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As we experience greater urbanization, our cities are being populated by an ever-increasing number of rural people. This is leading to larger city populations that include more children. The concept of child-friendly cities is important and therefore needs to be explored. There is a growing need to better understand this phenomenon through research to ensure that existing and new spaces provide a friendly environment for their inhabitants. This article focusses on kids within inner-city developments. A case study approach was followed. Data was gathered through a qualitative method consisting of interviews, observations, and mining data from literature to cross check data for triangulation purposes. Creating child-friendly areas within a Central Activity Place (CAD) requires knowledge of current best practice examples that demonstrate innovation. Jewel City in Johannesburg does this by incorporating, security protocols, well planned spaces around schools, improved traffic safety, spaces where children can play and walk safely with friends without adult supervision, a sense of community and green spaces. Although the developer intended to meet its minimum design standards on the provision of children’s play areas, what was provided in the end was comparable to best practices for inner-city developments for children. It is recommended that children’s opinions be sought during the planning process of similar projects as if this had of been done for this case study, it could have potentially improved the overall final design. Going forward, the success of Jewel City can serve as a model for future inner-city developments in Africa.

This chapter draws on an ethnographic study of 15 young men of color returning to Philadelphia after release from “Mountain Ridge Academy,” a therapeutic facility designed to target “criminal thinking errors.” I describe the disjuncture between the young men’s plans to “fall back” or refrain from further offending and the realities they faced when returning to impoverished urban neighborhoods. Although they were trained to view their post-release trajectories in terms of improved weighing of risks and rewards, their good intentions were dwarfed by marginal positions in the labor market, limited human capital, and stigma linking men of color to criminality. They often “fell back” on old ways of solving problems. When they returned home, they realized “nothing’s changed but me.” Helpful reintegration professionals and well-thought-out reentry plans were insufficient to overcome real material conditions their communities and families presented. Because the juvenile justice system is ill equipped to address these realities, it must define the problem of criminal offending as the product of the young men’s individual deficits, creating a mismatch between services and needs.

This chapter posits that, the political and economic development of South Africa and the former white minority apartheid regime, which collapsed in 1994 has contributed to the character of urban economic informality by international migrants in South African cities. This is precisely because, migration to South Africa after 1994 has been higher than any country in the Southern African region. This is clearly attributable to the political and economic developments of the country following fall of the apartheid regime in 1994. This, among others, created the general democratic conditions that led to the deracialisation of cities and the opening up of economic spaces and opportunities in cities, which attracted international migrants. As a result, the participation of international migrants in urban economic informality in South African cities is more pronounced. These developments are predicated on the general and broader historical and political and economic conditions and policies within the country and the region at large. The urban economic informality experiences within the Johannesburg inner city are discussed in this chapter. The case study demonstrates the nature and character of urban economic informality operated by international migrants and there is evidence that the activities vary based on the mixed embeddedness of city conditions, both political and economic.

The chapter addresses renewal of inner city areas and applies a value capture planning (VCP) model. Two subjects (from earlier chapters) of significance to inner city areas are firstly summarised: (1) the implications of the coronavirus pandemic (2020) for future urban planning (Chap. 1); and, (2) VCP model (including planning principles of: equitable housing, public and open spaces, and sustainable transport) (Chap. 2). The Central to Eveleigh Renewal Area (CERA) (under the State of New South Wales and within the City of Sydney) is then introduced. The VCP model is then applied to the case study Waterloo Housing Estate Renewal Precinct within the CERA. Results and conclusions are then drawn. The application of the model to areas beyond the Precinct is also addressed, including application to: the CERA; the City of Sydney overall; and, other inner city areas of Greater Sydney. At chapter’s end it’s noted that Chap. 7 will address: (1) overall results of applying the model to each of the four case study areas; and, (2) the application of the model to any urban or regional centre elsewhere in Australia or in the world.

