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The dependence of the built-up land value on the factor of the surrounding land value is beyond doubt. However, the final cost of the assessed land plot is significantly influenced by two more factors—the remoteness of the object from the district center as the main place of products sale and the influence of the population in the district center and in the district. The study purpose is to determine the influence of distance and population size factors on the cadastral value of agricultural land. When determining it, it is necessary to take into account the synergistic effect associated with the production use of facilities located on them, location, population. Due to this, the cost of such plots is much higher in comparison with the surrounding arable land, pastures, and hayfields. On the given example of the Bezenchuksky district lands, it can be seen that the cadastral value of the third type lands (taking into account these factors) ranged from 3.91 rubles/m2 to 5.53 rubles/m2.

SmartKADASTER Interactive Portal (SKiP) was developed as a 3D visual and analysis platform for JUPEM clients to better understand the dynamic and spatial relationships between cadastral parcels and their objects surroundings. However, SKiP was incomplete as it lacks strata title parcels information. A study was conducted to determine a suitable conceptual method for incorporating stratified information into the current SmartKADASTER environment. This paper will highlight the related strata survey practice in Malaysia and the advancement of SmartKADASTER 3D city modelling. Considerations and methods for using Strata XML and CityGML datasets are also discussed. Furthermore, some insights into using Strata XML to complement the SmartKADASTER city model with stratified information and 3D models are highlighted. The recommendations proposed at the end of this paper are hoped to contribute to the body of knowledge for 3D city model development and be adopted, particularly in improving the SmartKADASTER system for smart city enablement.

Visualizing geographical phenomena often involve communication of information and relationships through a map in either 2D or 3D. In many cases, the information conveyed through the map is a simplified and symbolic depiction of phenomena that is visible in our physical environment. However, maps are also effective for the communication of geographical phenomena that are hidden or are by nature “invisible” for the human eye. As well as invisible factors in our present environment, tracks of occurrences and events from the past have often been lost for many years. In the same way, future situations have still not materialized. This issue covers all these situations. From historical landscapes and events in the past, cadastre and underground geology today and urban planning for the future. The use of traditional cartographic techniques as well as virtual reality are discussed. Several of the research projects involve user studies. The main objectives contributing papers are to make the “invisible” information accessible and more understandable for humans.

The Roma represent the second-largest ethnic minority in Bulgaria and the most dynamic population group in terms of population growth. Typically, they live in segregated neighbourhoods in cities or smaller settlements. The expansion of these Roma neighbourhoods both horizontally and vertically (in height) is difficult to trace, considering that the vast majority of the buildings are illegal and in most cases not depicted on cadastral maps and urban plans, or—due to the rapid illegal construction—the existing plans do not represent the real situation. These neighbourhoods remain invisible to the general public, as they are excluded from their minds as possible places of visiting, let alone habitation, and in their essence represent a type of unused spaces. This paper presents the result of a study aiming to make an assessment of the residential quality in the Roma neighbourhood of Harman Mahala, located in the second-largest Bulgarian city—Plovdiv. The residential quality has been assessed in both objective and subjective aspects, based on urban planning documents and legislation, field survey among the residents, and data collected with the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Spatial data has been combined with field studies, quantitative and qualitative methods of gathering information, which complement both the objective and subjective assessments of the residential environment (how the residents of the neighbourhood perceive the city, their neighbourhood, and their homes). The study proposes a methodology for analyzing the internal structure of Roma neighbourhoods by using data obtained from aerial photography, which compensates for the lack of information on the current state of the housing stock. The terrain has been captured from a height of 90–120 m using precise sensing instruments, recording images in the visible spectrum. Through the subsequent processing of the obtained image data and through the application of appropriate methods and algorithms, detailed maps of the actual status of the surveyed buildings—outline, height, density, surface area, etc.—have been created, which also depict the changes that took place over time. Basic spatial indicators, such as building density coefficient and green space percentage, as well as their dynamics over the period 2016–2019 have been calculated. The results of the study indicate that while the objective assessment of the studied neighbourhood is relatively low, the subjective assessment of the residents is actually high, due to a strong sense of place and sense of security which the segregated community provides.

