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Biological materials in organic electronics stand for low-cost production of biocompatible, biodegradable, and sustainable electronic devices. In this chapter, we discuss such materials and their implementation in the fabrication of electronic circuits. We briefly introduce applications of such biocompatible and biodegradable materials for interfacing electronics with living tissue. Research on bio-organic materials may ultimately result in establishing robust, environmentally safe, “green electronics” alternatives.

Die Landwirtschaftskammer Westfalen-Lippe hat unter der Federfuhrung der Gruppe Gartenbau und in Zusammenarbeit mit der Stiftung Umweltvorsorge i. Gr. am 21.2.1996 ein Seminar zum Thema „Agrar-Oko-Audit“ im Oko-Zentrum NRW in Hamm/Westf. veranstaltet. Experten aus Landwirtschaft und Gartenbau haben dabei den aktuellen Stand und die Perspektiven von Umweltmanagementsystemen in Landwirtschaft und Gartenbau dargestellt und diskutiert. Anlas und Ausgangspunkt fur das Seminar war eine bei der Landwirtschaftskammer Westfalen-Lippe entwickelte Umwelt-Checkliste fur Baumschulen. Die Praxisreife dieser Umwelt-Checklistre sollte in Fachkreisen bekannter gemacht und der Versuch unternommen werden, sie auch fur die Landwirtschaft dienstbar zu machen. Insbesondere ging es mit dem Seminar darum, einen Weg zu finden, wie aus der vorliegenden Umwelt-Checkliste fur Baumschulen ein angepastes Umweltmanagementsystem in Anlehnung an die EG-Oko-Audit-Verordnung 1836/93 fur die gesamte Landwirtschaft entwickelt werden kann.

Neben den traditionellen Agrarproblemen rucken die von der Landwirtschaft ausgehenden Umweltgefahrdungen zunehmend ins Bewustsein der Bevolkerung und der Politiker, wobei neben der realen Umweltgefahrdung eine erhohte Sensibilitat von Gesellschaft und Politik in Bezug auf Nahrungsmittelqualitat und Beeinflussung der Umwelt durch die Landbewirtschaftung festzustellen ist. Beide Problembereiche sind eng miteinander verbunden und unterliegen teilweise gleichen okonomischen und politischen Bestimmungsfaktoren.

The terms “sustainability” and “sustainable development” as a major policy objective have become very fashionable during the last year in the political and even in the scientific discussion. However, there is no clear and unique definition available throughout the various disciplines using these expressions. Also Dr. Muhle has not worked out a concept or at least a clear definition about the meaning of “Sustainable Development in Agricultural Landscape” in the previous contribution.

Dieses Kapitel verfolgt die Absicht, den Leser darin zu unterstutzen, ein Leitmotiv fur die Umgestaltung seines Unternehmens zu finden. Deshalb findet die aktuelle Diskussion um Trends der Organisationsgestaltung hier ihr Forum. Ziel ist es, die Thematik so darzustellen, dass der Leser fur jeden der angesprochenen Gedanken zielsicher und schnell prufen kann, ob er auch fur seinen Fall interessant ist. Beispielhafte Detaillierung und Abstrahierung stehen daher in ausgewogenem Verhaltnis.

Der Wandel der Rahmenbedingungen und die zunehmend begrenzten Moglichkeiten zur kurzfristigen Ausschopfung von Ratiopotentialen fuhrt die Unternehmen zwangslaufig zu einer Neuausrichtung ihrer Rationalisierungsbestrebungen. So haben die Marktveranderungen der letzten Jahre zu einer deutlichen Verkurzung der Produktlebensdauer gefuhrt und demzufolge die Produktvielfalt verstarkt und die Lieferzeiten erheblich gedruckt.

Am Beispiel eines Strukturierungsprojektes in der Montage wird ein erweitertes Verfahren zur Wirtschaftlichkeitsbeurteilung der Investition beschrieben. Erweiterung bedeutet in diesem Kontext, das insbesondere mitarbeiterbezogene Aspekte, die sich aus den Forderungen des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes ergeben, mithin Gegenstand der Planung und Gestaltung aber auch des Wirtschaftlichkeitsnachweises waren.

Plasma etching processes in the semiconductor industry are accompanied by the formation of waste products with potential toxicity. There is only limited knowledge about the occupational and environmental risks of these substances.

The fundamental physical and chemical processes in an idealized planetary ionosphere are considered as a general abstraction, with actual planetary ionospheres representing special cases. After describing the structure of the neutral atmospheres (the barosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere) and noting the principal ionizing radiations responsible for the formation of planetary ionospheres, a detailed study is made of the thermal structure of these ionospheres and of the chemical processes and plasma-transport processes occurring in them. The features of equilibrium and realistic models of planetary ionospheres are discussed, and an attempt is made to determine the extent of these ionospheres. Considering the ionosphere as a plasma, a plasma kinetic approach is developed for determining the effects of interactions between individual particles and waves in this plasma. The use of remote-sensing radio techniques and direct measurement or in situ techniques is discussed. Finally, the observed properties of the ionospheres of the Earth, Mars, Venus, and Jupiter are reviewed.

Plasma transport can act as an apparent local source or sink in a planetary ionosphere. Transport processes occur as the result of pressure gradients and gravity (plasma diffusion), the action of an electric field (plasma drift) or as the result of frictional forces (plasma wind).

Information on the ionosphere of Earth has accumulated for the past four decades. Originally, electron density was the only primary quantity observable by groundbased radio techniques. During the last two decades information on other physical parameters of the ionosphere, such as charged particle temperature (T e , T i and ion composition (m i ), as well as measurements of the ionizing radiations and the neutral atmosphere have become available. Satellites have provided a global picture of these parameters while at selected locations, groundbased incoherent backscatter radars have made possible the study of the time variations of these parameters as a function of altitude. In addition, sounding rocket experiments have provided direct measurements of many ionospheric parameters as a function of altitude, especially in the lower ionosphere.

The principal ionizing radiations responsible for the formation of planetary ionospheres are solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-rays (XUV radiation), and corpuscular radiation; i. e.; galactic cosmic rays and energetic particles having their origin in the solar system (solar cosmic ray protons, auroral particles, solar wind). In addition, interaction of meteors with atmospheric gases can lead to the formation of some ionization.

The distribution of charged particles (electrons and ions) in a planetary ionosphere is governed by the equation of continuity $$\frac{{\partial N}}{{\partial t}} = q - L(N) - \nabla \cdot (Nv)$$ (6-1) A steady state situation (∂N/∂t = 0) can often be assumed, except near sunrise and sunset or during other rapidly varying situations such as a solar eclipse.

Electrons released in the photoionization process due to the absorption of solar XUV radiation in planetary atmospheres may have initially kinetic energies of one to 100 eV. The energy E of photoelectrons resulting from photons of energy h v interacting with an atmospheric constituent whose ionization potential is IP is given by $$E = hv - IP$$ These photoelectrons loose their excess energy by both inelastic and elastic collisions [77]. As long as the energy of the primary photoelectron exceeds IP, secondary ionization may occur, while below IP energy loss will occur by excitation of atmospheric constituents. The rate of energy loss per unit pathlength due to an inelastic collision with a neutral constituent whose density is n j , can be expressed by $$\frac{1}{{{{n}_{j}}}}\frac{{dE}}{{dx}} = E\prime {{\sigma }_{j}}$$ (3-1) where E′ is the excitation energy and σ j is the appropriate cross section.