects of simply using LEC method to evaluate the risk factors in working system, this paper thoroughly analyses the main factors which can influence the hazard assessment; adapts LEC and AHP assessment methods with the combination of the former accident cases and experts’ experiences; associates multiple factors that can lead to accidents, assigns reasonable weights, thus determines the importance order of the factors. The statistical data verifies that the above method implements the quantitative assessment objectively, which can guarantee the consistency of the evaluation result and statistical data.

Kyushu Electric Power Co.,Inc. collects different sensor data and weather information (hereafter, operation data) to maintain the safety of hydroelectric power plants while the plants are running. It is very rare to occur trouble condition in the plants. And it is hard to construct an experimental power generation plant for collecting the trouble condition data. Because its cost is too high. In this situation, we have to find trouble condition sign. In this paper, we consider that the rise inclination of special unusual condition data gives trouble condition sign. And we propose a trouble condition sign discovery method for hydroelectric power plants by using a one class support vector machine and a normal support vector machine. This paper shows the proposed method is useful method as a method of risk management for hydroelectric power plants.