The Addizione Erculea, Duke Ercole I’s expansion of Ferrara, has been the subject of numerous studies from historical, artistic, and geometrical-compositional standpoints. The reasoning underlying its design has been researched by examining both modern and historic plans and maps and comparing them against the knowledge of the period. Rossetti’s great work of urban design can easily be studied based on the geometry of the axes, the layout of the city walls, and the points they connect. Nonetheless, the grandeur of the work implies an equally impressive capacity to govern the territory through the use of topographical (land surveying) and cadastral (land registry) tools: the geometry of lengths and angles, on the one hand, and the geometry of surface areas, on the other. While the logic behind the linear geometries has been linked in previous studies to cultural paradigms (such as astrological alignments and symbolic references), the geometries of the surface areas were more closely driven by the forces of the administration of justice, the economy, and politics. In light of this model, references to Pellegrino Prisciani’s Proportionabilis et commensurata designatio urbis and comparative studies between his rendering and the present layout of the historic center of Ferrara begin to take on new meanings. The aim of this study is to provide a new key to interpret the work of Biagio Rossetti and Pellegrino Prisciani, highlighting the geometrical and topographical expertise of these intellectual figures to whom Ercole I d’Este, the Duke of Ferrara, entrusted the expansion of the city. Together they succeeded in giving concrete form to their urban design in a way that maintained symbolic and cultural values while at the same time satisfying demands of an economic and political nature.

This paper presents a set of methods for detection of important features in historical cadastral maps. The goal is to allow a seamless connection of the maps based on such features. The connection is very important so that the maps can be presented online and utilized easily. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to solve this task fully automatically. Compared to the manual annotation which is very time-consuming we can significantly reduce the costs and provide comparable or even better results.

Zoning serves as a tool for analysis, control and forecasting in a wide variety of areas of activity, especially in urban planning and studying the pace of city development. As the division of urban territory into separate zones is inextricably linked with the processing and consideration of a large number of factors and an array of source data, it is inextricably linked with the use of modern GIS technologies. The paper presents the practical value of the work, which consists in the methodology of GIS application for the development of cartographic material in the analysis of the real estate market, which will improve the efficiency of mass cadastral assessment, and also avoid conflicts over challenging the results of the assessment. As most of the methods of mass assessment provide for a comparative approach to assessment, it is possible to use modern cartographic material to facilitate taxation, which allows displaying visually different price zones of the territory. During the analysis of the city real estate market, special attention was paid to the consideration of the territorial factor. The main goal of the work, the results of which are presented in the paper, is to create cartographic material based on the analysis of the city real estate market using the basic principles and methods of GIS mapping.

The article deals with the approach based on integrated models of speech recognition in the Uzbek language. As well as, the advantages of integral models in speech recognition, the stages of their formation and the functions of their components are pointed out. Works on training and testing of a collection of words consisting of names of geographical places in the Republic, terms used in urban planning cadaster, names of constituent elements of urban planning documents were carried out on the basis of the architecture of the speech recognition system based on the proposed integrated model. As a result of testing, the evaluation metric for the number of incorrectly recognized characters was CER = 17%.

Currently, the state is trying to create a full-fledged database that would contain information about absolutely all real estate objects, including storage facilities located on the territory of the Russian Federation, in particular about their borders. The unified state register of real estate – (USRRE) is the only state reliable source of information about real estate objects, rights and encumbrances on real estate objects on the territory of the Russian Federation. URRE information is required for transactions, property valuation, and other real estate transactions. However, the information of the USRRE is currently not always accurate and reliable, and therefore, the task of filling the USRRE database is very acute for the state. Thus, since mid-2015, with the introduction of changes to the land legislation, it became possible to conduct complex cadastral works (CCW). In accordance with the legislation, complex cadastral works became possible from June 1, 2015. This article describes the current procedure for organizing and conducting complex cadastral works, provides practical experience in conducting complex cadastral works.

The issues of agricultural land management are an essential area of the current scientific research. They have an important applied nature, due to the uniqueness of the objects under consideration in organizing the country’s food security. An essential aspect of land management in this category is the optimization of the tax burden as an element of regular and necessary payments. The presented optimization becomes possible in the context of challenging the cadastral value, which acts as a tax base. Existing contesting methods take into account the qualitative and quantitative parameters of land, abstracting from the socio-economic factors of the development of individual municipalities, which does not allow us to assess the real value of the value of agricultural land fully. The paper focuses on the method of contesting the cadastral value based on the use of the results of a comparative analysis of factors that determine the value of agricultural land, followed by the development of a regression equation that determines the dependence of the cost per square meter of agricultural land. Considering the obtained results, the economic zoning of the Oryol region was carried out, reflecting the comparability of individual municipalities in the context of the value of one square meter of agricultural land. The statistical analysis and testing of the developed regression equation made it possible to integrate all the results into a unified methodology for challenging the cadastral value based on the use of economic zoning of the region.

