Search

Facial aging is a dynamic process involving the aging of soft tissue and bony structures. Aiming to achieve the most natural and harmonious rejuvenation of the face, all changes that result from the aging process should be noted and corrected. Facial rejuvenation techniques have focused on reversing these changes by repositioning, redraping of the tissues, and reducing the skin, with an emphasis on vectors of lift. Although these approaches are effective to a major degree, they do not necessarily produce a completely harmonious or natural rejuvenation. Failure to address changes in the skeletal foundation of the face may limit the potential benefit of any rejuvenation procedure. Correction of the skeletal framework is increasingly viewed as the new frontier in facial rejuvenation, and periorbital senile changes are the focus of this chapter.

Aging face is a biological and progressive phenomenon that never stops. So far, the whole body presents similar senescence, but the face, as is the entrance and exit of our internal expressions and reactions, is the region that presents the most significant repercussions. The properties of the skin changes according to the period of life, and gravity and facial expressions exert mechanical deformation. Reduction of hydratation, losing the elasticity of the skin, diminution of the nutrition of the facial muscles, and fat tissue are responsible for profound modifications to the facial expression. In fact, as the age advances, the contents and casing modify developing an unbalance between them. Besides individually, structures present peculiar and specific modifications of the aging process; content and casing interfere among themselves, with progressive involutivity adaptations; and the resultant is a human being with a global physical presence of senescence. These alterations may be reversed surgically which is the main subject of the aesthetic reparation of facial aging. Achieving well balance between contents and casing may be performed by resection of redundancy of the skin of the face and neck and sometimes fulfilling with adipose tissue through fat grafting Avelar (Face lift. Personal approach. (Lifting facial. Abordage Personal). ISAPS Course and I National Congress of Spanish Association of Aesthetic Surgery. (ISAPS Course and I Congreso Nacional de la Asociacion Espanola de Cirugia Estetica – AECE), Valladolid, Spain; 2001).

Introduction: Bichectomy – a procedure to remove Bichat’s fat pad or buccal fat pad – has increasingly gained more fans and aroused public curiosity. According to the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP), in 2014, about ten bichectomies were performed per month. In the following year, this number tripled, and in this year, more than 40 of these surgeries are performed per month. In recent years, several studies (Alvarez and Siqueira, Rev Bras Cir Plast 33(1):74, 2018; Faria et al., Rev Bras Cir Plast 33(4):446, 2018; Guerrerosantos and Manjarrez-Cortes, Clin Plast Surg 16(2):343, 1989; Thomas et al., Indian J Plast Surg 45(1):122, 2012) have been published, among others, regarding the removal of Bichat’s fat pad, which is a surgical procedure considered simple and safe, if performed by trained and experienced professionals. The main purpose of this procedure is the search for beauty and facial harmony, where patterns are influenced by cultural, geographical, and temporal forces. It is indicated mainly in the fat cheeks and usually in young people. They are not indicated in lean patients in particular in the elderly, since it can accelerate the facial aging. Buccal mucosa biting, of relative frequency, can be corrected by the removal of Bichat’s fat pad. The mask of Phi (Marquardt, Mascara de Phi: A Beleza que so a Matematica Explica. www.unifespa.edu.br/images/Anais), is very useful in the surgical planning, as well as in the evaluation of the obtained result.

The facial lifting or rhytidoplasty is a technique for ideal treatment of facial aging. To provide a jovial result, it is necessary to correct and reposition the anatomical structures without changing the naturalness of the face.

The surgical conduct in the facial aging treatment can be driven to an isolated anatomical area or can be multiple, depending on the need of each patient and the diagnosis of the surgeon. But the harmonization of the nasogenian sulcus is included in all surgical planning. The face area can be conceptually divided into two regions, the lateral which is more flexible and mobile and the medial and anterior which comprehends the area around the face’s natural orifices, where the aging effects are more noticeable.

The poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) injection technique stimulates neocollagenesis and provides a natural look. In recent years there has been a growing interest for using this in other body areas such as the neck, chest, back of hands, lower breast region, thoraco-axillary fold, buttocks, arms and medial thighs. Both in facial application as in the body, there is no consensus regarding the best dilution or application technique, and their descriptions mainly based on the authors experience. In this chapter will approach a new technique for body areas and the dilution of the quantity of the product per application. The application of PLLA for rejuvenation of body areas is a minimally invasive procedure, durable and low frequency of complications. The poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) was approved in Europe in 1999 and approved in the United States in 2004 by the FDA for the treatment of facial lipoatrophy associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2009, FDA approved PLLA for cosmetic indication in immunocompetent patients [1, 2]. Over the past 20 years of experience, PLLA was safe and effective. It is a widely used and safe application to restore volume in facial aging and bofy sagging.

Volume loss in the face is a key component of facial aging. Autologous volume restoration using fat to fill and lift the tissues has been a successful procedure used to minimize the signs of aging or to enhance facial features and maintain signs of youth.