Just over one quarter of the EU-28 population lives in rural areas, possibly reflecting a trend towards leaving inner city areas in search of more (affordable, qualitative, open, peaceful) space, in suburbia, towns, or the countryside. Despite the positive connotations associated with rural dwelling, rural areas present conditions that require further support towards the adoption of smart integrated mobility solutions. The lower population density makes running public transport at high frequency inefficient, expensive, limited and not meeting the local demand. This, in turn, provokes an increase in the share of private cars ownership among rural inhabitants, which has negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Addressing these challenges, the EU-funded project “SMARTA 2-Sustainable Shared Mobility Interconnected with Public Transport in European Rural Areas” sets to deploy, implement and evaluate four demonstration sites in East Tyrol (AT), Trikala (GR), Agueda (PT) and Brasov (RO) involving sustainable, shared and integrated rural mobility solutions interconnected with public transport and supported by multimodal travel information services.

Many of the events presented in the television series, The White Shadow (CBS, 1978–1981), concerned Ken Reeves, a basketball coach at an inner city high school in Los Angeles, managing the strains tackled by his players on a near-daily basis. This chapter will demonstrate via Robert Agnew’s (Pressured into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. Roxbury Publisher, 2006) general strain theory how Reeves utilized methods of direct social control in preventing his players from turning to crime in response to their troubling circumstances.

This chapter investigates the narrative strategies involved in the post-1945 reconstruction of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. It shows how hegemonic narratives about resilience, progress, and (re)productive inhabitants fostered a normative social template for post-war city life. Such narrative strategies were used in reconstruction propaganda, policy language, modernist town planning, and fictional texts. As a result, numerous (unemployed, unmarried, or poor) inhabitants were deemed unfit for the New Jerusalem that would arise from the debris. These included mostly the former residents of the bombed out inner city districts. Many of them ended up in temporary villages on the fringes of the city. They resisted their stigmatization and exclusion in their own vernaculars, culminating in a counter-narrative of Rotterdam’s resurrection that challenged the hegemonic narrative.

This chapter changes focus from Part I, moving on from looking at the Church as a shaper of the medium to how the Church was shaped by it. Fictional programmes about the Church cross genres and formats. But in the early to mid-1960s, comedy marks an important point of transition in the Church’s interactions with television. The 1960s comedies Our Man at St Mark’s and All Gas and Gaiters are the focus, the former considered as a forerunner of later socially alert, inner city comedy leading up to Rev, the latter as a dead end in terms of influence. Both though are treated as important extended moments, when actors began to essay clerical roles in long-standing series, audiences began to laugh at the Church, and soon after the comedy about the Church became sharper and cruder.

Drawing on a 5 year research project, this chapters looks at the imaginary of the creative economy and the role it plays in the lives of young aspirant creatives. Based on interviews in very different parts of the UK—from the hyper-gentrified inner city to rural areas and a de-industrialised town—the chapter looks at how places shapes understanding of what is possible in terms of creative work and at how it intersects with social class in shaping aspiration

Ali considers cities in the developing world and the inner city of the United States. The chapter provides critical insight into parallels between the ghetto in the West and the mega-city in developing nations. What are the issues that coincide in both locales. Living on the margins of the world and the periphery of the society, overlapping conditions of existence emerge in the distant sites. The work of Theaster Gates, Rick Lowe, and Mark Bradford is examined briefly to initiate comparisons with ventures by Tentative Collective in Karachi and eL Seed in Cairo that have attempted to shift the view of the urban landscape and the people living within it.

South African townships have long attracted visitors and for a variety of reasons. Township tourism was first recognized as a specific form of popular tours that emerged in the post-Apartheid years. These tours took place in the main South Africa cities and its most famous townships, generally followed a standard formula in terms of content and timing. As a locally specific form of tourism, township tours were soon also recognized as part of a larger global trend of a new type tourism in poor urban neighborhoods, from Brazilian favelas to Indian slums. South African experiences also inspired the formation of similar tours in neighboring countries. Township tourism in South Africa also expanded, taking in wider activities, including more overnight stays and different modes of transport. More cities and even towns developed township tours. Township tourism was always based on a number of motivation and cannot be linked to tourist curiosity about poverty alone. In the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that tourism occurs is wide range of poor areas in South Africa, not just in township. This includes inner cities zones as well as rural settlements. The visitor economies of these areas remain broadly under-researched. This article provides an overview of research on tourism in areas of poverty in South Africa.