The article discusses an information system for supporting the conceptual design of urban objects on the basis of architectural patterns, which meet requirements for construction in the historical and cultural environment. The system allows you to select architectural samples with an emphasis on restrictions on the regulation of urban areas near cultural heritage sites, competently and harmoniously implement the consistency of the architecture of the historical environment with the new building object included in it, and maintain a balance of the architectural and stylistic characteristics of this environment. The system provides three linked databases: plots, heritages, and architectural patterns, to process orders for construction near the cultural heritage sites. The selection of samples is carried out by the operator according to the identification number of the site in the cadastral quarter and the planned building area. As a result, the user will receive a list of the most suitable patterns, selected according to the client order’s parameters and the requirements related to the heritage sites nearby.

In recent years in the countries of Southeastern Europe, it has been an increasing demand and launch of complex land consolidation projects. If we consider the complicated process of such activities but also the particular restriction of financial resources, it raises the fundamental question which is how to implement land consolidation projects in these conditions and which cadastral municipalities to give priority. For this research, it has been used and applied appropriate mathematical models which are: TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), ELECTRE (Elimination et Choix Traduisan la Real), SAW (Simple Additive Weighting) and AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) method. For the cadastral municipalities ranking purposes, it has been created special logarithm and software which can significantly contribute to the economic process, regarding the process of the automatization of the land consolidation projects. Additionally, the results which have been achieved justify the application of the mathematical models, not only in Serbia but also in the region where are at the moment a lot of the land consolidation projects.

Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) are considered as one of the most valuable policy tools for adapting the Sustainable Development Goals to the urban level and alter the way people move and live towards more sustainable patterns. SUMPs are strategic plans that focus on the performance of the transport system, but contrarily to traditional transport studies, they also thoroughly examine the interactions between transport and its interdependent systems, such as land-uses. However, the transition from theory to practice points out that a considerable number of SUMPs give little attention to significant land-use related issues, such as the available green space, mainly due to the lack of available data and/or easy-to-use calculation tools. In this context, the current paper presents a methodological approach for estimating Urban Green Space (UGS). As the proposed approach aims at illustrating in an actual manner how “green” a city is, it moves beyond the areas that are characterised in urban development plans as green. Thus, it takes into consideration many different types of green spaces, e.g. public and private, street, institutional, residential, parks. The developed methodological approach is a semi-automated GIS-based process that utilises the robust method of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and uses remote sensing imagery as well as cadastral data. The proposed methodological approach was implemented in the seven Municipalities of the urban agglomeration of Thessaloniki, and the results highlight significant differences in the available green space per capita between the examined areas.

In this paper is investigated the roles and possibilities of 3D cadastre in the preservation of cultural heritage. Two-dimensional preview of immovable cultural heritage is sometimes not sufficient to respond to all demands imposed by modern society. Thus, it is recommended to register such objects into 3D cadastre. Registering the complexity of property relations and the overlapping of property rights by layers (floors) that may be present in immovable cultural properties is not the primary objective of the cadastral service. However, the introduction of the 3D cadastre can contribute significantly to the quality management of historical cultural assets. The aim of the research is to provide examples of cultural assets and define possibilities for registering cultural assets in 3D cadastre. Legal and technical aspects of registering cultural assets are also defined in this paper. Investigation of current registration and future perspective for registration of cultural heritage in Croatia is based on three locations: Dubrovnik-town walls and fortifications, Split—Diocletian’s Palace and medieval Split, and Stari Grad—cultural landscape of Stari Grad Plain. All three sites are under UNESCO protection.

The purpose of the study is to distinguish the cadastral works and the cadastral services, substantiate the importance of providing the cadastral services in the electronic form to ensure the availability of the information contained in the state cadastral records for the population, to develop the proposals to improve the legal regulation of the cadastral services. In the course of the study, the authors used such methods of scientific knowledge as from general to particular, the system analysis, comparative law, etc.

