Search

Empathy plays many roles that have not previously been discussed. It can directly acquaint us with other people’s feelings/attitudes, but that enables it also to help us understand the world that others are responding to. A child can empathically take in their parents’ fear of bears and thereby come to learn non-inferentially that bears are dangerous. Empathy is also sensitive to the moral motivation of others and arguably then can serve as the “moral sense” that Francis Hutcheson had such difficulty defending. Finally, empathy plays a role in felicitous speech acts that speech act theory has never recognized. For example, assertion typically works as well as it does because the speaker’s confidence conveys itself empathically to the hearer, a fact that the speakers themselves are typically aware of. Charles Stevenson said that the feelings of someone making a value judgment can spread by contagion to hearers, but any sincere assertion involves confidence that can spread in this empathic manner. Other speech acts involve empathy in other ways.

In 2016, the space scale of mass customization market in China is 10.22 billion RMB. The customization market is growing rapidly. It is expected to reach 200 billion RMB by 2020, which will be a huge consumer market. In 1954, marketing scientist Drucker pointed out what customers buy and consume is not the product, but the value. In the consumption process, Consumers meet the needs of the subject value through the object of the value of the property in the custom clothing products. However, in the current research results, there are many contents about the types and production modes of customized clothing brands, but few contents about consumer demand and the judgment criteria of consumer value. So, in order to have a clearer understanding of contemporary Chinese customized clothing consumers’ judgment criteria for the value of clothing products. On the basis of the previous research, this study drew up 24 issues related to the value judgment of apparel products, which are mainly divided into two parts: the value needs of the value subject and the value attributes of the value object. Through the network questionnaire, 169 survey samples were received. The results show: 1. Contemporary Chinese mass consumer groups have the desire to consume customized clothing, but not strong; 2. There are obvious differences in demand among different value subjects; 3. Among the current value demand of clothing design, the most important is the practical demand for customized clothing, namely, the tailored clothing, one-person-one-edition, and the practical function suitable for their own characteristics; 4. The social demand for customized clothing is weakened, and people’s attention to value has changed from other people’s evaluation to self-recognition. This is not consistent with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, but also worth thinking about. 5. People’s desire for cultural demand, emotional demand and personal development demand is basically the same.

This paper presents the results of a diary study involving 49 university students reporting how they consume and react to news via their mobile phones. In their diary entries, participants used 23 pairs of semantic differential scales to express their reactions. Out of 265 political and society news items submitted, 68 were inclusion/exclusion-related news. The most frequent categories of inclusion/exclusion news were related to “ethnicity/race,” “gender/sexual orientation,” and “religion,” and these three groups of news items counted for over 85% of all inclusion/exclusion related news that were submitted. Significant differences were found in participants’ choices of semantic adjectives between inclusion news and exclusion news, as well as between inclusion/exclusion news and general news. Findings provide an insightful understanding of the interests, value judgment, and emotional attachments of university students in the US to inclusion/exclusion and to general news.

The concept of beauty has for many centuries been considered and debated by philosophers, e.g. Kant, Wittgenstein, Hume and Locke. It is an ephemeral word that conjures up different meanings in people’s minds alongside its counterpart ugliness. When the term is applied to coastal scenery the spectrum of measuring beautiful scenery has been a task that has occupied geographers, planners, etc. for at least a century. Beautiful scenery is a prime criterion for areas, such as, National Parks, Heritage Coasts, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, but how is it assessed? Quality in a landscape is intrinsic in the physical quality of the area and is also a product of the mind of the observer, i.e. the scene looked at by an observer interacts with his/her perception of it to make a value judgment. If this is high, then the scene has beauty. Any landscape consists of historical, social and aesthetic aspects and this chapter concerns itself with these parameters, especially the visual aspect of the latter.

