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1 Wetland Functioning in a Changing World: Implications for Natural Resources Management J.T.A. Verhoeven, B. Beltman, D.F. Whigham, R. Bobbink 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Clarity on Wetlands and Water Use 1.3 Wetlands and Environmental Flows 1.4 Wetlands and Water Quality 1.5 Biogeochemical Insights 1.6 Wetlands and River Fisheries 1.7 Wetlands and Climate Change 1.8 Further Developments in Wetland Science and its Applications References Section I The Role of Wetlands for Integrated Water Resources Management: Putting Theory into Practice 2 Restoring Lateral Connections Between Rivers and Floodplains: Lessons from Rehabilitation Projects H. Coops, K. Tockner, C. Amoros, T. Hein, G. Quinn 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Threatened Life at the Aquatic--Terrestrial Interface 2.3 Reconnecting Side-Channels Along the Rhone (France) 2.4 Rehabilitation of Side-Channels of the River Danube (Austria) 2.5 'Environmental Flows' for Rehabilitating Floodplain Wetlands (Australia) 2.6 Lessons from Rehabilitation Projects References 3 Sustainable Agriculture and Wetlands F. Rijsberman, S. de Silva 3.1 Agriculture and Wetlands: Introduction 3.2 Water for Food, Water for Environment 3.2.1 'Ecosystems Produce the Water Used by Agriculture' 3.2.2 'Irrigated Agriculture Uses 70% of the World's Water' 3.2.3 'Water Scarcity: Fact or Fiction?' 3.3 Producing More Rice With Less Water 3.4 Towards a Dialogue Among Agronomists and Environmentalists 3.4.1 Water, Food and Environment Issues in Attapeu Province, Lao PDR 3.5 Research on Sustainable Agriculture and Wetlands 3.6 Conclusions: Towards Sustainable Agriculture and Wetlands? References 4 Sustainable Water Management by using Wetlands in Catchmentswith Intensive Land Use C. Yin, B. Shan, Z. Mao 4.1 Semi-Natural Wetlands Created by Humans Before the Industrial Age 4.2 Water Regulation by the Multipond Systems 4.2.1 Research Site Description 4.2.2 The Regulation Process for the Crop Water Supply by the Pond System 4.3 Other Ecological Functions of Ancient Semi-Natural Wetlands in a Modern Scientific Context 4.3.1 Sediment Retention Within the Watershed 4.3.2 Nutrient Retention and Recyling 4.3.3 Landscape Complexity and Biological Diversity 4.4 Wetlands and Human Activities in Harmony 4.5 Protection of Semi-Natural Wetlands Together with Natural Wetlands References Section II Wetland Science for Environmental Management 5 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment J. Vymazal, M. Greenway, K. Tonderski, H. Brix, U. Mander 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Free Water Surface Constructed Wetlands 5.2.1 Free Water Surface Wetlands for Treatment of Wastewater and Non-Point Source Pollution in Sweden 5.2.2 The Role of Wetlands in Effluent Treatment and Potential Water Reuse in Subtropical and Arid Australia 5.3 Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow 5.4 Constructed Wetlands with Vertical Sub-Surface Flow 5.4.1 Danish Experience with Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands 5.4.2 Constructed Wetlands with No Outflow 5.5 Hybrid Constructed Wetlands 5.6 Trace Gas Fluxes from Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment 5.7 Conclusion References 6 Tools for Wetland Ecosystem Resource Management in East Africa: Focus on the Lake Victoria Papyrus Wetlands S. Loiselle, A. Cozar, A. van Dam, F. Kansiime, P. Kelderman, M. Saunders, S. Simonit 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Wetlands and Inorganic Carbon Retention 6.3 Wetlands and Nutrient Retention 6.4

1 Introduction: Wetland Functioning in Relation to Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration R. Bobbink, D.F. Whigham, B. Beltman, and J.T.A. Verhoeven Section I: Functioning of Plants and Animals in Wetlands. 