Urban renewal is taking place globally and forms a high profile and significant part of urban policy, planning, and practice. Since the start of South Africa’s democracy in 1994 cities have actively been pursuing urban renewal projects as a response to decades of neglect and decay, unjust and inadequate planning practices, and poor decision-making and leadership. These interventions have taken on both pro-poor and pro-growth approaches with varying degrees of success. This chapter provides a brief history of urban renewal internationally and gives a snap shot of the literature and research that has broadly been done on the topic. It then discusses the urban renewal methods used in South African cities and the impact they have had on these urban spaces. Area-based renewal, township renewal, and informal settlement upgrading are explored as part of a pro-poor approach to renewal while gentrification, inner city renewal, and leisure and tourism-based renewal are discussed as pro-growth responses. The chapter ends with an exploration of social enterprise as a way to combine both pro-poor and pro-growth approaches to urban renewal in South Africa (meeting both social and economic agendas). It uses the case study of The Langa Quarter in Cape Town where social enterprise initiatives have been adopted to renew the area.

I first met Carmendita as she was graduating from high school and needed her physical to go to college. Carmen, a bright, African American female, was so excited to be going to Muskingum University. The first person in her family to go to college, she had a full academic scholarship and planned to become a veterinarian. She had younger siblings and wanted to show them that with hard work, they could go on to higher education, too. As a first-generation college attender and oldest of four myself, I spoke with her about the challenges and future rewards. Carmen grew up in the inner city of a declining rust belt city and was interested in helping her family financially as well. She looked forward to being able to help younger siblings and her mother when she was able to become a vet.

Ware offers an engaging overview of the importance of Sydney in international histories of HIV and AIDS. The significance of Sydney not only rests on its proactive community-based response to the epidemic, nor entirely on its position as the Australasian city most severely affected by the virus, although these factors certainly render the city an important focus of historical inquiry. For many HIV-positive gay men, the trauma of the epidemic was amplified by the value they placed on living in inner city Sydney prior to this time. The onset of HIV and AIDS deprived them of the hope and possibility that living in Sydney, Australia’s “gay capital” entailed.

I am an African American woman in her 40s who lives in the inner city and have been told I need a doctor to take care of my health needs. I want a woman of color and I found a doctor in the local safety net hospital. I discovered that she is a recent immigrant of African descent. I see that she supervises younger doctors in the Family Medicine office and has many patients.

Andrew Jones and James Ledson, pain medicine consultants at an inner city hospital, are interviewed by Kate McDonnell, who has lived with pain for forty years having been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis as a teenager and who has been running a reading group in the consultants’ pain clinic (see Chapter 8). James and Andrew talk about why they have (successfully) fought to commission the reading group for eight consecutive years, how it complements and enhances the effect of existing treatments and therapies they offer, and how it enriches the lives of their ‘suffering’ patients.

This chapter demonstrates an application of the correlation fractal method for exploring place diversity at neighbourhood scale. An empirical case study was performed on 130 neighbourhoods in the state capital city of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. We used Google Maps as the data source to capture the neighbourhood building footprints for fractal analysis and compared the fractal results (fractal dimension and α) of Brisbane with those from similar studies of European cities. Spatial correlation analysis was employed to explore key factors impacting place diversity including different characterisation of density, metrics of land-use mix and accessibility. Results show that the urban form in Brisbane lacks place diversity and is homogenized, with no remarkable difference between inner city and suburban neighbourhoods, and its fractal dimension is lower than European cities. The fractal results of neighbourhoods are influenced by modernist planning principles including low-density housing, functional zoning and hierarchical street networks. Our application confirms that the correlation fractal method is suitable for describing urban form at the neighbourhood scale in the Australia context.