With the consumer’s ecological cognition becoming more and more higher, remanufacturing has became a trend. It is imperative for contemporary enterprises to find out some ways to balance the profit of supply chain and the government. In this paper, we consider the closed loop supply chain that consists of the manufacturer, retailer and consumers. The retailer is responsible for the acquisition of used products from consumers, and sold them together to the manufacturer. Then the manufacturer producing new products and remanufactured products, they were sold together in the market. Based on the ecological cognition and value judgment of consumers, it is easy to derive the demand quantity of remanufactured products and new products. First, we formulate the cooperative and competitive game model to investigate the manufacturer’s and retailer’s pricing strategy. Next, in the case of different ecological cognition, we studied the behavior of government subsidy. A mathematical model is presented to formulate the problem to get the optimal decision for the government. Finally, we compare the characteristics of the two models, and draw the corresponding conclusions.

This article shows that there can never be nudging without judging. Specifically, the essay analyses the impact of the collapse of the fact/value dichotomy on rational choice and behavioural law and economics. Not only does a nudge require an ex-ante value judgment, but facts and values are almost always inextricably entangled. Thus, the real problem does not lie in “getting the facts right” (i.e. judging people as neutrally as possible), but in the so-called “facts” themselves, which already contain value judgments. In the context of rational choice and behavioural law and economics, the term ‘rational’ is at the same time used in its positive meaning (how things are) and in its normative meaning (how things ought to be). As a result, researchers in BLE engage in both positive and normative science. Instead of accepting the normative and making it explicit, however, it is often shunned by researchers. In doing so, an unscientific double standard is maintained with the explicit positive science in the fore and the implicit normative science looming in the background. As a result, the normative concept ‘rationality’ is maximized under the guise of it being a positive concept while ‘autonomy’ is rejected as a legitimate concept for maximization on grounds of it being normatively laden. Pragmatic ethics could serve as a basis to make the normative transparent while at the same time not exclude it from scientific discourse.

In order to find out whether the law of a given country has any say in Rule-of-Law achievement—or failure—it is first necessary to establish on a theoretical level what Rule-of-Law means. Indeed, only a critical legal approach (i.e., not merely descriptive) can shed light on whether the law per se is a determinant of Rule-of-Law realization and, therefore, on whether cultural components have been thus far overrated as the explanation for Rule-of-Law failure in certain contexts. On the other hand, critique of a specific legal system can only be meaningful if it is based on an objective standard, that is, on legal norms that objectively correspond to the Rule-of-Law ideal. The first evident problem is that even though the concept Rule-of-Law has consolidated as the overarching objective guiding almost every reform effort all over the world, there is hardly any consensus on what it concretely stands for. Despite the overwhelming agreement worldwide on the Rule-of-Law as a desirable goal and as a good idea for every society, the debate concerning the concept’s scope and meaning is far from over, particularly when taking into account the usual tensions—when not contradictions—faced by practitioners with diverging views on the topic. The classic theoretical inquiries on whether the Rule-of-Law represents merely the establishment of law and order in a given territory or rather includes democratic procedures that legitimize government decisions are by no means resolved. Quite the opposite: there is still much disagreement on whether Rule-of-Law denotes merely the predictability provided by limited government or instead comprises also a substantive character which involves the effectiveness of certain rights and/or the existence of some sort of social justice. These theoretical discussions intensified with the growing inclusion of the term Rule-of-Law in the political agenda and its indiscriminate use to justify any transformation of a legal or judicial institution worldwide. If there is not a fairly clear Rule-of-Law concept at hand, however, any value judgment issued with regard to a specific legal system’s suitability to achieve the Rule-of-Law will be arbitrary and, consequently, any conclusion based on that critique will be meaningless.

A prominent criticism of custody evaluation is that it represents evaluator value judgment only. The risk of reliance on personal attitudes is higher in parent–child observations than in other evaluative methods. A question and answer format is used to highlight an integration of empirical evidence and professional practice. Areas of focus include objectives for observation sessions, consideration of parenting theory and research, what family members to have present, number of sessions, tasks, and how to cognitively process information. Pros and cons of office observations versus home visits are discussed.

In this chapter, I utilize the dialectical structure of value judgment provided by Gewirth and Habermas’s theories in order to show that deontic concepts and their correlative judgments are logically and semantically intertwined with aretaic concepts. Importantly, however, deontic concepts are necessarily dependent upon aretaic concepts for their content and meaningfulness.