SRTM 4.0 data with a spatial resolution of 30 m were selected as the basis for the digital elevation model (DEM) for the territory of the Republic of Adygea which was built for the first time. A comparison with different topographic maps of different spatial resolution showed that the elaborated DEM of the Republic of Adygea is very accurate. Slope gradient was calculated for the territory of the Republic, which allowed to show possible applications for agriculture, analysis of hydrological network and different exogenous processes, and planning of road construction. With a variety of landforms and the development of exogenous geological processes, the creation of a DEM of the Republic of Adygea integrated into the GIS is necessary for geomorphological zoning and landscape science, geological and soil erosion studies, construction of visibility zones for telecommunication and GSM companies, carrying out cadastral valuation of land and urban development, risk assessment of landslides and avalanches, planning of wind and solar farms, development of mountain tourism and ski resorts, and many other tasks.

The proposed research activity is based on the study and development of advanced monitoring techniques for the inspection and mapping of road infrastructures. Data detection (initial and periodic) is one of the most important phases of the process to be followed for the knowledge of the current state of road infrastructure and this is fundamental for the design and intervention choices. This operation can be done both through traditional (such as GNSS receivers, total motorized station and 3D laser scanner) and innovative tools (such as remote sensing, mobile mapping systems vehicles or road drones and APAs). Recently, technological development has offered the possibility to use tools that allow continuous detection of the object to be investigated, and there is the possibility to have multiple sensors at the same time that allow to make high-performance surveys. The aim of the research will be the design and implementation of an innovative measurement and component sensor system to be equipped on technological systems for data acquisition. The research also consists on the implementation of dedicated algorithms for the management of the amount of georeferenced data obtained and their representation on GIS (Geographic Information System) platforms as “open and updatable” thematic cartography. In this context, the establishment and update of the Road Cadastre is also included, intended (in our application) as a computer tool for storing, querying, managing and visualizating of all the data that the owner/manager acquired on its road network. In it will be possible to represent the elements inherent geometric characteristics elements of the roads and their relevance, as well as the permanent installations and services related to the needs of the circulation; in this way we can obtain a continuos updated database that allow rapid selective searches for topics.

Using sUAS data for urban spatial analysis poses a variety of challenges. From basic, short-term concerns such as formatting, portability, and compatibility with geographic information systems (GIS) to more complex tasks associated with incorporating ground control points (GCPs) and adding supplementary geographic base files for analysis. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the most efficient strategies for integrating sUAS data with other sources of urban information, including census and cadastral data, as well as a variety of urban/environmental databases typically available for metropolitan locales.

Nowadays, high emphasis is placed on the efficient use of resources for optimum management of transport infrastructure. The use of non-destructive diagnostics is the main application for visualization and support of intelligent infrastructure models. Moreover, such models also have enormous potential to support the “smart city” concept. Disaster management, 3D cadaster, energy assessment, pavement performance, pollution monitoring and visibility analysis could benefit from regular pavement diagnostic and its surroundings. To demonstrate this potential, the authors present examples of non-destructive diagnostics on the roads in the Žilina region. As a result, the importance of using non-destructive diagnostics is highlighted, because of the potential for saving money and streamlining planning for smart city needs.

The source materials for the construction master plan were analyzed. It was determined that the components of the source data for the development of the document are materials of town-planning and land cadastres, that is the cadastral data reflecting graphic and textual information about land boundaries, configurations, and locations of buildings, including linear objects, easements, or other legal restrictions. The necessity of considering the work of public cadastral maps and information portals on which the information of the State Land Cadastre was published, namely the graphic location of the land plot, its boundaries, area, cadastral number, form of ownership, purpose, in accordance with the classifier was revealed. Public cadastral maps of Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Moldova were considered. The analysis of graphical and textual information of different cadastral maps was made, and the advantages and disadvantages of the cadastral system of the countries of Europe and Asia were stated. The main directions of improvement of the public cadastral map of Ukraine for the effective use of it for urban planning purposes were formulated, in particular for drawing up the general plan of the site with elements of displaying the terrain, the boundaries of the construction site and the location on it of all existing and planned for the construction of buildings and structures, and for construction the master plan design.

This paper deals with the dynamics of the expenses for maintaining biodiversity by various sources. Polish experience concerning the taxation of land preservation, involvement of local authorities to address issues of biodiversity preservation management is used to improve biodiversity management system. The analysis of state and local biodiversity management systems of Ukraine is done. Classification of biodiversity conservation functions is carried out. The economic effect of biodiversity functioning is estimated using forests and swamps ecosystems as an example. The necessity of biodiversity in the GDP of the state is justified. Improved geo-information system of the cadastral data bank of the objects of the nature reserve fund, which ensures the implementation of measures aimed at preventing the destruction or damage to the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund, is proposed.