Gentrification is a contentious form of urban regeneration as it has been associated with class conflicts and the displacement of working-class residents. However, with the evolution and intensification of gentrification, its once clear-cut ties to displacement have been obscured and displacement is now often denied and contested in the literature. Indeed displacement has declined as a research question and as a defining feature of gentrification. Furthermore, a number of recent studies have provided quantitative evidence of the limited extent of displacement and have questioned whether low-income residents are indeed displaced and whether gentrification is detrimental to the poor. However, these studies all share a particular understanding of gentrification-induced displacement as a process primarily concerned with the eviction of people from a certain area. However, displacement occurs via a number of other processes and in this study, Marcuses’s conceptualisation of displacement is used in exploring the experiences of displacement of inner-city residents in Johannesburg, South Africa, where gentrification processes are emerging. A qualitative approach was used in uncovering the experiences of working-class residents living in gentrifying areas, as well as those who have been excluded or physically displaced by gentrification processes. The findings of the research suggest that although gentrification is a relatively new phenomenon in South Africa, it has the potential to displace many poor inner-city residents, who may not necessarily gain access to alternative, affordable housing.

This chapter problematizes a growing preservation discourse in China by discussing its impacts upon urban renewal and the residents living in an old, dilapidated inner city neighbourhood in Qingdao. While a group of history and heritage enthusiasts call for “authentic” preservation of the area’s architecture, the city government wants to turn it into a place for cultural consumption and tourism. The individual memories of residents living in the inner city, however, neither fit the official narratives nor those of the authenticity-seeking heritage enthusiasts. This chapter critically engages the existing preservation discourse and argues that the exclusive focus on preserving architectural remains actually stands in the way of a more inclusive and appropriate way of dealing with inner city problems.

Between 2012 and 2015, an analysis of more than 300 rent escrow cases in the city of Baltimore revealed that neither judges nor plaintiffs in rent escrow cases understood or were correctly applying the relevant laws [1], [2]. Tenants didn’t understand the applicable laws or available remedies, and were unable to fill out their rent escrow applications accurately. Judges knew that the documents provided by tenants were probably filled out incorrectly, so they routinely ignored these documents. Thus, many rent escrow cases were decided based on established custom rather than on the facts of the case or relevant laws, and the results tended to favor landlords [1], [3]. A year of iterative de- sign, testing, and re-design resulted in a rent escrow form that could 1) help ten- ants understand their options and provide accurate information to the court, and 2) provide judges with accurate information while simultaneously reinforcing their understanding of the applicable laws.

A careful and deeper analysis of the activities and operation of African immigrant traders shows that although they may be negative impacts, there positive contributions that they make to the Johannesburg inner city milieu. These relate to employment creation and contribution to the achievement of South Africa’s development goals; revenue generation and support for the formal economy; the provision of choices for consumers; revitalising the Johannesburg inner city; and unproductive and destructive traders and the transnational character of African immigrant traders.

This chapter denies the authority of the discourse that African immigrants are a problem, which gives way to new views on the threatening other and what is not said about African immigrants. In this way, interviews with the African immigrant and South African traders in the Johannesburg inner city necessarily included rebel voices, which troubled the dominant discourse that African immigrants are the threatening other. Based on this, this book is re-authoring the prevailing discourse, to include suppressed, marginalised or excluded views about African immigrants. This reinterpretation of the hierarchy is the deconstruction of the threatening other through in-depth interviews with the people who are actively involved in the scene—African immigrant traders and their South African counterparts.

African immigrant traders in Johannesburg inner city operate a range of small businesses operations from survivalist to relatively big shops. This chapter shows who the African immigrant traders are as well as the nature and types of their operations. This chapter also explores cases of discrimination, hostility and xenophobia, suffered by African immigrant traders, with the objective of demonstrating the targeting of African immigrants in South Africa.

This chapter analyzes the socio-territorial pattern of the metropolis of Rio de Janeiro as a result of the dispute between housing production modes, in which the capitalistic mode imposes itself. Such a dispute emerges when autoconstructed popular spaces—as well as the commoditized ones—join the corporate circuit of appreciation. It examined trends in housing production by these agents in the last decade, starting with a more general analysis of the metropolitan totality and then privileging four trends of socio-territorial dynamics, in the district scale: elitization of the upper districts of the capital; formation of new concentrations of middle sectors; proletarianization of the inner city; and increasing social distance between favelas and peripheries.

This chapter shows that the migration and immigration conundrum is not a South African exceptionalism, but a global phenomenon. The aversion towards immigrants is also evident in regions such as the EU and individual countries such as Britain and France. It is also witnessed in countries like the USA. However, the targeting of African immigrants in South Africa provides a compelling case, especially given that immigrants from other parts of the world do not suffer the same condemnation as those form African countries.

