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During the early twentieth century, research on child eating targeted the type of food children ingested and the adequacy/deficiency of nutrients in their diets. Simultaneously, psychologists were studying how parents socialize their children into becoming adults. Subsequently, a multidisciplinary field emerged regarding the development of child eating behaviors grounded in the idea that parents play an important role in socializing children’s eating. Early studies showed that patterns of general parenting were associated with child eating and obesity risk. However, subsequent studies focusing on feeding children provided a more proximal target for studying eating behaviors in the family context. Consequently, the construct of feeding styles emerged in the literature. Numerous studies over the past two decades have shown that feeding styles are differentially associated with child outcomes, with the most consistent relationships found between the indulgent feeding style, problematic child eating, and higher weight status. Interest in feeding styles led to the question of the stability of feeding styles over situations and time. Whether parents exhibit the same feeding behaviors across meals and situations or whether feeding varies over time is an important question for prevention research. This chapter covers the stability of common self-reported and observed feeding in studies among families with low-income levels. Additionally, the direction of effects—whether child weight predicts parental feeding or if parental feeding predicts later child weight—is also presented. Intervention programs may choose to target parental feeding behaviors at young ages to prevent the development of childhood obesity.

Traditional offline product ergonomics evaluation method is easy to be affected by the external environmental conditions and a single evaluation method cannot satisfy users’ demands for multi-channel experience of products, which promotes the diversified transformation of product ergonomics evaluation. In this paper, the evaluation methods of the online and offline product ergonomics and the selection principles of the product ergonomics evaluation methods are introduced, and the index system and the evaluation model based on online and offline multi-method collaboration are established. Part of indexes are selected to conduct the evaluation by users and experts with online and offline methods, by comparing the results, it is verified that there is no significant difference between online and offline method.

Enabled by technological advancements, a contemporary form of technology use that particularly became popular are online multiplayer video games, which are played with others in real time. Besides various positive impacts on the user experience (e.g., fun, additional social exchange) adverse consequences have occurred as well (e.g., stress, anger). Most recently, a sincere problem gaining increased attention is toxic behavior (i.e., a behavior spreading negative effects and bad mood during play). With our study, we propose a way to handle toxic behavior on a level of video game design by using a multi-method approach. First, we will consult the online disinhibition effect and its antecedents to identify design related relationships. Afterwards, we will conduct a qualitative workshop engaging video game designers and players to reshape in-game experiences by incentivizing players to buffer toxicity.

Intra-Caribbean migration data is usually unavailable, incomplete, dated or based on estimates. However, this paucity of primary data is not a deliberate oversight. Structural, cultural, methodological and geographic insularities, geographic constraints, and other practical considerations make it difficult to coordinate research efforts or to practically obtain information. This chapter discusses these challenges and suggests some solutions to conducting cross-national research in the Caribbean. The insights in this chapter are gained from a study of intra-regional migration and identity formation within the 15 member countries of CARICOM. Online tools, including synchronous technologies, social networking and collaboration with migrant associations, are suggested as ways to enhance cross-Caribbean research.

This chapter introduces contemporary and emergent business communication theories which our survey and scholarly polling may have overlooked, especially due to some being relatively new. We humbly acknowledge that our choices are not all inclusive. We may have missed some high-quality contributions. Nonetheless, these exciting developments were selected for their capacity to transcend the boundaries of a particular discipline, move the field of business communication forward, and with the guidance of an expert, multi-disciplinary panel. The chapter begins by explaining our decision criteria and then explores theoretical innovations which are rooted in the theories from our catalog. We next present more novel business communication theories, including those which have been adapted from other fields.

In two studies, we examined the measurement of complex state variables with length of response, construct word counts, Likert-type responding, self-reports of past behaviors, and implicit associations. In the first study, participants were primed to write in a control condition and a suspicion condition, which were also used as referents for self-reports, past behaviors, and priming for implicit associations. In the second study, participants were primed for trust and distrust. Results indicated length of response, construct word counts, Likert-type responding, and self-reports of behavior were all affected by the manipulations, indicating they measure the state constructs adequately. However, length of response was also influenced by which condition participants received first, indicating a possible exhaustion effect. Implicit associations indicated no change due to the manipulations.

