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This chapter focuses on the nature of the relationships on the ground between captives and captors at Dartmoor, and draws on prisoner narratives and official sources to build up a detailed picture of the shifting hierarchies, solidarities and conflicts that characterised daily life at the prison. Particular attention is paid to a set of rituals designed to transform inmates from free combatants into prisoners of war, including registration, roll-call and prison dress. Other subjects studied in this chapter include the central issue of the food ration, the role of the elected prisoner committees, the place of two vilified groups living on the margins of prisoner society and the ramifications of the presence of up to 1000 sailors of colour at the prison during the period 1813–1815.

Different units of analysis to study gender differences in psychological domains have been proposed. Basically, the present chapter is focused on the trait domain, characteristic adaptations, the objective biography, self-schemas, and character strengths. The main results point to some differences between men and women at the trait level, but the magnitude of this difference is generally small. Although the basic tendencies that represent traits are strongly dictated by heredity, some cultural and environmental influences have been signaled. Vital pathways, different patterns for managing work and the private life, interpersonal ways of treating others, etc., are among the different adaptations that men and women have to accomplish. At this level more gender differences have been found, although they are not stable because of cultural and historical changes. Research has found male/female differences in the structure of the self-schema, and some data on a few of the many character strengths also have appeared. According to all this, it is argued that differences can also be found in the objective biography of men and women. The conclusion, however, is that we should not emphasize peculiarities, since in the five domains of personality the differences are generally not large.

This final afterword begins by debunking the myth that Irish gendered history refers only to women’s history. Men in gender history, as developed in the United States and Britain, are not universal beings, but are instead part of a fluid and ever-changing system of gender relations. Rose argues that gender is a framework of ideas and practices that socially differentiate male and female as well as constituting important differences among men and women and their influence on political, social, economic and cultural processes as well as the routines and transformations of daily life. The essays in this collection advance the notion that gender matters in Irishmen’s lives and that an interdisciplinary approach is essential for cultural analyses of gender studies in Ireland.

The introduction to this collection outlines previous scholarly work on Ireland, history, and masculinities. It gives an overview of the essays contained in the volume, contextualising their approaches within the broader field. While research on masculinities generally tends to vary depending on geographical focus, the dearth of historical work on Irish masculinities—and of genders and sexualities in general—is notable, especially when compared with the development of these areas in the historiography of the United States and Britain. This chapter suggests that the paucity of historical analyses of masculinity, when compared with other fields such as literature, cultural and film studies, is indicative not only of methodological conservatism in Irish historiography but also of a tendency to equate gender history with women’s history.

This chapter introduces the reader to the extraordinary correspondence of our couple, Harry Logan and Gwyneth Murray, and places their discussions of the interrelationship between sex, love and marriage in the context of British culture in the Edwardian period. Further, we discuss the historical scholarship pertaining to gender history, the history of modernities, and the history of sexuality, indicating how first-person accounts of courtship and marriage revise this established historiography. It suggests ways as to how ordinary middle-class people who kept their faith nevertheless negotiated the transition from Victorian to modern, which included a greater value placed on sexual freedom, personal relationships, psychological introspection, and greater emotional expressiveness.

Drawing on The Prince (Machiavelli in Le Prince (Il Principe ou De Principatibus, 1532). Œuvres completes, Gallimard, Paris, 1952), this essay ponders the relationship between history and biography and underlines that the power of “great men” tends to gender history as female. Biopics, in particular, submit history to certain individuals and raise some individuals to historical status. Does the making of “great men” undermine grand history?

Using a book co-buying network from amazon.com of over 1 million books, we find empirically that readers who have purchased male first authors before are substantially less likely than expected to buy books by female first authors, when aggregated across the entire book market. Conversely, past buyers of female authors are slightly more likely than expected to buy other female authors. This same-gender assortativity is found to be local: certain writing genres are ``coloured'' preferentially by one gender. This can be attributed both to writer availability (i.e., a gender's preferential attachment to writing for one genre), and to the buyers' preferential attachment to the output of writers of one gender. We obtain these insights by classifying the gender of the first author for most of the books, then running statistical tests which compare the gender makeup of books co-bought with either male or female books. Structural book communities, as generated from readers' co-buying choices, are computed, visualised in terms of gender makeup, and their writing genres are summarised to match the genre with a gender makeup.

The three chapters in Part II on gender and religion are linked in that each offers an alternative or out-of-the-mainstream approach to conflict transformation, though each takes a very different approach. Carolina Rehrmann’s chapter focuses on gender. She explores the disproportionate role women play in initiating transformation and reconciliation efforts after horrific violence and war. The chapters by Richard Friedli and David P. Gushee focus on religion. Friedli addresses the religious dimensions in intergroup conflict and explores religious resources for reconciliation. Gushee’s chapter explores the ethical contribution of the late Christian ethicist Glen Stassen’s ‘just peacemaking’ theory, which distils ten peacemaking practices. Together the three chapters offer diverse alternative approaches to conflict transformation, drawing from different disciplines, contexts, and historical eras.