The chapter is an introduction to the image of the Hungarian capital city, examined mostly from the aspect of the level and styles of building up. The primary focus of the chapter was the intensity of building up, which is typically influenced by market factors (e.g. land plot prices), the function of the respective area and the construction regulations specified by urban planning. In addition to this, the breakdown of the territory of Budapest was introduced, by the main types of land use. It was found that the level of building up changes across the various districts and zones in Budapest, with its intensity decreasing most of the times from the inner city outwards. At the end of the chapter housing constructions and the changes in the stock of homes in the districts of the Hungarian capital city were analysed.

Lowfield Park in Sheffield, UK is a green recreational space main-tained by the City Council. Lowfield Park was selected as the primary Sheffield FieldLab for the ProFit project which ended in 2015. The ProFit project was European Interreg IVbNWE funded with the aim of encouraging physical activ-ity through innovations in products, services and ICT systems. In 2014 the Sheffield Hallam University City Athletics Stadium (SHUCAS) was introduced as a secondary FieldLab. A number of innovative systems have been installed into the FieldLabs, these include: Pan Tilt Zoom cameras, automatically timed sprint and running tracks, outdoor displays/touchscreen and a gait analyser. This paper describes the hardware, software and cloud infrastructure created to enable these systems. Pilot testing has been carried out over the last year and has found a positive effect on both sites. The systems created will be taken for-ward to Sheffield’s Olympic Legacy Park, which is currently under develop-ment.

Beth Robins Roth, APRN, SEP, describes the mindfulness based Stress Reduction Program (SRP) she founded in 1993 at the Community Health Center in Meriden (CHC-Meriden), Connecticut, USA. Ms. Roth teaches the SRP in English and Spanish to adult patients with a variety of medical illnesses and mental health problems. The CHC-Meriden SRP is modeled on the mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Program founded in 1979 by Jon Kabat-Zinn, Ph.D. at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. Ms. Roth describes how the CHC-Meriden SRP is similar to the original UMASS program, as well as many changes that have been made to better meet the needs of a patient population that is underserved, largely Hispanic and Spanish-speaking, and complicated in terms of medical, mental health, and social problems. There is an emphasis on recognizing the high prevalence of unresolved trauma in this population, and integrating principles and practices from Somatic Experience Trauma Healing to increase the effectiveness of the SRP.

The title of this chapter draws on a comment made by a colleague explaining her choice to leave inner city Melbourne and move to a country town. She did not want her son to be the “only blonde in the [school] playground”. Unlike many suburbs of Melbourne that are home to large ethnic minority communities (commonly not blonde), regional Victoria is imagined ‘white’. This evocative comment is taken as a starting point for an exploration of how markets and school choice intersect with cultural difference to make some schools more or less desirable in the public imagination. Current debates in the press about which students have access to sought-after Government schools are drawn on to illustrate the salience of ethnicity in representations of schools and their communities and the impact of this on decision-making about school choice. Drawing on Foucault’s notion of heterotopian space, the argument is made that with regard to the constitution of a “good” school, some ethnicities are seen as more valuable than others because they achieve good results. However, if high-achieving “non-white” students are seen as “taking over” a school this can shift the balance the other way.

The chapter firstly reviews the background of the South Sydney District growth centre, a district within the City South area of the City of Sydney. The main planning issue of South Sydney District (planning and developing a growth centre within an inner city area) will be reviewed. The planning of this growth centre (started in the 1980s) and its development to date (2014) will be examined in the context of sustainable urban development principles. Indicators of sustainability (as adopted in Chap. 1) will then be applied to South Sydney to gauge the extent of urban sustainability achieved by 2014 (with reference to growth centre planning). Finally, conclusions are reached and lessons learned are outlined.

After more than a century deep level gold mining in and around Johannesburg stopped in 2008 resulting in the gradually flooding of the abandoned mine void. Triggered by extensive media reports on the risks associated with acidic mine water rising to the surface of the inner city ranging from collapse of high-rise buildings, sinkholes, water pollution and increased seismicity two major banks with headquarters in Johannesburg commissioned a desk top risk assessment from which selected results are discussed in this paper. Based on these findings low-cost, low energy alternatives to the currently adopted pump-and-treat approach are proposed.