Design-loop adaptivity, which involves data-driven redesign of an instructional system based on student learning data, has shown promise in improving student learning. We present a general, systematic approach that combines new and existing data mining and instructional design methods to redesign intelligent tutors. Our approach is driven by the main goal of identifying knowledge components that are demonstrably difficult for students to learn and to optimize effective and efficient practice of them. We applied this approach to redesigning an algebraic symbolization tutor. Our classroom study with 76 high school freshmen shows that, compared to the original tutor, the redesigned tutor led to higher learning efficiency on more difficult skills, higher learning gain on unscaffolded whole tasks, and more robust transfer to less practiced tasks. Our work provides general guidance for performing design-loop adaptations for continuous improvement of intelligent tutors.

This chapter explores Muslim volunteering within an Islamic organizational context in Australia, focusing on the goals and motives behind Muslims’ civic intra-community engagement. Drawing on interviews and a national survey findings, the chapter underscores that Muslims’ intra-community volunteering is simultaneously directed at contributing to the betterment of society (republican agenda) and supporting the Muslim community (communitarian agenda). The seemingly secular practice of volunteering is typically motivated, primarily or at least partially, by a strong Islamic ethos. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that Muslims who volunteer for a Muslim organization tend to also volunteer in a non-Muslim context; there is little evidence to suggest these Muslims turn their backs to the broader society. Overall, the chapter challenges simplistic views of Muslims’ community engagement and prevalent “secular vs religious” binaries.

The polychrome wooden interior from Damascus (1802–1803 CE) was purchased by Budapest’s Museum of Applied Arts in 1885. The wooden panelling is ornamented in the ‘ajami technique using gesso relief with painted, metal-gilded and glazed surfaces in various colours and patterns. Based on ongoing conservation work, this paper presents the room’s history and findings concerning the materials and manufacturing techniques used to make it. It shows that red lead, vermillion, smalt, indigo, lead white, verdigris, and different arsenic sulphides were used as pigments. Presumably, aloe was used in the orange, verdigris in the green glaze and cochineal in the red lake. Collagen, ovalbumin and gums were identified in the paint as binders. Although the appearance of the originally brilliant and matte surfaces cannot be recovered, after restoration the interior will still be a highlight of MAA’s planned Islamic Museum.

Will other road users know how to interact safely and effectively with highly automated and driverless vehicles (HAV’s), especially in situations where there may be uncertainty, such as turn-taking and stop intersections? Focusing on interaction-rich, urban contexts, we studied roadway practices among todays’ drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists. Based on results from these field studies, we have been developing and testing concepts for using external Human-Machine Interfaces to signal intent. In this paper we provide a summary of this work based on a multi-methods program of research.

This chapter presents a multi-method discourse analytical approach to analyse Twitter communication on two political issues of global concern: environmental policy/climate change and internet governance/net neutrality. Their corpus is compiled from Twitter messages containing #NetNeutrality or #ClimateChange which the authors gathered between January and March 2015. First, they map and compare the geographical landscapes of the two policy fields by using geolocation information from the Twitter API and the Data Science Toolkit. Step 2 consists in a comparative network analysis defining Twitter users as nodes and Retweets (RT) and mentions (@) as links. Finally, in a third step, the authors apply keyword analysis to identify discursive patterns. Combining these three methods allows the authors to assess the degree of transnationalisation in the two fields.

Earth System Model (ESM) simulations are increasingly constrained by the amount of data that they generate rather than by computational resources. The use of lossy data compression on model output can reduce storage costs and data transmission overheads, but care must be taken to ensure that science results are not impacted. Choosing appropriate compression algorithms and parameters is not trivial given the diversity of data produced by ESMs and requires an understanding of both the attributes of the data and the properties of the chosen compression methods. Here we discuss the properties of two distinct approaches for lossy compression in the context of a well-known ESM, demonstrating the different strengths of each, to motivate the development of an automated multi-method approach for compression of climate model output.

The paper describes a scientific research on e-participation development in Russia. The portal “Russian Public Initiative” has become the research object. This e-participation portal considers to be an official e-petition portal in Russia and was launched in 2013. However, the results of its work are not obvious.

This chapter outlines the multi-method research design implemented in the book. It summarizes the benefits of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), which is novel to the field of military interventions, particularly highlighting the advantage QCA has in overcoming deficiencies in existing statistical studies. The conditions are outlined for both the crisp-set and fuzzy-set QCA datasets developed. The chapter provides methodological justification both for the case selection—African civil wars—and the methods, both QCA and structured focused case studies, and data sources employed.

The paper describes a new multi-method technology PAKS-M (Progressive Aggregation of the Classified Situations by many Methods) for multi-attribute expert evaluation of complex systems and processes. This technology provides reducing the dimension of the attribute space, constructing several hierarchical systems of composite criteria and an integral quality index, which aggregate initial attributes as well as the classification and/or ordering of multi-attribute objects using several decision making methods. The technology is based on knowledge of experts and/or preferences of decision maker. It significantly reduces the time and complexity of solution of multiple criteria tasks, and allows analyzing and explaining the results.

