Nanotechnology has evolved very fast in recent years, and biosensors based on nanomaterials (nanobiosensors) are finding a variety of applications in the environmental, clinical, and agricultural domains just due to the versatile properties of the nanomaterials used for designing nanobiosensors. The major threat to environment is the release of heavy metal ions, pesticides, chemical toxins, etc., into water bodies, food, and the atmosphere. These sources are directly in contact with the living world and these environmental pollutants pose severe global threats to health. Using nanoscale-structured material for improving biosensing technology has brought in a novel and cost-effective technology for environmental analysis and monitoring. Due to the complexity of these pollutants, traditional biosensor methods face some limitations, which are overcome by using nanobiosensors; these types of sensors are very selective and sensitive. In this book chapter, different types of nanobiosensors based on quantum dot, carbon, dendrimers, liposomal, metal and metal oxides, and polymeric are elaborated in detail for their application in environmental analysis and monitoring.