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Background The diagnosis of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection is challenging because of its variable presentations. We studied the value of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in the detection of CIED infection. Methods and results Thirty patients with suspected CIED infection underwent 18F-FDG-PET/CT. The control group was ten patients with asymptomatic CIED who underwent cancer-related 18F-FDG-PET/CT. 18F-FDG-PET/CT was evaluated visually, semiquantitatively as maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and target-to-background ratio (TBR). Final diagnosis of CIED infection was based on clinical and bacteriological data. 18F-FDG-PET/CT was visually positive in all 9 patients with recent (≤ 8 weeks) implantation of CIED, but only 4 had confirmed CIED infection. 18F-FDG-PET/CT was true positive in 9 out of 21 cases with remote implantation of CIED and false positive in 3 (14.3%) cases. 18F-FDG-PET/CT was also false positive in 3 (30%) cases of control group. The SUVmax of the pocket area was significantly higher in patients with CIED infection than in the control group (4.8 ± 2.4 vs 2.0 ± .8, P 18F-FDG-PET/CT for the diagnosis of CIED infection in patients with remote implantation was 90% and specificity 73%, PPV 75%, and NPV 89%. Conclusions 18F-FDG-PET/CT is a sensitive but nonspecific method in the diagnosis of CIED infection.

An increasing amount of software service providers tend to evolve their platforms into business ecosystems. In the mainstream of extant literature, the ecosystems have been seen as an interconnected system of organizations, mainly ignoring the individual level. However, some previous studies have suggested that collaboration—such as building a new ecosystem—may be depending on individual key persons who are development-oriented and capable of seeing the ecosystem’s value potential already in its early phases. Based on the results of a single-case study, this short paper proposes a new conversation on an unexplored area of key persons as enablers—‘champions’—for a new ecosystem creation. The empirical analysis was based on a single case study on a recently launched new software business ecosystem. As a result, four different capability areas and six, partly overlapping, roles for a champion, were identified. In future work, the findings on individual’s roles and required capabilities may provide fruitful research avenues to understand better the process of emergence of new ecosystems.

The health of a software ecosystem is argued to be a key indicator of well-being, longevity and performance of a network of companies. In this paper, we address what scientific literature actually means with the concept of 'ecosystem health' by selecting relevant articles with systematic literature review. Based on the final set of 38 papers, we found that despite a common base, the term has been used to depict a wide range of hoped characteristics of a software ecosystem. However, the number of studies addressing the topic is shown to grow while empirical studies are still rare. Thus, further studies should aim to standardize the terminology and concepts in order to create a common base for future work. Further work is needed also to develop early indicators that warn and guides companies on problems with their ecosystems.