2 Plant Survival in Wet Environments: Resilience and Escape Mediated by Shoot Systems M.B. Jackson 2.1 Introduction 2.2 How Excess Water Threatens Plant Life 2.2.1 Excluding and Trapping Effects of Water 2.2.3 The Energy Crisis 2.3 Resilience 2.3.1 Oxygen Shortage 2.3.2 Shortage of Carbon Dioxide 2.4 Escape 2.4.1 Aerobic Shoot Extension (the Aerobic Escape) 2.4.2 Anaerobic Shoot Extension (the Anaerobic Escape) 2.5 Conclusions and Summary References 3 Center Stage: The Crucial Role of Macrophytes in Regulating Trophic Interactions in Shallow Lake Wetlands R.L. Burks, G. Mulderij, E. Gross, I. Jones, L. Jacobsen, E. Jeppesen, and E. van Donk 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Central Position of Aquatic Vegetation 3.2.1 Central Themes: Zooplankton Depend on Macrophytes as Habitats 3.2.2 Central Themes: Chemical Ecology Spans Trophic Levels 3.2.3 Central Themes: Impacts of Grazer--Epiphyton Interactions with Macrophytes 3.2.4 Central Themes: Prevalance of Fish Influence in Shallow Lakes 3.3 In the Wings: Research Areas Worthy of Attention 3.3.1 Predictability of Macrophyte Function in Trophic Interactions Across a Climatic Gradient 3.3.2 Relative Importance of Chemical Ecology Across Trophic Levels 3.3.3 Disproportional Impacts of Certain Invertebrates and Exotic Species 3.4 Returning to Center Stage: Macrophytes are Common Players in Trophic Interactions References 4 Biological Invasions: Concepts to Understand and Predict a Global Threat G. van der Velde, S. Rajagopal, M. Kuyper-Kollenaar, A.bij de Vaate, D.W. Thieltges, and H.J. MacIsaac 4.1 Introduction 4.2 What is a Biological Invasion? 4.3 Impacts of Biological Invasions 4.3.1 Ecological Impacts 4.3.2 Evolutionary Impacts 4.3.3 Economic Impacts 4.3.4 Human Health Impacts 4.3.5 Measuring Impacts 4.4 Examples of Biological Invasions 4.5 Understanding and Predicting Biological Invasions 4.5.1 Invading Species Approach Propagule Pressure 4.5.2 Invaded Ecosystem Approach 4.5.3 Relationship Between Invader and Invaded Ecosystem (Key-Lock Approach) 4.5.4 Invasion Processes Differentiated in Time 4.5.5 Comparative Historical Approach 4.6 Shadows on the Prospects of Prediction 4.7 Conclusion References Section II: Conservation and management of wetlands 5 Wetland Conservation and Management: Questions for Science and Society in Applying the Ecosystem Approach E. Maltby 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Wetlands at the Interface 5.3 Recognising a New Paradigm in Ecosystem Management 5.4 The Ecosystem Approach 5.4.1 Principle 1: The Management of Land, Water and Living Resources is a Question of Societal Choice 5.4.2 Principle 3: Ecosystem Managers Should Consider the Effects of Their Activities on Adjacent and Other Ecosystems and Principle 7: The Ecosystem Approach Should be Undertaken at the Appropriate Scale 5.4.3 Principle 4: There is a Need to Understand the Ecosystem in an Economic Context 5.4.4 Principle 9: Management must Recognise that Change is Inevitable 5.4.5 Principle 10: The Ecosystem Approach Should Seek the Appropriate Balance Between Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Wetlands in the Tidal Freshwater Zone A. Barendregt, D.F. Whigham, P. Meire, A.H. Baldwin, and S. Van Damme<

Wetland ecosystems are a natural resource of global significance. Historically, their high level of plant and animal (especially bird) diversity is perhaps the major reason why wetland protection has become a high priority worldwide, supported by international agreements such as the Ramsar Convention and the International Convention of Biological Diversity. More recently, a number of goods and services provided specifically by wetland ecosystems have been identified that may even outweigh biodiversity in terms of their importance for human welfare and sustainable natural resource management worldwide. Wetlands, as transitional zones between land and water, provide a natural pro- tection against extreme floods and storm surges. They may also store fresh- water to be used for drinking water preparation or for irrigation. Wetlands bordering streams, rivers and lakes have a water quality enhancement func- tion that is increasingly recognized. Because riverine and lacustrine wetlands often provide a spawning habitat, their importance as a source of juvenile fish for adjacent aquatic ecosystems should not be underestimated. In addition to these local and regional benefits, wetlands as a global resource provide a net sink of carbon dioxide.The world’s peatlands are the only type of terrestrial ecosystem with a long-term net carbon storage function. However, the large amounts of carbon that have accumulated historically in peatlands may be released as a result of degradation, such as drainage, excavation, or fertiliza- tion.