Mass land appraisal is a specific type of appraisal. A suitable algorithm used for mass appraisal constitutes one of the main determinants of the quality of achieved results. Many of the algorithms cluster real estate in accordance with specific criteria, such as a real estate type, its characteristics or location. Assuming a “real estate location” as a clustering basis, we use terms such as a taxation zone (which originates from a basic application of mass appraisal, which involves ad valorem real estate taxation), along with an elementary terrain (which originates from the nomenclature used in spatial planning). The main goal of this chapter is to find the solution to the designation of such zones, or real estate clusters for the purpose of mass land appraisal conducted with the use of Szczecin Algorithm of Real estate Mass Appraisal (SAREMA). Each mass appraisal algorithm has its own specificity, and consequently, it may pose various requirements to designated zones or real estate clusters (here referred to as location attractiveness zones—LAZ’s). The chapter presents the methods of LAZ’s designation formed on the basis of the existing cadastral districts, real estate market analysis, and hierarchical clustering. The chapter is additionally focused on the manner of determining LAZ optimal number and consequently the number of properties that will be included in an automated mass appraisal process in a given zone. The uniformity of isolated LAZ’s was subject to verification with the use of an entropy ratio, especially constructed for that purpose. The study was conducted on the land plots located in the city of Szczecin.

Post-communist societies are facing numerous challenges leading to complex structural changes. New models of socio-spatial polarization of the cities have emerged. In recent decades, Bulgaria has seen a clear trend of growing number of Roma people residing in cities. In the majority of cases, the Roma settle either in already existing Roma quarters, or the new settlers form completely new Roma quarters. The swift explanation of the Roma quarters in both horizontal (spatially) and vertical (height) aspect, makes it difficult to trace the changes. Considering that most buildings are illegal, they are not present on cadastral maps and urban spatial plans. The serious difficulties which Bulgaria has been encountering regarding the integration of its Roma population, together with the increased ghettoization of the Roma living in cities and the eventual threats of social cataclysms, determine the necessity of carrying out this study. Its main objective is to analyze the spatial development trends and the internal structure of the Roma quarters, based on the case study of the Roma-inhabited Harman Mahala quarter in the city of Plovdiv, applying remote sensing and field research methods.

The river Bosna is the right tributary of the Sava River, which has its source at the foot of Mount Igmannear Sarajevo. The entire river basin of Bosna is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina and represents the most densely populated place in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The floods of the Bosna River occur from time to time. Some of them were disastrous, as they were in 2014. The problem of flooding in recent years is the focus of numerous research around Europe and the world due to numerous floods that have resulted in massive destruction and human casualties. The increased frequency of extreme natural disasters is associated with the climate change, which is getting more extreme year after year. When it comes to river basins, they mostly do not know the political boundaries, and problems related to the definition of borders (state, entity, cantonal, municipal, cadastre) are always in trend, especially when it comes to the lives of people who live or own real estate near the river.

Do landowners realize (and privately fund) natural water retention measures (NWRM) on their own land? Why? And how are they capable of assessing the hydrological and ecological effects of these measures? The Czech case study presents the story of an individual farmer who decided to invest his private resources in water retention and biodiversity enhancement while continuing his farming practices. We describe the historical and geographical background of the case study as well as the farmer’s motivations and beliefs. We also discuss the scaling-up potential of the presented case. Information for the case study was gathered with a mixed-methodology approach that combined official statistical sources of cadastral records, content analyses of local media articles, a field survey and communication with the farmer during an excursion to his farm. The intention is to show the alternative when considering NWRM implementation. This alternative is heading the same direction as public subsidy schemes. Private initiatives may support (instead of undermine) public policy goals, and they are often faster and cheaper.

Early fieldwork in a number of cities showed that townscapes—street patterns, plot sizes and building styles—rarely developed as planned wholes but rather as a congeries of mini-regions with separate characteristics inserted within the pre-urban cadaster, such as filed boundaries. Research led by Conzen, Ward, Whitehand and Larkham has developed this argument in considerable detail but there remain many lacunae for studies of emerging urban forms that could be undertaken using modern tchnology.