First responders need a more or less instant estimate of danger zones resulting from accidentally released hazardous materials in order to take immediate action, to coordinate rescue teams and to protect human population and critical infrastructure. To fulfill the need for a sufficient dispersion modeling accuracy while maintaining efficient access to reliable results in a first responders environment, systematic high resolution pre-accidental LES modeling can be combined with ’physical data reduction’ in an emergency assessment tool. A typical example of such an approach adjusted to the geometry of the Hamburg inner city area will be presented. It gives a glimpse into the application of LES-modeling for real-world problems.

The Pakistan-Italian Resource Centre is a facility that will be tasked to promote the cultural, economic and social development of the city of Multan. It supports the exchange of knowledge and increasing the productive sectors through relations, trade and finance between Pakistan and other countries, Italy in particular. It will also become the ideal forum for activities aimed at enhancing the urban fabric of Multan and at the same time constitute a sort of commercial/business hub to promote the economy of the Walled City and its surrounding productive land. The Resource Centre can become the portal of the city of Multan and its territory in the next Expo, event that will take place in Milan in 2015. The project area is located within the Pilot Area, near the Darbar of Musa Pak Shaheed, between Sarafa Bazaar and Musa Pak Complex, in a strategic place to the enhancement of the inner city. The symbolic, historic and cultural importance of Musa Pak Complex makes it one of the most significant and representative areas of the historical core of Multan. This chapter illustrates the design project of the Resource Centre building at Abdali Road, in a outside of the Walled City area. The project includes the design of the new Resource Centre building (a nearly zero-energy building), the connected restoration of the historical Dar Bar building (Musafir Khana) and the redevelopment of the courtyard.

In the previous chapters, I examined clustering dynamics and networks of creative industries in Shanghai regarding, in general, urban space as causes while agglomeration as effects. This chapter analyzes the relationship between space and economy through an inverted perspective, taking the emergence of creative clusters as the driving forces but urban reconstruction as a result. The impacts of creative industry districts in Shanghai can be observed on urban landscape (especially the inner city of Shanghai), social-spatiality, as well as urban culture and image in addition to the economic and employment contributions mentioned in the third chapter. Through this discussion, I intend to explore the mechanism that how economic conversion can actually reshape the urban spaces and image of the city through economic, social, and cultural measures.

In this paper the districts of Dortmund, a big German city, are ranked concerning their level of risk to be involved in an offence. In order to measure this risk the offences reported by police press reports in the year 2011 (Presseportal, http://www.presseportal.de/polizeipresse/pm/4971/polizei-dortmund?start=0, 2011) were analyzed and weighted by their maximum penalty corresponding to the German criminal code. The resulting danger index was used to rank the districts. Moreover, the socio-demographic influences on the different offences are studied. The most probable influences appear to be traffic density (Sierau, Dortmunderinnen und Dortmunder unterwegs—Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Dortmunder Haushalten zu Mobilitat und Mobilitatsverhalten, Ergebnisbericht, Dortmund-Agentur/Graphischer Betrieb Dortmund 09/2006, 2006) and the share of older people. Also, the inner city parts appear to be much more dangerous than the outskirts of the city of Dortmund. However, can these results be trusted? Following the press office of Dortmund’s police, offences might not be uniformly reported by the districts to the office and small offences like pick-pocketing are never reported in police press reports. Therefore, this case could also be an example how an unsystematic press policy may cause an unintended bias in the public perception and media awareness.

This study examines associations between geographic origin and risk for congenital infections, through a chart review of women from the St. James Town area of Toronto delivering at Wellesley Hospital in 1996. Foreign-born women (n = 203) were significantly less likely than Canadian-born women (n = 53) to be HBsAg negative (187/193 vs. 48/48; RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-0.99). There was no significant difference in rubella seronegativity, but rubella immunity was unacceptably low in both groups (less than 90%). A number of rubella non-immune women had delivered previously in Canada. Procedures must be implemented to ensure completion of hepatitis B immunization series in affected newborns, and rubella immunization in seronegative women prior to discharge. As well, updating immunization status most become a routine part of the immigration medical examination.