John Hillcoat’s The Proposition (2005) is a critically acclaimed movie that has been widely lauded for its brutal and violent depictions of Australia’s colonial history. In film scholarship, questions regarding the film’s genre, representation and its treatment of colonial history are far from settled. A key issue is that The Proposition avoids historical verisimilitude in favour of baroque allegory. Because the film invents a fictional history, some scholars have reconsidered the text in terms of film genre. Yet, as this chapter argues, the film’s attempt to develop a subversive depiction of colonial Australian violence is limited by the film’s formulaic approach to genre and an orthodox representation of settler Australia.

The first thing that happens to a newborn baby is that it is color-coded—pink if a girl, blue if a boy. For girls, in particular, this is just the beginning of an extensive color-coded gendering process. Since the early 2000s, girl advocates have openly criticized pink’s seductive pull on little girls. More recently, boys who wear pink have become subject to discussion. Tracing the metonymic relationship between color and femininity in the Western history of art, fashion, and marketing helps contextualize current anxieties about pink’s alleged power to feminize boys. It shows that the global circulation of color theories and actual paints and dyes since the sixteenth century, on one hand, and the “color revolution” in marketing and fashion of the early-to-mid twentieth century, on the other hand, paved the way for today’s gendered “affective economy” of pink.

In this chapter we enter into dual lives of migrant women both at home and as paid workers in domestic and care work. We try to discover how much marital status and religious belief, patriarchal and religious cultural codes shaped the identities of women in marriage, in the family and home, when doing housework, in prioritising male promotion and job prospects. We also discuss whether such codes spill over to the unmarried and the atheists. The chapter also exposes the perceptions of women of ‘male superiority’ via their narratives of their gendered roles in these dual lives.

Today’s undergraduate students seldom question women’s presence or roles in the workplace. Because they have come to see women’s employment as common place, they are often less aware of the persistent gender inequalities in the workplace or the historical roots of these patterns. Throughout my course on Work and Gender I challenge students to think critically about what constitutes “work” and the disparity in the social and economic value of paid and unpaid labor, how race, ethnicity, and social class have influenced gender roles and rewards over time, and how social policy, gendered organizations, and family roles impact the opportunities, experiences, and compensation workers can expect as a result of their gender. These objectives are accomplished through the reading and discussion of empirical research, personal reflections, guest speakers, and documentary film. My goals in teaching this course are for students to come away with a greater awareness of the intersection of race, class, and gender in work and family roles as well as perspective to draw on in their own personal and professional paths.

Olaf Blaschke analyzes the transnational dimension of the Marian apparitions at Marpingen in 1876. He draws the attention on how transnational perspectives help to understand the character of the apparitions and the reactions of both the villagers and its opponents: the liberals and the state. As long as all relevant perspectives are considered adequately (among them local, political, national and social aspects, religious conflicts and gender history), the transnational factors—already carved out by David Blackbourn’s eminent classic about Marpingen—give a necessary explanation but not ample explanations for the phenomena. Blaschke concludes by showing how from the very beginning till the end, the “German Lourdes” had a transnational projection.

Recent years have seen greater recognition of the right to non-discrimination in employment on the basis of gender identity in both international human rights law, and Australian national and state laws. However, there is a lack of employment-focused research on transgender people broadly, and Female to Male (FtM) transgender people particularly—existing studies typically focus on clinical concerns for MtF populations. This chapter reports on a 2013 national online study of 273 FtM transgender Australians, which combined an anonymous online survey gathering basic data with a communal discussion-board allowing participants to offer deeper discussions (using a pseudonym of their choice). The project was developed with a reference group and key gender centres and online support networks assisted in recruitment. Participants ranged in age from 16 to 64 and mostly identified simply as male, but other identities (transsexual male, genderqueer and so on) were represented. The majority were working (full-time, part-time or in an apprenticeship) on a broad range of incomes. However, the research revealed a higher portion of unemployment than in previous Australian studies. The qualitative data revealed clear obstacles to employment and promotion for FtM people; the fear of coming out as transgender, transphobia in the workspace and in recruitment, the desire to avoid work during transition, uncertainty around the need to reveal gender history in a job or police check applications, and fear of exposure in certain environments. Leadership had a pivotal role in whether workplaces were transphobic or supportive and best-practice leadership are outlined. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the urgent need for workplace equity training measures and related research.

While there is converging evidence suggesting gender differences in the rates of suicidal behaviors, substantially less is known about the mechanisms underlying these differences. What follows is a review of the evidence supporting gender differences in suicidal behaviors, including epidemiology, age trends, methods, risk and protective factors, treatment, and the effects of sexual orientation and culture.