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TRPs -Truly Remarkable Proteins.- The TRCP Subfamily: TRPC1.- TRPC2.- TRPC3- a Multifunctional Signaling Molecule.- TRPC4 and TRPC4-Containing Channels.- TRPC5.- TRPC6: Physiological Function and Pathophysiological Relevance.- Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 7 (TRPC7).- The TRPV Subfamily: TRPV1.- TRPV2.- TRPV3.- The TRPV4 Channel.- TRPV5, a Ca2+ Channel for the Fine Tuning of Ca2+ Reabsorption.- TRPV6 Channels.- The TRPM Subfamily: TRPM1.- TRPM2.- TRPM3.-TRPM4.- TRPM5.- TRPM6.- TRPM7.- TRPM8.- The TRPA1, TRPML and TRPP Subfamily: TRPA1.- TRPML1: An Ion Channel in the Lysosome.- TRPML2 and Mucolipin Evolution.- TRPML3.- TRPP Subfamily and Polycystin-1 Proteins.

TRP channels comprise one of the most rapid growing research topics in ion channel research, in fields related to ion channels including channelopathies and translational medicine. We provide here a critical survey on our current knowledge of TRP channels and highlight some of the still open or controversial questions. This comprises questions related to evolution of TRP channels; biophysics, i.e., permeation; pore properties and gating; modulation; the still-elusive 3D structure; and channel subunits but also their role as general sensory channels and in human diseases. We will conclude that our knowledge on TRP channels is still at the very beginning of an exciting research journey.