In this chapter, the focus will be on the general challenges that are involved in setting up, planning and running an experimental investigation of bilingual development which involves collecting data at more than one site. Some of the issues we flag up may seem logical, straightforward and obvious. However, there are obstacles that are easy to overlook when planning a multi-site study. Many of these involve tasks and decisions that take up more time than initially seems possible. In order to help you avoid unexpected problems, this chapter will sum up different issues that should be kept in mind from the start and offer a timeline for these issues which is intended to help you plan your own study and avoid unnecessary delays.

The objectives of this chapter are: (1) Demonstrating the principles of design of uncertainty analysis methodologies. (2) Identifying and formulating analytical sophistication degrees for uncertainty analysis in the context of IEPCT. (3) Suggesting and implementing quality factors for evaluation of uncertainty analysis methods and methodologies, thus creating an extensive review of different methods. (4) Presenting two different multi-method approaches for uncertainty analysis based on probabilistic and fuzzy set theory. (5) Providing a review of the methods and methodologies for uncertainty analysis.

A new methodology for blur detection with multi-method fusion is presented in this paper. The research is motivated by the observation that there is no single method that can give the best performance in all situations. We try to discover the underlying performance complementary patterns of several state-of-the-art methods, then use the pattern specific to each image to get a better overall result. Specifically, a Conditional Random Filed (CRF) framework is adopted for multi-method blur detection that not only models the contribution from individual blur detection result but also the interrelation between neighbouring pixels. Considering the dependence of multi-method fusion on the specific image, we single out a subset of images similar to the input image from a training dataset and train the CRF-based multi-method fusion model only using this subset instead of the whole training dataset. The proposed multi-method fusion approach is shown to stably outperform each individual blur detection method on public blur detection benchmarks.

Studies of marketing strategy processes require rich, contextual data. This paper presents an innovative methodology for studying the formulation and implementation of marketing strategy. In particular, it is argued that close attention should be given to the social and political context in which a strategic decision is made. Understanding these factors, in turn, can provide rare insights into the beliefs and actions of decision participants. In the recommended approach, multiple methods are used in a longitudinal design to elicit and compare the beliefs of decision participants regarding a focal strategy. The beliefs are then linked to a social network analysis to reveal rich and compelling portraits of the diverse "thought worlds" that create intergroup barriers to strategy processes.

Problem recognition is the first step in the consumer decision making process. Yet very little is known about what triggers problem recognition or how to measure it. This paper reviews two different conceptualizations of problem recognition, suggests that a synthesis of the two approaches would provide a fuller understanding of problem recognition than either approach taken alone, and provides a preliminary empirical test of the synthesized approach.

Virtual agents can provide a sense of continuity in applications that span long periods of time and incorporate diverse activities, media, and modalities. We describe the design of a virtual lactation educator - agent that promotes breastfeeding in three settings, across different time spans, using a range of media and counseling techniques. The agent provides “interpersonal continuity of care” that is important in many areas of medicine. The results of a pilot study and an ongoing clinical trial are presented.

Combining different electromagnetic (EM) methods in joint inversion approaches can enhance the overall resolution power. Every method is associated with a particular sensitivity pattern. By assembling complementary patterns, subsurface imaging becomes more complete and reliable. We describe different paths to obtain multi-EM inversions. First, a joint inversion approach using finite difference forward operators is outlined that formulates the problem of minimizing the objective function using different weights for each individual method. Then we address a sequential approach using finite element methods on unstructured grids to cycle through the different EM methods iteratively. Both methods are based on a traditional parametrization using piecewise constant model parameters which may be inefficient when describing the usually rather coarse models. Therefore, we investigate wavelet-based model representations as an alternative.

Making connections between graphical representations is integral to learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields. However, students often fail to make these connections spontaneously. ITSs are suitable tools to support connection making. Yet, when designing an ITS for connection making, we need to investigate what learning processes and concepts play a role within the specific domain. We describe a multi-methods approach for grounding ITS design in the specific requirements of the target domain. Specifically, we applied this approach to an ITS for connection making in chemistry. We used a theoretical framework that describes potential target learning processes and conducted two empirical studies – using tests, eye tracking, and interviews – to investigate how these learning processes play out in the chemistry domain. We illustrate how our findings inform the design of a chemistry tutor. Initial pilot study results suggest that the ITS promotes learning processes that are productive in chemistry.