In the first of eight case studies, a simple, straightforward and solid task for “mapping” means to quantify geo-referenced air emissions by coloured pixels on a map: this is a basic task of picturing spatially distributed facts on a paper plane. An “emission cadastre” is an example of such a classical, static regional map based on statistical data for energy consumption multiplied by emission factors. The Federal Country of Salzburg in Austria has taken a leading role in the development of such a mapping exercise and has promoted such quantitative decision-making support. It thus becomes possible for administrative purposes to view a country’s spatial emission patterns independent of political interests and to decide on the priorities of emission reduction measures to be taken. This same classical mapping methodology is used at municipal, regional, national and global levels: spatial representation of environmental burdens instantly directs public policy making towards the most urgent locations for countermeasures. Such a mapping tool enhances consensus on where to act. Such a geo-referenced tool can be used by all member cities of the “Climate Alliance” and was also included in the “Global Energy Analysis” (GEA) organised recently by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) as a main collaborative worldwide exercise. In the context of this book, this first case study provides an initial and easy example of a static, geo-referenced map of facts as is common in cartography.

The study of historical toponyms can be considered a field of research limited to historiography. However, if transposed as an iconographic layer on the representation of the current city by the means of interactive digital navigation, it can return interesting results for both historical knowledge, and cultural and tourist disclosure. The paper presents as case study a research about the analysis of the present and past existence of churches, convents and religious buildings in the historic centre of the city of Parma. The georeferenced planimetry drawn on the basis of historical cadastre has been imported into an online geolocated app, to be explored in real time to discover hidden aspects as a touristic serious game, but also for the scientific study of city transformation over time.

This paper addresses a property valuation problem with machine learning models with pre-selection of attributes. The study aimed to examine to what extent the environmental attributes influenced real estate prices. Real-world data about purchase and sale transactions derived from a cadastral system and registry of real estate transactions in one of Polish big cities were employed in the experiments. Machine learning models were built using basic attributes of apartments and environmental ones taken from cadastral maps. Five market segmentations were made including administrative cadastral regions of a city and quality zones delineated by an expert, and classes of apartments. Feature selection was accomplished and property valuation models were built for each division of a city area. The study allowed also for a comparative analysis of performance of ensemble learning techniques applied to construct predictive models.

Historical maps are a valuable source of information. The Franciscan cadastral maps comprehensively cover the entire territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. They are a trustworthy source of historical land-use data and information regarding past urban-planning concepts, especially due to their high geometrical precision. Studying and analysing historical land use makes it possible to reconstruct the historical cultural landscape, which is itself a significant element of cultural heritage. In studying historical maps, the most widely used analytical approach is the comparative method. Matching and overlaying historical and contemporary map data makes it possible to see and analyse changes in land use. This technique has been widely adopted and is now well established, but advanced technologies like high-resolution Lidar terrain data offer new opportunities. It is postulated that especially in rural areas, unlike land use, the terrain has not changed significantly, and the combination of detailed three-dimensional terrain data and historical land use can yield novel views on the man-made landscape of this era. The methodology presented can generate other interpretations of the available data. A combination of new technologies and techniques can provide an accurate virtual historical view and comparison with the same location in the present. The research presented offers fresh insights into what the cultural landscape looked like in the past and what actions can be taken to preserve it in the future.

The theories about the eight diagrams and the five elements were first recorded in I Ching. In the ancient China, the enthronement of emperors faced southward, which is called “Becoming an Emperor Facing Southward”. The directions and modern maps in the eight diagrams of The Book of Changes and in the theories on FengShui are the opposite to the aerial diagram, the cadastral diagram, the measurement diagram, the navigation diagram, the tourist diagram and architectural diagram of China. This is also one of the problems that scholars and users to solve. With the mathematical deduction method and according to the realities, this paper demonstrates the “heaven in the south and earth in the north” in The Book of Changes and explains the philosophical problems that have remained unsolved for years. In this way, it aims to allow researchers to analyze problems with appropriate principles and provide some help for researchers and users.

Land administration systems involve many complex processes in order to properly manage rights over land, estimate its value, gather related revenues and regulate its use. Reaching those goals generally relies on land registration and cadastre subsystems with many different variants observed across countries. Although elaborated domain models are available and are good at capturing the domain structure, they leave the design rationales quite implicit. This limits the understanding and reasoning capabilities on the systems, e.g. when some process do not correctly reach its goals. This paper proposes a way to extend such domain models with a goal dimension in order to provide a better guidance in the design of new systems and a better understanding of existing systems. Our approach is based on goal-oriented analysis techniques extended with specific spatio-temporal notations, patterns and decomposition rules.