A wide variety of chemical peels can be used in the eye region to provide periorbital rejuvenation (POR) and treat post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (POH). Less invasive treatment options include superficial to medium peels using trichloroacetic acid, glycolic acid, and other agents. Segmental phenol peels offer a more aggressive option. Skin types and facial structure should be considered in determining the best treatment plan for each case. To optimize results, chemical peel treatments may be combined with a blepharoplasty or other surgical or injectable options. Periorbital chemical peels can be highly rewarding to both patient and physician as the eye region tends to have the earliest and most noticeable signs of facial aging.

Facial aging is a complex process, and the changes in the inner layers of the skin will affect how the light scatters from the skin. To observe whether a light scattering model parameter is suitable to be used for age classification/estimation, this study investigated and analyzed the relationship between the parameter of an analytical-based light scattering model and skins of various ages using photometry method. Multiple models are used to investigate and compare the relationship between the model parameters and the subject’s age. The results show that all of the models’ roughness parameter representation has a significant positive correlation with age (\(p

The evolution of the cervicofacial rhytidectomy spans more than 110 years, witnessing many successes and failures along the way and yielding the variety of facelift techniques available today. In this chapter, we review the key features and differences between the most common and well-established techniques in facelifting, including conventional SMAS (superficial musculoaponeurotic system) techniques such as the lateral-SMASectomy and extended-SMAS procedures such as the deep plane and high-SMAS rhytidectomy techniques. At the core of understanding the differences between these varied facelift types lies a comprehensive understanding of facial anatomy and the facial aging process. In this chapter, the history of facelifting, surgical approaches, and complications pertaining to this iconic surgery are discussed.

Cosmetic lower blepharoplasty is one of the most common procedures in an oculoplastic surgeon practice, with lower eyelid rejuvenation having a significant impact on age, attractiveness, and fatigue appearance. This chapter will describe the fundamental aspects of the transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty, with and without fat transposition. Historical background, the complex anatomy of the lower eyelid, patient evaluation, surgical techniques, and the evolving concepts of facial aging will be discussed.

There are many different components of facial aging that should be addressed when performing a face-lifting procedure. The extended SMAS rhytidectomy is an outstanding technique to restore facial youth across all aspects of facial aging. This technique achieves consistent and long-lasting results with excellent cosmetic outcomes.

An active research topic in computer vision for a while has been Facial Expression Recognition (FER), but study on how human aging affects computational FER, is only slowly budding. A review has been conducted on this study based on two collected databases from the psychology society—the Lifespan and FACES, and it was found that human aging has significant impact on computational FER. The reasons were also analyzed, based on which two schemes have been proposed—the age group constrained and aging details removal. The success of these schemes for Lifespan FER has been evaluated, and high accuracies were obtained on both databases. A solution has been proposed for facial aging during growing years, which would account for the gradual change in feature dimensions of the face. This could be implemented in the future perhaps.

Facial aging and rejuvenation simulation is a challenging topic because keeping personal characteristics in every age is difficult problem. In this demonstration, we simulate a facial aging/rejuvenating only from a single photo. Our system alters an input face image to aged face by reconstructing every facial component with face database for target age. An appropriate facial components image are selected by a special similarity measurement between current age and target age to keep personal characteristics as much as possible. Our system successfully generated aged/ rejuvenated faces with age-related features such as spots, wrinkles, and sagging while keeping personal characteristics throughout all ages.

In aging simulation, the most essential requirements are (1) human identity should remain stable in texture synthesis; and (2) the texture synthesized is expected to accord with human cognitive perception in aging. In this paper, we address the problem of face aging simulation by using a tensor completion based method. The proposed method is composed of two steps. In the first stage, Active Appearance Models (AAM) is applied to facial images to normalize pose variations. In the second stage, the tensor completion based aging simulation method is adopted to synthesize aging effects on facial images. By introducing age and identity prior information in the tensor space, human identity is mostly protected during the aging procedure and proper textures are generated to simulate the aged appearance. Experimental results achieved on the FG-NET database are not only in the age as subjective expectation, but also reserve the person specific cues, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Human faces undergo considerable amounts of variations with aging. While face recognition systems have proven to be sensitive to factors such as illumination and pose, their sensitivity to facial aging effects is yet to be studied. The FRVT (Face Recognition Vendor Test) report estimated a decrease in performance by approximately 5% for each year of age difference. Therefore, the development of age-invariant capability remains an important issue for robust face recognition. This research study proposed a geometrical model based on multiple triangular features for the purpose of handling the challenge of face age variations that affect the process of face recognition. The system is aimed to serve in real time applications where the test images are usually taken in random scales that may not be of the same scale as the probe image, along with orientation, lighting ,illumination, and pose variations. Multiple mathematical equations were developed and used in the process of forming distinct subject clusters. These clusters hold the results of applying the developed mathematical models over the FGNET face aging database. The system was able to achieve a maximum classification accuracy of above 99% when the system was tested over the entire FGNET database.