Implementation of new geodetic datum represents a very complex and long-term process, which implies a systemic approach, good organization and coordination of multiple tasks. Republic Administration for Geodetic and Property Affairs of the Republic of Srpska following contemporary theoretical and practical achievements in European countries and countries in the region has joined the implementation of new geodetic reference systems in the whole territory. The implementation of the chain of business divided into the entire legislative, technological and organizational units will provide a unique mathematical and physical basis for horizontal and vertical positioning, gravimetric and astronomical works and determination of geoids for the needs of the state survey and cadastre of real estate as well as for engineering and technical works for scientific purposes. This paper gives an overview of the results and experiences that have been achieved so far through the realization of the inventory of the benchmark of the second high accurate leveling network (NVT II) and for the needs of designing and performing works on the establishment of the new third high accurate leveling network (NVT III) in the territory of the Republic of Srpska.

The identification of flood hazards and flood risks (spatial overlay of flood hazards and potential damage) are basic tasks of flood risk management. Due to a lack of data for a comprehensive assessment of potential damage in urban areas, flood risks are often only determined for buildings (based on the building use from real estate cadastres). Therefore, building-related statements about flood hazards are required to assess flood risks. In practice, flood hazards for buildings are usually determined from results of hydrodynamic 2D surface runoff models using simple methods. These methods do not take into account the fact that building structures in the model may differ from the data of the underlying cadastre. This is particularly relevant for grid-based models, where the structure of a building in the model depends on the resolution of the calculation grid. To avoid inaccuracies inherent to these methods, we introduce a new algorithm. It first evaluates the results of a grid-based model on the basis of the calculation grid and then links them to the underlying building structures from the cadastre. Thus, differences between the rasterized buildings and their structure in the cadastre are taken into account. In addition we investigate the dependence of the results of the algorithm on the resolution of the calculation grid.

The chapter presents the application of the geosystem approach to the creation of a proper spatial informational system with respects to the principles described in previous chapters. The application is presented on concrete model territory of the watershed of the Ipel’ river (South Central Slovakia). Those principles were the followings a unified mathematical depiction of the map base, namely in depiction UTM Zone 34N; Gauss–Kruger projection of the cartographic base the spatial projection base is a digital elevation model of DTM relief; the framework for each thematic layer is unified topographic object base. Maps are processed in a uniform format in the ESRI filegeodatabase; the carriers of spatial information are carefully compiled in the system of georeferencing elements, namely: raster—for morphometric parameters of relief; point—hydrological and weather stations; section—sections of rivers and roads; polygon—indicators of other geosystem elements that are displayed in the form of areals, i.e. abiotic, biotic and socio-economic elements and complexes, including elements of land use and buildings in GIS base. contains a purposefully selected set of indicators and values that characterize the primary structure (abiotic complex), secondary structure (biotic complex and land use), as well as the tertiary landscape structure (socio-economic complex), including statistical indicators, which are linked to the village and cadastral area; the system of georeferenced elements and indicators enables permanent updating of values as well as the addition of new variables into the system. The indicators and their domain values were arranged to a purpose-oriented catalogue that allows a quick and easy access to the database and map content. The catalogue was constructed hierarchically, it is possible to gradually gain an overview of the content by gradually unpacking the various hierarchical levels and layers. These hierarchical levels are ➢ element of the geosystem (level of Component); ➢ property of element (level of Thematic layer); ➢ indicator of property of element (level of Attribute, indicator); ➢ dimension of indicator of property of element (level of Dimension); ➢ value of indicator of property of the element (level of Value of attribute). As the result the chapter brings as examples cuts of the electronically produced maps on different indicators.

This study shows integration of remote sensing methods and conventional geodetic methods as well as processing and analysis of the results of cadastral land use assessment for the area of cadastral municipality Butmir in Sarajevo. For that purpose high-resolution multi-spectral WorldView-2 satellite images were used, with the object-oriented approach to image classification and image classification algorithm creation. The main objective is to compare the results obtained with the conventional methods of cadastral land evaluation and the results obtained by the methods of remote sensing. The possibilities of methodology development for the assessment of cadastral land use for each individual cadastral parcel have been assessed. Such a methodology would provide updated information on the real estate cadastre, reduce the costs and time of data collection and land use map creation procedure, with the aim to solve problems in economic development of the country, urbanization of the area, development of science and exploration of the land potentials.